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In order to avoid environmental pollution and resource waste produced during the production and processing of tobacco, this paper systematically reviewed the current status of fuel utilization of tobacco and its wastes and showed that: The preparation method of tobacco solid fuel was simple and convenient, but the requirements for equipment were high. Among them, tobacco briquette charcoal was more easily transported and stored, clean and environmentally friendly, furthermore, the combustion residue could also be used for secondary utilization in agriculture. The preparation method of liquid fuel preparation was relatively mature. The operation of the direct extraction technology was simple, but the bio-oil yield depended on the inherent fat content in tobacco raw materials. Therefore, it required higher requirements for tobacco varieties. The thermal chemical conversion method belonged to a chemical process with high energy consumption, but there is a large space for innovation with regard to the preparation method. The chemical composition of liquid fuels could be adjusted, having a huge development potential. The fermentation method produced a single product, mainly ethanol, with low efficiency at present. There has been no breakthrough in the pretreatment technology for scalable application of tobacco raw materials throughout the entire technical chain. The preparation method of gaseous fuel was still in the exploration stage, with high energy consumption and low yield. The tech-economic feasibility was poor. In the future, much more attention should be paid on tobacco briquette charcoal, tobacco fermentation for fuel ethanol production, tobacco catalytic pyrolysis for liquid fuel, as well as the cultivation of novel tobacco varieties targeted towards specific energy purpose. This will further promote the industrialized development of multiple purposes of tobacco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the influence of different flight conditions of the rocket on the plume flow field structure and radiation characteristics of the engine, diiferent flight altitudes, incoming flow Mach numbers, and actual flight trajectories were studied, and the temperature distribution and radiation characteristics of the flow field were analyzed. Fist using the FLUENT software to simulate the diiferent flight state of flow field of solid rocket motor plume again, then respectively using Mie theory and HITEMP database combined with the full spectrum of K distribution model to calculate the radiation plume solid phase and gas phase physical paameters. Finally, the spectral radiation intensity of the solid plume in the wavelength range of 1. 5 to 5. 5 ^m was calculated by the generalized source term finite volume method under diiferent flight conditions. The results show that at the same incoming Mach number, the plume radiation intensiiy increases wiih the increase of flight height. At the same flight height, the plume radiation intensity decreases with the increase of inlet Mach number. During the actual flight of the simulated rocket, the plume radiation intensity decreases with the passage of time. After reaching a certain flight height, the plume reignition effect is not obvious, and the plume radiation intensity changes gradually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to help relevant scientific and technological personnel in tobacco industry to accurately grasp the status on the development of tobacco fermentation, statistical analysis and patent mining were carried out based on a total of 318 tobacco fermentation patents published by the State Intellectual Property Office from 1985 to 2019. The results showed that: 1) The overall number of patent applications related to fermentation was not large, but it was slowly increasing after 2009. 2) The patent coverage from the Chinese domestic tobacco companies in this field showed quantitative advantages. China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Limited Corporation possessed the largest number of patents, followed by China Tobacco Henan and Hubei Industrial Limited Corporations. 3) There were a large number of applications from the cooperation between domestic tobacco industry units and domestic universities, and it showed clear regional characteristics. 4) The distribution of IPC technologies in this field concentrated mainly on A24B, C12N (bacteria and their culture media) and C12R (Bacillus spp.), and their co-occurrence. 5) In terms of specific technical fields, the majority of patents involved the artificial fermentation of tobacco leaves by microorganisms or bio-enzymes, aimed at reducing irritation and increasing aroma and accelerating fermentation. These two aspects were the key points of patent coverage and the technologies were relatively mature. In terms of microbial agents, Bacillus was the most widely used, mainly including Bacillus subtilis, followed by Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. In terms of enzymes, cellulase, pectinase, protease and amylase were the hot spots. 6) In terms of patented technology for super fast fermentation, compared with the treating technologies of microorganisms and microorganisms + bio-enzymes mixed preparations, the use of enzyme (including complex enzymes) alone to treat tobacco leaves was more effective in shortening the fermentation time. In addition, although the present sources of microorganisms were mainly those found in tobacco leaves or tobacco-growing soil, safety assessment of biological agents ( microorganism or enzyme) used was still worthy of attention before wider applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cigarette butts were the final byproduct after cigarette smoking, the resource utilization of cigarette butts was of great significance for reducing environmental pollution and promoting effective utilization of resources simultaneously. Based on the literature review of cigarette butts resource utilization, it was pointed out that in terms of construction materials, lightweight clay bricks, asphalt concrete and sound/wave-absorbed materials were the main products of cigarette butts. The processing capacity of cigarette butts in this field was relatively large, and the products had the characteristics of light weight and heat insulation. In terms of carbon materials, adsorbent and the electrochemical materials were the mian products of cigarette butts, and the preparation of the later material was an important way for the high-value utilization of cigarette butts. The chemical components absorbed by cigarette butts could be used to prepare products, mainly including metal corrosion inhibitors and insecticides for mosquitoes. The research on extracting chemical raw materials from cigarette butts was relatively less. The oil-water separation materials were prepared by the cellulose acetate of cigarette butts and the organosilane/polydopamine-modified products. The cellulose films or nanocrystals prepared from cellulose acetate also featured an excellent water purification performance. In the future, we could improve the infrastructure such as smoking area and smoking control area to facilitate the effective collection of cigarette butts, conduct comprehensive evaluation from the three aspects of "cost-environment- benefit" to shorten the transformation cycle between technology and industrialization, and carry out in-depth research from the development of degradable filter materials and reusable filters, so as to promote the industrialization of resource utilization of cigarette butts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To grasp research progress and forecast future development trends in the comprehensive utilization of porous materials derived from tobacco waste, different technologies in the literature were summarized from two respects, the direct utilization of tobacco waste and the preparation and application of porous carbon materials. The results showed that: 1) The majority of the research focused on the later of the above two aspects. 2) The preparation methods of carbon materials were relatively mature, including direct carbonization and physical or chemical activation. Further innovation in the preparation method was relatively limited, however the mechanism of material preparation and controllable preparation of carbon materials for different purposes were still worthy of further study. 3) The derivatization of carbon materials and their application in the field of electrochemistry (supercapacitor) were two important paths for the high value utilization of tobacco waste in the future. 4) In addition to the technology development process, the topics such as the whole life cycle environmental assessment involving the technical route and the "cost-benefit" analyses of the full industrial chain also needed to be strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the organosilicone microemulsion was made from dimethicon as the dispersed phase and composite emulsifier OP-10/Span-80, and its stability was investigated. The organosilicone microemulsion was brushed on concrete specimens in order to test the protective performance. The results show that the dosage of emulsifier and stirring time have effects on the stability of organosilicone microemulsion, and the stable organosilicon microemulsion can be gotten with average particle size in 120 nm by means of 60 min stir, 6% of composite emulsifier and 60 °C of emulsification temperature. After concrete specimens were coated by the organosilicone microemulsion, the water absorption decreased, the anti-chloridion permeability and the ability of resistance deicer frost scaling were improved greatly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: On the basic therapy, to assess the clinical effects of dynamic scalp acupuncture, scalp acupuncture combined with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) therapy and simple PNF therapy for upper limb motor impairment in ischemic post-stroke spastic hemiplegia., Methods: A total of 90 cases were randomly assigned into a PNF group, a dynamic scalp acupuncture group and a scalp acupuncture group, 30 cases in each group. Basic therapy and PNF therapy were applied in the three groups. PNF therapy was used during scalp acupuncture in the dynamic scalp acupuncture group. PNF therapy was applied after scalp acupuncture in the scalp acupuncture group. The points were the upper 1/5 and middle 2/5 of Dingnieqianxiexian (MS 6) and Dingniehouxiexian (MS 7) at the lesion side, the hemiparalysis contralateral side. The treatment was given for 6 months, once a day and 1 month as a course. The modified Ashworth scale (MAS), the Fugl-Meyer motor assessment (FMA) and Barthel index (BI) were observed before treatment and 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after treatment., Results: The MAS 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after treatment were improved compared with those before treatment in the three groups ( all P <0.05), and the MAS results in the dynamic scalp acupuncture group were better than those in the PNF and scalp acupuncture group (all P <0.05). The FMA and BI scores 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after treatment were higher than those before treatment (all P <0.05). The FMA Scores in the 3 time points and after treatment in the dynamic scalp acupuncture group were higher than those in the other two groups (all P <0.05)., Conclusion: PNF therapy during scalp acupuncture can relieve the spasmodic condition of patients with upper limb motor impairment in ischemic post-stroke spasmodic hemiplegia, and improve the limb function and life activity, which is better than PNF therapy after scalp acupuncture and simple PNF therapy.