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World natural heritage sites are crucial for the conservation of biodiversity. However, the current contribution and gaps of world natural heritage sites to biodiversity conservation remain unclear. To this end, we analyzed the spatial and temporal characteristics of the changes in the number and area of world natural heritage sites, and identified the current conservation gaps of world natural heritage sites in the globally important distribution areas of biodiversity, aimed to provide a reference for future screening of potential areas for world natural heritages sites. The results were as follows: (1) As of July 2021, there were a total of 257 world natural heritage sites, 189 of which had been inscribed on list with the primary purpose of conserving biodiversity, accounting for 73.54% of the total. (2) Of the 189 world heritage sites whose main purpose was the conservation of biodiversity, 80 were located in 16 super-rich biodiversity countries, 89 were located in 30 global biodiversity hotspots, 134 were located in global key biodiversity areas, and 170 were located in 12 vegetation biomes. (3) The differences in the spatial distribution of the number of world natural heritage sites were mainly influenced by the combination of factors such as the natural environment, the level of economic development and population distribution. (4) World natural heritage sites made an important contribution to biodiversity conservation but there were still gaps. In the future, the declaration of world heritage sites can be considered in three directions, those are expanding the list of non-renewable geological sites and biodiversity world heritage sites for inclusion in the categories, emphasizing and enhancing the effectiveness of the protection of unprotected priority areas for biodiversity conservation, and strengthening the distribution of under-represented sites in terms of geographic distribution. The results of the above research will be an important reference for guiding the search for areas of unique biodiversity value that have not yet been inscribed for world natural heritage protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sake yeast strain "KODO" was isolated from the soil of Kumano Kodō, a world heritage site, and has been used in sake fermentation. In this study, we bred the strain to enhance the productivity of ethyl caproate, which is one of the important flavor compounds of ginjo-shu. The concentrations of ethyl caproate of test brewing sake fermented by bred yeasts were 8--10 fold higher than that of the parental KODO strain. Furthermore, the concentrations of acetic acid of test brewing sake fermented by bred yeasts were 1/3-1/5 fold lower than that of the parental KODO strain. "KODO.ec 162", one of the bred yeasts, has been used for sake fermentation since 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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World natural heritage sites are some of the most important and valuable protected areas in the world, and their designation aims to give recognition to the uniqueness and protect the integrity of the sites, which are ofglobal outstanding universal value. Understanding the global uniqueness and value of natural heritage will help to better manage and protect them, support the functioning of ecosystems, and promote sustainable development of humans and nature. A systematic review was conducted to determine the potential for the Hainan tropical rainforest to become a world natural heritage site. Based on a large number of literatures,we took the native plants, animals and vegetation communities of Hainan's potential natural world heritage site(Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park)as the research objects, and evaluated the global outstanding universal value of Hainan's potential natural world heritage site from the aspects of biological ecological processes such as vegetation types, species diversity, fauna composition and endemic species. The results are as follows:(1)Hainan potential world natural heritage site has 3 653 vascular plant species. There are 540 species of terrestrial vertebrates, which account for 10%-30% of the wild animal species in the country. This indicates that biodiversity in this area is extremely high.(2)The flora found in the Hainan tropical rainforest is unique. Vegetation on Hainan Island can be categorized in the Indo-Malay rainforest group, and within the Malay region, and vegetation is tropical in nature and has a common origin with the South China mainland. This is indicative of the transition between the South China flora into the Asian rainforest.(3)The plant species specificity of flora is lower, there are only seven endemic genera in the flora, and about one out of every 10 species is endemic to the island. Lower specificity shows some characteristics of continental origin and the flora on the island are an irreplaceable element of biodiversity, and make up a valuable ecosystem. This study clarifies the outstanding universal values of the Hainan tropical rainforest and makes the case using empirical scientific evidence for nominating this area as a world natural heritage site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been many studies on the vertical distribution of organic carbon and nutrients in the soil arable layer in non-karst areas and limestone karst areas, but there are rare related studies in dolomite karst areas. In order to explore the vertical distribution characteristics of organic carbon and nutrients in the soil arable layer in the typical dolomite karst area, taking the typical dolomite karst soil arable layer as an example in the east of the Zejiashan in the buffer zone of Shibing World Natural Heritage Site, vertical stratified sampling analysis was used to study Vertical distribution characteristics of organic carbon and nutrients in the soil arable layer. The results showed that the average mass fractions of organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium in the soil cultivated layer from 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm to 20-30 cm decreased. The organic carbon, total nitrogen, the mass fractions of phosphorus and total potassium gradually decrease with the increase of soil depth; the accumulation characteristics of organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current discussion on the limitation factors of community participation in tour‐ ism development is less in-depth analysis from the cultural perspective. Therefore, based on the analysis framework of cultural limitation, this study applies qualitative research method to study dependent communities in Shibing karst world natural heritage site. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Community participation in tourism depending the scenic area is not completely linear development. The tourism development of communities around the Shibing karst heritage site in recent 30 years has experienced three stages from the "free-ride" participation, the spontaneous organizational participation in the medium-term to the current development dilemma. (2)In the stage dilemma of dependent community participation in tourism, cultural restrictive factors are particularly prominent. The survey found that local tourism in Shibing karst can not support the employment and livelihood of residents at all. In particular, community participation in tourism is significantly affected by cultural restrictive factors that work together between local and com‐ munity. (3)The development and change of tourism participation in heritage site are caused by several cultural limitations based on place, such as the consciousness of community participation, the ability of community participation, the leadership of community participation, the cohesion of community participation and collective action. Throughout an in-depth evaluation of the community participation in tourism development, this research provides a more effective analytical framework for the cultural limitations of community participation in tourism development, and provides some references for the development of rural tourism, the formulation of local government tourism policies and "rural revitalization". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) / Huanan Shifan Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban) is the property of Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) / Huanan Shifan Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban) is the property of Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture is the property of Journal of Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Architectural Journal / Jian Zhu Xue Bao is the property of Architectural Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture is the property of Journal of Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Remote Sensing is the property of Editorial Office of Journal of Remote Sensing & Science Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Remote Sensing is the property of Editorial Office of Journal of Remote Sensing & Science Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of New Architecture is the property of New Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mountain Research (10082786) is the property of Mountain Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The traditional Chinese Kongsi have been important historical actors in trade activities and powerful community organizations since the nineteenth century in Southeastern Asia. In George Town, Penang (Malaysia), a world heritage site listed since 2008, Chinese Kongsi own massive collective property in the historical quarters, such as ancestral halls, temples, and shop houses. This article will examine the particular process of Kongsi becoming heritage, and try to initiate a discussion of some meanings of world heritage that are not yet apparent, in a specific historical context and contemporary situation. We will explore the particular Kongsi heritagescape in George Town, first by walking through its core zone, and recalling different heritage actions led by these traditional Chinese Kongsi, along with governmental forces and NGOs, in response to UNESCO’s initiative. Then we will analyze some events and changes that have occurred, from narratives to management, during this process, and bring out different subjects involved in this heritage dynamic, such as ancestors or citizens, are imagined. Going back in history, we ask how the Chinese Kongsi, as world heritage, should face the history of coolies that was inseparable from its own. We put forward the idea of a Kongsi-coolies complex heritage, in the hope of understanding the destiny of humans in general through this difficult history, and the legacy that it bequeaths to us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural settlements are the main place for human production and life, and their distribution pattern is a reflection of natural, social, economic and historical development. The current rapid urbanization and the decline of traditional agricultural status have made the rural settlements face a crisis of hollowing out or even disappearing. Therefore, the optimization of rural settlement pattern has become a hot issue in global rural research. Optimization of rural settlement pattern is an important work in land consolidation, which is of great significance in alleviating regional conflicts between human and land, solving the problems of “agriculture, rural areas and farmers” and realizing regional sustainability. We took Honghe Hani Terraces World Heritage as the study area, which is located in Yuanyang County of Yunnan province. Firstly, we calculated the distance between settlements and farmland by surface distance method, calculated the overlap degree of farmland by landscape connectivity and buffer method, and then combined the two above with cultivation commuting time to confirm the optimum cultivation radius. Secondly, we identified the planning area of settlement pattern through optimum cultivation radius and the protection regulations of world heritage. Finally, the planning scheme of settlement pattern was proposed based on the potential habitable area that were calculated through nine physical and human indicators (such as DEM, slope, population) within ecological MAXENT model. The results showed that: 1) The optimum cultivation radius was 1041m. Within its range, the farmland accounted for 75%, the increase of overlap farmland was less than that of farmland, and the cultivation commuting time was less than 20 minutes. 2) Planning area included world heritage area, Xiaoxinjie town and low-density settlements area in the south and north of Yuanyang County. In the world heritage area, population growth of 63.2% from 2005 to 2016 required housing expansion, but it limited strictly by world heritage regulations. In the Xiaoxinjie town, the maximum kernel density of settlements was 1.1 and the overlap farmland area accounted for 7.5% of the county. In the low-density settlements area, the buildings were scattered, the infrastructure was not complete, and the management was unreasonable. Generally, the problems of housing, farmland and management in the planning area need to be specific solved. 3) In the world heritage area that included core area and buffer was 21.64 km². The settlements in the core area should be entirely preserved according to world heritage regulations and the new populations should be relocated to potential habitable area of heritage buffer or Salatuo. In Xiaoxinjie town, the potential cultivable area was 3056 m², which was suitable for settlement and reclamation of farmland. In the low-density settlements area, the potential cultivable area was 45.14km². The scattered buildings can be gathered into 2-3 settlements, which were convenient for management and infrastructure construction. The original settlements and farmland could convert into forest and grass. The paper can provide scientific planning suggestions for the reconstruction of farmland and settlements and the protection of world heritage in Yuanyang County. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Facing the vogue of the heritage study over decades, what can contemporary anthropology do? This paper aims to propose an approach of heritage imaginaries, based on observations at the World Heritage site George Town, Penang, Malaysia. First, in presenting debates occurred during the elaboration process of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) conventions at UNESCO, I will briefly examine two new roles that anthropologists are playing in the renewal of the contemporary World Heritage regime: participant decision-making and observation of mediation activities. Then, through a case study of the experiences of ICH preservation work carried out in Penang, I highlight the limitations of a rescue mentality and the archiving process, review the difficulties of ICH safeguarding, and clarify the anthropological perspective on ICH as “representation.” Finally, in order to explore a new approach for the anthropological study of heritage, I will propose to take the heritage mediators as objects of research, and observe the work of imagination in concrete walking experiences. In my conclusion, I try to elaborate the concept of “heritage imaginaries” with three principal ideas crystallised through the Penang case: the return to traditional context as a tool of imagination, the construction of intangible infrastructures as imaginative engineering, and information exchanges as sources of imagination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural disasters in tourist areas show a trend of rapid increase in recent years and have caused great losses. It has become a main bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of tourism in more than 60% of the tourist areas in China, and has aroused great attention of governments and scientists. This research puts forward the natural disaster risk assessment method in tourist area by the introduction and development of the concept of scenario analysis technique. The method using Participatory Geographic Information System (PGIS) technology, first designs multi- scenarios of hazards in tourist areas, and establishes the curve of relationship between hazard intensity and risk scenarios. Secondly, it establishes the curve of relationship between hazard intensity and vulnerability by making a classification of the exposure including tourism resources and tourist facilities according to the structure in the serving years. Finally, it establishes the comprehensive disaster loss model and calculates the average annual losses in the tourist area by fitting the risk curve. The case takes the example of Jiuzhai Valley (Shuzheng Scenic Spots), a World Natural Heritage site. The research calculates the speed, quantity and impact force of debris flows under 6 kinds of storm scenarios, namely, in 20-year, 50-year, 100-year, 200-year, 500-year and 1,000-year return periods. Then by using Participatory GIS to make survey of tourists and residents in Shuzheng Vallage, it classifies the structure and serving years of different buildings and tourism resource facilities, and sets up vulnerability curves between debris flow and the two Spots under 6 different scenarios; learning the property and building conditions of each household and calculating potential losses that the 6 scenarios may respectively cause to the two villages. Ultimately, carrying out overall analysis of disaster prevention costs and benefits targeted at the acceptable risks and raising measures for natural disaster prevention in Jiuzhai Valley. The research has several features by contrasting with similar studies: 1) The paper provides a systematic method that analyses the hazard, exposure and vulnerability in tourist areas unlike the analysis natural disaster risk assessments in general city communities. Vulnerability in tourist areas is much more complicated compared to the general community as it includes tourism resources, tourism facilities, tourists and residents, et al. 2) The paper adopts Participatory GIS (PGIS) technology, multiscenarios analysis by calculating potential losses despite of the traditional method of making risk assessment by using AHP to establish an index system and weights. 3) The research chooses smallscale Jiuzhai Valley despite of the traditional study area of large and medium scales. By using questionnaire and interview, supported by scenario technology, the research will greatly enhance the exactness and reliability of the natural disaster risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed a new concept of ecological security for protection by a comprehensive analysis of the contents and standards of world heritage sites. A frame concept model named "Pressure-State-Control-for early warning of ecological security at world heritage mixed sites was constructed and evaluation indicators of this frame were also selected. Wuyishan Scenery District was chosen for a case study, which has been severely disturbed by natural and artificial factors. Based on the frame model of "Pressure-State-Control-and by employing extension analysis, the matter-element model was established to assess the ecological security status of this cultural and natural world heritage mixed site. The results showed that the accuracy of ecological security early warning reached 84%. Early warning rank was-level (no alert status) in 1997 and 2009, but that in 2009 had a higher possibility to convert into ?level. Likewise, the early-warning indices of sensitive ranks were different between 1997 and 2009. Population density, population growth rate, area index for tea garden, cultivated land owned per capita, level of drought, and investment for ecological and environmental construction were the main limiting factors to hinder the development of ecological security from 2009 to future. In general, the status of Wuyishan Scenery District ecological security was relatively good and considered as no alert level, while risk conditions also existed in terms of a few early-warning indicators. We still need to pay more attention to serious alert indicators and adopt effective prevention and control measures to maintain a good ecological security status of this heritage site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice terraces are cultural landscapes that represent relationships between humans and the environment that have commonly evolved over generations. They are productive landscapes and their existence in perpetuity is dependent on their ongoing use for agriculture. They cannot just be preserved for they are farming landscapes and their existence is reliant on this activity. However, their beauty sometimes makes them of interest to tourists, essentially tourist attractions. Magnificent examples of hill terrances have attracted the attention of the United Nations resulting in their designation as World Heritage sites bringing all the possibilities and challenges that follow from this, particularly those connected to tourism. As the world becomes more urbanized the ties with rural areas have diminished. However, many urban residents become interested in returning temporarily as tourists and this may offer opportunities for economic development and diversification for rural residents, many of whom remain poor even though they live in attractive environments. The Hani Terraces in Honghe, Yunnan, were recently accorded World Heritage status and are on the cusp of rapid tourism development. They cover a large area that embraces four counties but, as yet, tourism is on a relatively small and localized. However, this is likely to change rapidly. Also, as in Bali where the landscape is infused with religious meanings associated with Balinese Hinduism, the Honge terraces are the creations of the Hani people with their own special cultural expressions. Thus, the magnificent landscapes are the creations of a vibrant culture. The terraces in Bali, Indonesian, have a longer history of tourism. Although not possessing World Heritage status directly, the Subak (irrigation authority) has been acknowledged by UNESCO as having universal value as intangible cultural heritage. It follows that those responsible for the development of tourism in Honghe may be able to learn from the experiences, both successes and failures, that have occurred in Bali. Drawing upon the research experiences of the authors, complemented by participation in meetings with local officials and residents in both areas, and an ongoing research program in Honghe, comparisons and contrasts between the two places are made. Accordingly, the history of terrace tourism in Bali is introduced and the present status of tourism in Honghe is described briefly. The emphasis on cultural tourism (parawisata budaya) in south-central Bali and the rich terrace landscape and culture of Honghe justify the comparison. Recommendations are then made concerning initiatives that might be taken to guide tourism development in Honghe. They include: undertaking a visitor survey, the creation of a tourism plan, the construction of a visitor centre, the designation of scenic routes to guide tourists' travel, and the development of a variety of tour packages. Furthermore, such things should be done in consultation with local people, not only to ensure that they benefit from tourism, but also because their ongoing husbandry of the fragile resource is essential for the sustainable development of tourism that, ultimately, relies on their farming activities and other expressions of their culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

West Lake, one of China' s world heritage sites, lies in the metropolis of Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang Province in eastern China. Its tourism industry is referred to as the West Lake Pattern (WLP) by the Chinese travel industry because of its excellence performance as a tourist attraction. The WLP' s institutional issues and its significance to China's heritage tourism are first analyzed and then discussed. The WLP is based on the concepts of one "free" and four "no' s", in line with a basic Chinese concept of using numbers to characterize a general set of ideas. That is, the area is open and free to the public, with no increase in ticket prices, no transfer and rent for heritage-related land use, no disturbance of cultural properties, no occupation of public resources and properties, where the institutional core is free and open to the public; in essence, it is a public-oriented and nonprofit-oriented heritage services supply system. The WLP' s economic, social and cultural significance includes six facets: 1) making the West Lake world heritage site serve as a global common and provide universally accessible tourist opportunities; 2) ensuring the planning, management and tourism marketing of West Lake are culturally oriented rather than purely economically oriented and therefore truly benefit the preservation and conservation of West Lake; 3) selectively decreasing and mitigating the tourism pressure on West Lake, especially in those areas of highly cultural, ecological and environmental vulnerability ; 4) ensuring travelers return to the appropriate values of tourism and enjoy a healthy tourism-style experience; 5) making the marketing of West Lake tourism and the distribution of incomes comply with legal, reasonable and appropriate standards; 6) expanding and extending the social benefits of West Lake tourism. Also, a comprehensive comparison is made between the West Lake and Mt. Huangshan management schemes, which demonstrates a number of fundamental and institutional relationships involving tourism at heritage sites that are correctly handled using the methods and principles used by the WLP. The relationships are between heritage protection and travel, between public services and for-profit concessions, and between the government, businesses, communities, and travelers. Second, three types of the WLP' s heuristic implications are discussed and interpreted : 1) the fundamental importance of choosing an appropriate institutional platform for heritage tourism ; 2) non-profit marketing of heritage services and conservation of heritage authenticity and integrity; 3) defects of current tourism economy-related textbooks in providing guidelines for heritage tourism. These defects especially need to be focused on and analyzed. They mainly result from ignoring the essential differences between heritage and non-heritage travel-recreation resources, the unique nature of heritage property rights, and the unique principles and standards required for heritage conservation and sustainable heritage tourism, and therefore cause difficulties in efforts to correctly and properly treat numerous issues involving heritage tourism, such as tickets pricing, planning and management of scenic spots, protection and conservation of heritage resources, ecological systems and the environment, supply and demand of tourist goods and services, traveler's rights and interests, and the distribution of tourism income. Last, an urgent proposal for creating a heritage tourism economy, especially for China, is advocated. A conceptual framework for China's heritage tourism economy is sketched out for academic discussion. One should be reminded and place emphasis on the following framework; 1) the economic side of heritage resources must be perfectly linked with heritage economics, cultural economics and tourism economics and form an integrated network; 2) three types of land resources can be found at heritage sites and areas, i. e. heritage site conservation, probably associated with land containing components of natural and/or cultural landscapes and other ordinary land, should be approached differentially from the tourism of heritage sites; 3) reviewing issues involving heritage tourism in terms of the principles of heritage economics and heritage conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]