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The CFOSAT (Chinese-French Oceanography Satellite) equipped with the high-performance wave spectrometer SWIM has obtained continuous and extensive wave data. While CFOSAT wave data have undergone numerous validations and calibrations globally, most comparisons have been made with buoy data. There is a lack of contrast with existing mature datasets when applying satellite data to the study of wave field characteristics. By focusing on the China's adjacent seas, comparing the significant wave heights (SWH) between CFOSAT and ERAS data and analyzing their differences. The results show that the CFOSAT data and ERAS data exhibit similar performance and high correlation in wave field observations; The difference in SWH between them shows seasonal variation characteristics, with a greater degree of dispersion in the autumn and winter seasons and a more stable in the spring and summer seasons; With the increase of wave height, the bias between CFOSAT and ERAS data significantly increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Zuoshi No.1, one of the main potato varieties cultivated in Enping City, Guangdong Province, as the material, a randomized block design was used to study the effects of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer on potato yield, quality, etc. The aim was to provide theoretical basis for the rational use of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer in winter potato production in this area. The results showed that T3 treatment had significant yield increasing benefits, could ensure the quality of potato tubers, had the highest commercial potato rate, and the highest economic benefits; and the partial productivity (119.84 kg/kg) and agronomic efficiency (67.10 kg/kg) of this treatment were both the highest. Taking into account potato yield, quality, fertilizer utilization rate, and economic benefits, it is recommended that 900 kg/hm² of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer be applied as a suitable fertilization scheme for winter potato production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The high sugar content of Huanghua winter jujube brings delicious taste, but at the same time makes its chips easy to absorb moisture during storage, resulting in softening of the chips and obviously affecting the taste of them.In this paper, glucose oxidase was used to partially remove sugar from winter jujube chips.The orthogonal optimization method was adopted to study the effects of enzymolysis time, enzyme addition amount, enzymolysis temperature, solid-liquid ratio and thickness of winter jujube chips on the desugarization rate and sensory quality of winter jujube chips.Isothermal adsorption method was also used to study the storage stability of winter jujube chips.The results showed that when the enzymolysis time was 35 min, the enzyme dosage was 0.15%, the enzymolysis temperature was 45 °C, the ratio of solid to liquid was 1:2(g/mL), and the thickness of winter jujube chips was 10 mm, the desugar rate was 43.30%, that is, the reducing sugar content of winter jujube chips was 18.14%.This content was significantly lower than that before desugar removal (32.00%), with the sensory score being 85.86 points, and the comprehensive score being 98.98 points.Under this condition, the desugar rate was the highest, or the reducing sugar content decreased to the lowest, the comprehensive score reached the highest, and the moisture absorption performance of winter jujube chips became weaker and the stability was better.The research results will provide some theoretical and data support for the development of winter jujube chips related products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] To prolong grafting time of Cunninghamia lanceolata seed orchard, relieve the labor shortage and improve the grafting effect. Method] The effects of different grafting methods, scion type, rootstock size, bagging or not on the survival rate, positive crown rate, high scion growth and coarse growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata grafted seedlings in winter were investigated by using 2-year old Cunning- hamia lanceolata seedlings in the 2nd generation seed garden of Gaobeng Forest Farm, Chongyi County, Ganzhou City. [Result] In addition to different rootstock sizes, different grafting methods, scion types, bagging or not had significant differences on the survival rate, positive crown rate, high scion growth and coarse scion growth after grafting in winter. The graft survival rate, positive crown rate, high growth and coarse growth of scion were 96.6%, 82.8%, 49.7 cm and 11. 12 mm, respectively. [Conclusion] In the winter grafting of Cunninghamia lanceolata seed garden, the best effect is to use the cutting grafting method, using the first section of thick spike with terminal bud as scion, grafting on the stock of about 3 cm in size, and doing the bagging management after grafting. It provides a new method for improving the graft- ing effect of Cunninghamia lanceolata seed orchard in production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain the heat exchange situation and energy saving potential in the tunnel during winter ventilation, a numerical simulation study was conducted to investigate the temperature distribution characteristics in the extra-high voltage power tunnel with extra-long ventilation interval when the outdoor air temperature is from 1 °C to 12 °C in winter. The user-defined programs of ANSYS Fluent 19.2 software were used to complete the simulation of the entire length of the power tunnel. The heat transfer characteristics of the tunnel in winter and the potential for energy saving in ventilation were analyzed, and the critical ventilation volume that can achieve the maximum energy saving effect in winter was defined and given. The results show that the power tunnel with extra-long ventilation interval has a potential to reduce the ventilation volume and thus realize energy saving. The soil is exothermic in the front section of power tunnels and endothermic in the back section in winter. Soil heat release is affected by outdoor air temperature, while soil heat absorption is affected by the outdoor air temperature and the ventilation volume. The lower the outdoor temperature in winter, the smaller the critical ventilation volume, and the greater the potential for ventilation energy saving. When the outdoor temperature is from 1 °C to 12 °C in winter, the maximum possible energy saving rate is 91%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the suitable harvest period of winter sweet corn straw in western Guangdong, Jinyinsu NO. 2, which is widely planted in western Guangdong, was selected as the test material and planted in the experimental field of Guangdong Ocean University. Straw was harvested 5, 10 and 15 days after fresh ears were picked, and the nutrients, fermentation quality and rumen degradation rate were measured after 60 days of silage fermentation. The results showed that with the extension of the harvest period, the concentrations of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), soluble sugar (SS), starch, acid detergent insoluble protein (ADICP), soluble protein (SCP), rumen degrading protein (RDP), and the degradation rate of neutral detergent fiber (NDFD) and dry matter degradation rate (DMD) at 24 and 48 h were significantly increased (P<0.05). The contentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), NH3-N/TN and acetic acid (AA) were the highest in the straw silage harvested on the 15th day (P<0.05). The study indicates that it is advisable to harvest straw 15 days after harvesting the ears for winter planting Jinyinsu NO.2 in western Guangdong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From February to March 2022, we carried out a field investigation and fecal sample collection of Siberian musk deer (Moschus moschiferus) in Hanma National Nature Reserve, Greater Khingan Mountains, Inner Mongolia. A total of 36 suspected fresh feces of Siberian musk deer were collected, and 33 of the total samples were identified by molecular biological methods. We collected 14 species of edible plants of Siberian musk deer and determined the content of macronutrition and micro-nutrition of edible plants through food analysis. The food availability and nutrition content of edible plants were quantified to explore the food consumption and food resource availability of Siberian musk deer in winter. The results showed that there were differences in composing proportion of different types of food and food availability. Lichens (account for 50. 65%) were the major food of musk deer in winter and availability of food in the environment was not the main factor determining the proportion of food composition. In winter, Siberian musk deer first ingests herbaceous plants with high carbohydrate and Na content from the environment, and then selectively feeds on shrubs (with short arbor included) with high energy, protein and fat content, in order to achieve the balance of nutrients and meet specific nutritional requirements. The transformation-based redundancy analysis (tb-RDA) showed that there was significant difference in nutrient supply and food composition between shrubs (with short arbor included) and herbals of the grazing plants of Siberian musk deer in winter habitat, and total structural carbohydrate (TSC) and total energy (GE) of plants in the habitat significantly affected the food composition of Siberian musk deer in winter. The results indicated that the availability of grazing plants and the distribution of nutrients and energy were important for the selection of grazing strategies of Siberian musk deer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the fish diversity in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in Chongqing, environmental DNA (eDNA) technology was used to analyze the fish diversity during a one-year water body sampling period from April 2021 to January 2022. The results showed that a total of 82 fish species (including Oreochromis, which was not identified to species level). 7 orders and 19 families and 63 genera were detected in the Jiangbei Section of the upper Yangtze River in Chongqing including 5 species of national key protected animals, 8 species of endemic animals in the upper reaches of Yangtze River and 8 exotic species. The number of fish species showed a seasonal trend of autumn > winter > summer > spring, among which Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Hemiculter tchangi and Ctenopharyngodon idella were all detected in the four seasons and had high sequence abundance. The Chao1 and ACE indices differed significantly between seasons (P<0.05) and the alpha diversity index in winter was higher than the three other seasons. The PCoA results showed that the heterogeneity between spring and summer samples was low and the species composition was similar, while the fish species composition in autumn and winter were significantly different and the heterogeneity was high. RDA analysis showed that water level, water flow and water temperature were the main factors affecting the seasonal distribution of the fish community. They were negatively correlated with water temperature and water flow, positively correlated with water level in spring and summer, and negatively correlated with water temperature and flow and positively correlated with water level in winter. Spearman's correlation test showed that water temperature was significantly negatively correlated with Shannon diversity, Chao1 index and ACE index (P<0.01); conductivity was negatively correlated with Coverage index (P<0.05), and water temperature, water flow was negatively correlated with Simp- son diversity (P<0.05). Overall, this study shows that eDNA technology can rapidly analyze fish species composition and distribution, and has great potential and importance in the monitoring fish resources in the Yangtze River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To promote efficient and energy-saving heating methods and alleviate energy constraints in the context of centralized heating in the hot summers and cold winters of Sichuan province, integrating the climate and architectural features of Chengdu, a typical office building was taken as an example. Under the condition of solar energy resources being essentially in the third category, a proposal was made for a high-efficiency composite heating system, primarily based on air source heat pumps(ASHP)with solar thermal and photovoltaic energy as supplementary sources. By using TRNSYS and Dest numerical simulation software, a simulation model for the composite heating system was developed to analyze the operational characteristics of the composite heat pump system during the heating season in the hot summers and cold winters. The results indicate that the composite heat pump system, with air source as the primary source and solar energy as the supplementary source, can provide heat and electricity, not only improving the performance coefficient of the heat pump operation but also ensuring a higher photovoltaic conversion efficiency. Compared with the solar heating systems, it can avoid issues of instability and lower comfort. Moreover, compared with the traditional ASHP systems, the composite heating system shows a 44.0% improvement in the coefficient of performance for heating and a 28.9% reduction in energy consumption, with an annual reduction of carbon emissions by 28.9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the characteristics of postpartum women's heat preference in winter climate, improve their comfort and satisfaction, and promote their postpartum recovery. The postpartum women at different stages were investigated by questionnaire, coupled with the thermal environment parameters tested on site. And analysis of their subjective thermal response and behavior habits. Results showed that there were differences in thermal preference among postpartum women at different stages, and the most significant difference was from 1 to 2 years after delivery. They generally had a warm preference. Among the parameters investigated, postpartum women at this stage were more sensitive to temperature and humidity of thermal environment, and disease, postpartum time, BMI and physical activity were the influencing factors of maternal heat preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To guide significance for water management of winter rape in Hebei Province, effect of pre-winter irrigation on yield formation of winter rapeseed was studied. Materials included 12 winter Brassica rapa and 9 B. napus varieties (lines), they were irrigated before winter. The traits were investigated including overwintering rate, contents of N, P and K in leaves and siliques, and yield composition. Results showed that winter irrigation effectively prevented freezing injury of rapeseed, increased the overwintering rate, and then improved later growth, agronomic characteristics and yield formation. The overwintering rate reached more than 90%, significantly higher than non-winter irrigation control. Although winter irrigation treatment had no significant effect on growth duration, it significantly improved agronomic traits of branch length, plant height and plot yield by 33%, 90.3% and 16.9% respectively. The contents of N and P in leaves, and K in silique shell of 6 tested winter rapeseed were higher than the other organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Mine Automation is the property of Industry & Mine Automation Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Plateau Meteorology is the property of Plateau Meteorology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To study the mass spectral characteristics and pollution sources of PM2.5 in winter in the southern suburbs of Xi' an, this study used an online single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer to conduct online monitoring of fine particulate matter single particles in Xi' an from November 2020 to February 2021. The PM2.5 obtained during the monitoring period was classified using an adaptive resonance neural network classification method, and the results showed that the percentages of elemental carbon, mixed carbon, organic carbon, K-rich, levoglucan, heavy metal, Na-rich, SiO3, and other were 29.31%, 7.95%, 16.35%, 25.04%, 12.29%, 3.83%, 2.05%, 2.99% and 0.19%, respectively. Using the positive matrix factor decomposition model method, the seven sources were obtained including coal combustion source, industrial process source, motor vehicle exhaust source, construction dust source, biomass combustion source, wind and sand dust source and other sources, with the contribution rates of 32.4%, 25.9%, 19.4%, 7.4%, 6.6%, 2.7% and 5.6%, respectively, which showed that coal combustion source, industrial process source and motor vehicle exhaust source are the main sources of fine particulate matter in winter. The treatment of fine particulate matter pollution in winter in the southern suburbs of Xi' an should be based on the treatment of bulk coal combustion and industrial process emission reduction, while strengthening motor vehicle pollution control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desertification and drought in inland Asia are closely related to human habitation and social sustainability in western China. The climate in western China has experienced multiple shifts in temperature and aridity since the Late Pleistocene. Investigating this region's Late Pleistocene paleoclimatic changes contributes to predicting future climate trends. This study analyzes the pollen records from the Qingshuihe Basin in southern Ningxia during the middle to late Late Pleistocene, revealing four distinct pollen assemblage zones from bottom to top. These zones reflect paleovegetation and paleoclimate changes during the middle to late Late Pleistocene. The results indicate that during the middle Late Pleistocene (75-50 ka B. P.), the region featured a predominantly Artemisia-dominated steppe landscape with a cool and relatively dry climate. In the late Late Pleistocene (25-15 ka B. P.), the area experienced alternations between desert-steppe or steppe and forest-steppe, transitioning gradually to desert-steppe. During this period, the winter monsoon strengthened, leading to progressively cooler and drier conditions, with the climate shifting from cool and slightly moist to cold and arid. The further study of the palynological records during the middle and late Late Pleistocene in the Qingshuihe Basin of southern Ningxia holds significant implications for a proper understanding of the natural environmental history of the Loess Plateau and informs decision-making for its management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the field experiments of two field experiment sites and the daily meteorological data of 11 meteorological stations evenly distributed in the winter wheat planting area of Guanzhong region in Shaanxi Province, the DSSAT model was used to determine the genetic parameters of winter wheat cultivars, and then the key phenological periods and yield of winter wheat at each station from 2001 to 2019 were simulated. The M-K test and the Sen trend analysis method were used to reveal the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics and laws from the station and regional scales. On this basis, the gray correlation method and multiple linear regression analysis method were used to explore the sensitive meteorological factors and their contribution rates affecting the simulated yield at each growth period. The results showed that: (1) the average RRMSE values of winter wheat flowering period, mature period and yield simulation results were 0.91%,0.98% and 7.87% in Yangling (Guanzhong Plain) field experiment site, and 2.39%,1.35% and 9.30% in Changwu (Weibei Dryland) field experiment site. In the regional phenological simulation, the RRMSE of winter wheat in the Guanzhong Plain and the Weibei Dryland were 3.2% and 3.0% at the flowering and mature periods, R2 were 0.71 and 0.73, and the RRMSE of regional yield were 23.6% and 11.2%, respectively.(2) The sowing to flowering period and mature period of winter wheat in Wugong station showed a delayed trend, and the rates were 0.70d·10y-1 and 0.22d·10y-1, respectively, while the other stations showed an earlier trend. The advance trend of phenological period in Guanzhong Plain was higher than that in Weibei Dryland, and the advance trend from sowing to flowering period reaches 2.30d·10y-1 and 1.20d·10y-1 respectively, and the advance trend from sowing to maturity was 0.60d·10y-1 . The simulated yields showed a decreasing trend at Pucheng and Weicheng stations, while an increasing trend at other stations. The lowest and highest values of regional yield appeared in 2013 and 2017, respectively. (3) The increase of daily average temperature and daily minimum temperature in most stations would promote the increase of winter wheat yield in the pre-winter growth period. The increase of daily maximum temperature and total precipitation contributed greatly to the increase of yield in the overwintering period. The increase of daily maximum temperature at greening and heading period would lead to serious yield decrease of winter wheat, but the increase of daily relative humidity would promote the increase of yield. The increase of daily average temperature, daily minimum temperature and daily maximum temperature at most stations would lead to a decrease in winter wheat yield during the filling and mature period. Temperature was the main controlling factor affecting the yield of winter wheat in Guanzhong region, and its influence on yield varies greatly at different growth periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Based on the JRA55 reanalysis data, observed precipitation and sea surface temperature (SST) data, this study has investigated the spatio-temporal variation features of the winter quasi-stationary front (WQF) over South China, and explored their linkage with circulation, SST and East Asian climate by conducting statistical diagnosis. The first two leading modes of WQF over South China are associated with intensity variation and meridional position variation, respectively, and mainly present interannual variation. The intensity variation mode (IVM) is mainly regulated by the collaboration of the eastern type of ENSOlike SST anomalies and the SST anomalies on the central-western tropical Indian Ocean. The meridional position variation mode (MPVM) is modulated by the central type of ENSO-like SST anomalies. The IVM may lead to abnormal precipitation over subtropical East Asia and abnormal surface air temperature over the inland area of eastern China while the MPVM induces abnormal precipitation over the Yangtze-Huaihe valley and abnormal surface air temperature over South China and the southeast coast of China. Compared with the MPVM, the IVM has greater influence on the precipitation and surface air temperature over East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The experiment was used fermentation bed technology to study the effect of fermentation bed on diarrhea rate, growth performance and blood physicochemical indexes of lambs in winter. Three batches of experiments were carried out in a row, and 30 hybrid ewes who had just given birth and gave birth to two lambs in each batch were randomly assigned to two closed houses with windows and the same building structure, one floor was transformed into a fermentation bed (experimental group), and the other was used as a control group. The lambs were fed in a single pen for 7 d and then transferred out. Each group was randomly divided into three pens, transferred to semi-open houses, and continued to be fed until weaning at 60 d. The results showed that on 1~7 d, the diarrhea rate of lambs in experimental group was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05). From birth to weaning, the diarrhea rate and mortality of lambs in experimental group were decreased by 2.49% and 2.95% compared with control group (P<0.05). On 7 d of experiment, the body height, body length and chest circumference of lambs in experimental group were increased by 1.71, 0.56, 0.66 cm compared with control group, respectively (P<0.05). On 8~30 d, the average daily gain of lambs in experimental group was increased by 22.59% compared with control group ( P<0.05). The average daily gain of experimental group was significantly higher than that of control group during the whole experiment period (1~60 d) (P<0.05). At 60 d of age, the body weight of lambs in experimental group was increased by 13.42% compared with control group ( P<0.05). The percentage of lymphocyte in whole blood of lambs in experimental group was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05), and the content of GLU, TP and GLB in serum were increased by 8.45%, 3.34% and 10.49% compared with control group, respectively (P<0.05). The study indicates that using a fermentation bed feeding mode within 7 d of birth can reduce the rate of diarrhea and mortality before weaning, and improve the apparent digestibility and blood physicochemical indicators of lambs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In humid karst area, the change of soil moisture in winter is an important part of hydrological process, which affects vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction. Taking secondary forest land as the research sample plot, the HOBO H21_USB automatic soil moisture monitoring system was used to continuously monitor soil moisture in different soil layers (0-20 cm). the dynamic changes of soil moisture in different soil layers before and after rainfall and the response of soil moisture to rainfall were analyzed. The results show that: (1) The rainfall of 0.3 mm has almost no effect on the soil moisture. The rainfall of 4 mm only affects the soil moisture of the 0-5 cm soil layer. The rainfall of 7 mm and 10 mm has an effect on the soil moisture of the soil layer above 10 cm. The rainfall of 12 mm mainly affects the soil moisture of the soil layer above 20 cm, and the rainfall of 25 mm mainly affects the soil moisture of the soil layer above 15 cm. (2) The fastest response time of soil moisture in each soil layer of forest land to rainfall in winter is 0.1 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the species composition and diversity of larvae and juvenile fish in Chongming Dongtan and its surrounding waters, 14 stations were set up in Chongming Dongtan and its surrounding waters from November 2020 to August 2021, and surface horizontal trawling surveys were conducted quarterly with large larvae and juvenile fish nets (diameter 1.3 m, mesh 0.5 mm) for four voyages at each station. A total of 4 556 larvae and juveniles were collected, belonging to 8 orders, 14 families and 48 species. The species composition of dominant species is obvious, of which Coilia mystus (25.09%) was the dominant fish. This was followed by Stolephorus commersonnii (20.12%) and Salanx ariakensis (17.11%). The results showed that the species number and density of larvae and juvenile fishes in spring and summer were significantly higher than those in autumn and winter, and the highest density was 0.658 ind./m³ in summer. The number of species in spring was 28, and the number of species in winter was the least. The species richness index, diversity index and evenness index showed the same trend between seasons, with the highest in spring and the lowest in winter. The density of larvae and juveniles was higher in the north branch than in the south branch in spring and summer, and higher in the south branch than in the north branch in autumn and winter. The results of cluster analysis showed that larvae and juvenile fishes can be divided into freshwater group, estuarine group I and estuarine group II in spring. Summer can be divided into estuarine group and marine group, the larvae and juveniles in Chongming Dongtan of Yangtze River estuary in autumn could be divided into freshwater group, estuarine group and marine group. The species and number of fish larvae and juveniles in winter are very small. Pearson correlation index analysis showed that the richness index, diversity index and evenness index in summer were correlated with salinity, but not with water temperature. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of dominant species and communities of larvae and juvenile fish in Chongming Dongtan and the environmental factors affecting their distribution were also discussed. The results will provide important analysis data for the sustainable development and protection of fishery ecological resources in Chongming Dongtan, Yangtze River Estuary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Guangxi Normal University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the experiment was to screen the oat varieties suitable for planting in idle winter fields in eastern Sichuan. Eight oat varieties were selected as experimental materials, and their phenological period, growth rate, grass yield, agronomic characters and nutritional quality were determined. The results showed that the oat varieties could complete the growth period in idle winter field in east Sichuan. The variety with the fastest average daily growth rate was Titan (0.94 cm/d), while the variety with the slowest growth rate was Everleaf 126 (0.63 cm/d). The Titan plant height is the highest, the Haymaker is the second, Everleaf 126 is the lowest. The highest yield of hay and fresh grass was the Haymaker of grazing in the two harvesting methods, harvesting two crops and harvesting only once. The dry and fresh yield of Madison and Titan was better. The total fresh yield of eight oat varieties in two crops was significantly higher than that in one harvest. The crude protein content was 7.08% to 11.22% when harvest was only once during the growth period, the Titan content was the highest, and the RFV of Meida was the highest. The crude protein content of the first crop was 10.91%~14.85%, and the crude protein content of the second crop was 7.43%~11.38%. The highest RFV was found in the first crop of Titan and the highest in the second crop of Haymaker. The study indicates that the growth rate, yield, plant height, nutritional quality and other phases of Haymaker and Titan are better, so they are suitable for spreading planting in the idle winter fields in eastern Sichuan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A physical building was set up in the environmental test room to simulate the solar radiation and indoor/outdoor temperature environment in hot summer and cold winter areas. The changes of the temperature field and heat flux of exterior wall under different solar radiation intensities were tested to analyze the impact of solar radiation through the exterior wall on building energy consumption in hot summer and cold winter areas. Results show that with the increase of the solar radiation intensity, the temperature of the external, center and internal surface of the building exterior wall increase. The solar radiation affects the indoor and outdoor heat transfer through affecting the temperature field of the external wall of the building, thus affecting its building energy consumption. In summer, solar radiation is the main factor that determines the cooling load of exterior wall. The heat flux increases with the solar radiation intensity, resulting in an increase of cooling load and an increase in the energy consumption of the building. In winter, the heat flux of the exterior wall decreases with the solar radiation intensity, resulting in a reduction of heat load and a reduction in energy consumption of the building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: It is of great significance to study the breeding environment of the naked carp in Qinghai Lake for the conservation and restoration of natural habitat. The naked carp is the only economic species in Qinghai Lake, colloquially called “Huang Yu”, and plays a core role in the lake ecosystem. As an anadromous species, the naked cap migrates between Qinghai Lake and major rivers to spawn such as the Buha, Shaliu, Quanji, Heima, and Hargai rivers from April to August every year. Due to intensive fishing, arid climate, and the lack of spawning rivers, the amount of the naked carp’s resources has dropped sharply, from 28000 tons in the 1960s to 2263 tons in the 1990s. In view of its important ecological status, it is urgent to restore and protect the resources of naked carp in Qinghai Lake. Since 1982, Qinghai Province has forbidden fishing to restore and protect the fish resources. At the same time, it has established fish conservation bases and artificial breeding and releasing stations around Qinghai Lake. By 2022, the fish resources of the naked carp had increased to 108500 tons, 42 times as many as in the early stages of protection. The breeding environment is the key factor for the continuation of the fish population, and different fish require different parameters of the spawning ground, such as river, light, sediment and water temperature. It is also very important to obtain the reproductive environmental parameters and determine the optimal spawning ground for the protection and expansion of the fish resources. At present, only Zhou et al. have discussed the environmental requirements of natural reproduction of the naked carp by indoor artificial simulation. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the breeding environment of the naked carp for the conservation and restoration of natural habitat. 　 Otolith δ 18O provides a method for fish population identification, migration and environment exploration of spawning ground. Otolith, a calcium carbonate mineral in bony fish, has both auditory and balancing functions and is known as the “recorder” of time and water environment. Microchemical analysis of otolith can reveal the life history and water environment changes of fish. Especially, the core area of otolith is formed at the early stage of incubation, and its microchemical composition can reflect the hydrochemical characteristics of the habitat and solve the problem of fish identification. The otolith δ 18O is closely related to water temperature. Under normal salinity conditions, the δ18O change of 1‰ corresponds to the seawater temperature change of about 5℃. For example, the higher otolith δ 18O values of Pacific bluefin tuna, which migrated across the Pacific from the Western Pacific (WPO) to the Eastern Pacific (EPO), reflected the cold-water temperatures encountered during migration. Similarly, the lower δ18O value in otolith core of Oncorhynchus keta, which migrated between freshwater and marine environments, indicated that Chinese salmon were also anadrotic spawning fish, returned to the ocean after hatching. Yuan et al.[12] analyzed the δ13C and δ18O values in the otolith of small yellow croaker in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea, the population of southern Yellow Sea was subdivided into offshore and coastal populations for the first time, and no station crossing between the two populations was recorded. The overall successful rate of discrimination was recorded to be 82.6% by cluster analysis. Tatsuya et al.[13] conducted otolith δ18O and microstructure analyses to investigate nursery habitat temperatures and early life growth rates. In conclusion, the otolith δ18O provides a method for fish population identification, migration, and environment exploration of spawning ground. In this study, the SHRIMP Ⅱ ion probe was used to determine the otolith δ18O of the naked carp in Qinghai Lake. Combined with the hydrochemical composition of lake water and river water in Qinghai Lake, the optimal migration and spawning sites and environmental conditions of the naked carp were investigated to provide effective information for further revealing its life history. RESULTS: The SHRIMP Ⅱ ion probe was used to determine the in-situ δ 18O composition of the otolith microregion of five naked carp in Qinghai Lake. The in-situ oxygen isotope analysis of otolith was performed by SHRIMP Ⅱ ion probe at the School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University. Sectioned otoliths were prepared for SHRIMP analysis by casting them in epoxy resin, with NBS 18 and 19 reference calcites, to form a 35 mm diameter mount. After being documented by optical photomicroscopy, the samples were coated with high purity Al and transferred to the ANU SHRIMP Ⅱ for analysis using procedures based on those described in detail by Long et al.[21-22] . In brief, the SHRIMP Ⅱ was operated in multi-collector, negative ion mode. A 15kV, ~3nA Cs+ primary ion beam was focused to a 25mm diameter spot on the Al-coated target, producing 200−250pA of secondary 16O − . 16O − and 18O − were measured simultaneously on Faraday cups using Keithley 642 electrometers. Each analysis consisted of a pre-burn of about 3 min to allow the secondary ion isotopic composition to stabilise, followed by 10 or 14 times (10s/time) estimates of the 18O/16O ratio. The accuracy was 0.1‰−0.2‰, and the standard deviation was about 0.3 ‰. The reference material was measured once every 5 samples completed during analysis. The spot starting position of the ion probe was the core of the otolith, along the longest growth axis to the edge. The spot diameter of the ion probe was about 25μm, and the spot depth was about 2−3μm. The spot test was shown in Fig.E.1A. 　　(2) The δ 18O composition along the growth axis of the otolith. The δ 18O ratios along the growth axis of 5 naked carp otoliths were shown in Fig.E.1B. The mean values of otolith δ 18O from No.1 to No.5 were 1.29‰, 1.79‰, 0.99‰, 0.93‰, −7.41‰ respectively, and their interval range were −4.88‰−3.46‰, −0.28‰−3.91‰, −1.43‰−2.94‰, −1.81‰−3.35‰, −9.36‰−5.21‰, respectively. The otolith δ 18O in individual juvenile plaice ranged from 0.2‰ to 1.9‰, when they were reared at two temperatures (11℃ and 17℃), which indicated that the otolith δ 18O ratios were significantly affected by water temperature, but not by feeding level, and there were no significant synergistic effects. The δ 18O ratios of plaice are close to the higher δ 18O ratios of samples 1 to 4 in this study, which is the result of the fact that naked carp lived in the lake with high salinity and low water temperature for part of the time. The Schizothorax kozlovi and the naked carp belong to the subfamily Schizostomus. The average otolith δ 18O ratios of the Schizothorax kozlovi cultured in fresh water is −9.4‰, which is very close to the δ 18O ratios of the naked carp No.5, indicating that sample No.5 has been living in fresh water. The gray bands are the incremental zones of otolith, and the interval zones between the incremental zones are discontinuous zones. The δ 18O ratios of the naked carp in samples 1 to 5 show a trend of lower incremental zones and higher discontinuous zones, because the δ 18O ratios of otolith is inversely correlated with water temperature. The incremental zones of otolith are formed in spring and summer, while the discontinuous zones in autumn and winter, and the water temperature in spring and summer is significantly higher than that in autumn and winter. The otolith δ 18O ratios of the five samples were analyzed by one-way variance analysis. The δ 18O ratios of the No.1, No.3 and No.4 naked carp were not significantly different (P>0.05), while the δ 18O ratios of the No.2 and No.5 naked carp were significantly different from the other three samples (P<0.05). The δ 18O ratios of Qinghai Lake ranged from 1.93‰ to 3.71‰, with an average value of 2.43‰, and that of surrounding rivers ranged from −8.04‰ to −6.20‰. The average δ 18O ratios of Buha River, Shaliu River, Quanji River and Heima River were −6.15‰, −7.21‰, −5.98‰, and −7.31‰, respectively. This is because the δ 18O ratios of different types of water bodies vary greatly, and the δ 18O ratios of lake water are obviously higher than that of surface river water due to strong evaporation. Comparing the δ 18O ratios of lake water and river water with that of 5 samples, it can be seen that the δ 18O signals of lake water and river water are recorded in the otolith of No.1-No.4, indicating that they migrated between lake water and river water, however, the δ 18O signal of river water was only recorded in the otolith of No.5, which indicated that the No.5 naked carp had been living in river water, that is, “sitting water fish”. 　　(3) Composition of δ 18O in otolith cores of the naked carp. The average δ 18O ratios of otoliths from No.1 to No.5 were 1.51 ‰, 0.20 ‰, −0.22 ‰, −2.38 ‰, and −9.14 ‰, respectively, and their interval range were 1.43‰−1.59‰, 0.28‰−0.7‰, 1.02‰−0.64‰, 4.88‰−0.74‰, 9.36‰−8.96‰. The average δ 18O ratios of otolith cores were compared with the δ 18O composition of lakes and rivers, as shown in Fig.E.1C. Since the core area of otolith was formed in the early incubation period of naked carp, the water environment at birth was recorded. From the distribution, the δ 18O ratios of the core area of naked carp No.1-No.3 were closer to the lake water, which indicated that their spawning place was near the estuary. The water body was mixed with lake and river water, and having lower water temperature, which indicated the migration and spawning may have started in late May. The δ 18O ratios of the core area of the No.4 naked carp was closer to the river water, which indicated that the spawning area was far away from the lake and the water temperature was higher, while the No.5 naked carp lived in the river all the time and the water temperature was higher when spawning. In conclusion, the habits of the naked carp are not fixed. Some breed in estuaries, some in upstream rivers, and some migrate between rivers and lakes to spawn, and a small part of the naked carp breed in rivers, which may be related to the local rivers’ cutout in autumn and winter. Some fish that migrate to the upper reaches of rivers to spawn have stayed in rivers for breeding due to the cutout of rivers. Similarly, the otolith cores of Pacific herring born in the Strait of Georgia have lower δ 18O ratios (−8.2‰ to −2.0‰), while the otolith cores of the southern Puget Sound samples have higher δ 18O ratios (−3.9‰ to −0.9‰). DISSCUSION: (1) The relationship between δ 18O ratios of otolith and water temperature. The otolith of the naked carp can record not only the age, but also the water environment and the life history of the fish. The otolith δ 18O ratios of fish is determined by the δ 18O ratios of water body and the water temperature. The δ 18O ratios of the water body are related to the ratio of precipitation to evaporation, runoff and precipitation, while there is an inverse correlation between temperature and otolith δ 18O ratios. The living environment of fish can be inferred from the δ 18O ratios value on the otolith of fish, and the isotopic balance between the surrounding water environment and aragonite minerals is reached or almost reached, therefore, the fractionation of 16O/18O isotopes is closely related to the temperature of the water body, generally showing a negative correlation. For marine fish, the variation of δ 18O ratios at 1‰ corresponds to the variation of sea temperature at about 5℃ under normal salinity conditions. The relationship between temperature variation and otolith δ 18O ratios of freshwater fish at 1‰ has not been established. 　　(2) Experimental research about temperature control on otolith δ 18O ratios. Water temperature, water flow, water depth, riverbed quality and light are the most important environmental parameters in fish breeding. In general, the reproductive activities of fish are not determined by a single environmental factor, and their specific reproductive needs are often multiple environmental factors. When the water temperature of the freshwater tributaries around Qinghai Lake reaches the threshold of 6−16℃, the naked carp will start to migrate, on the one hand, due to the different composition of δ 18O ratios in different spawning sites, and on the other hand, due to the different spawning time, the difference of water temperature is recorded in the otolith δ 18O.The contribution of the δ 18O composition and the change of water temperature to the δ 18O ratios in the otolith of the naked carp cannot be quantified, and needs to be further verified by the artificial control experiment. For example, Nakamura et al.[31] cultured mackerel larvae at six different temperatures (16.3℃, 17.6℃, 18.3℃, 20.0℃, 24.0℃ and 26.5 ℃) and determined the δ 18O ratios, the linear relationship between the water temperature and the otolith δ 18O of mackerel was determined. Willmes et al.[32] reared male oversea fish for 360 days at different salinity (8.75‰, 5.28‰ and 4.06‰) and water temperature (16.4℃, 16.7℃, 18.7℃ and 20.5℃), and then reconstructed the thermal life history of the fish. Wang et al.[33] evaluated whether cooking behavior would lead to further isotopic fractionation of carbonate in otolith and showed that the otolith δ 18O ratios were highly consistent between cooked and uncooked, which indicated the cooking process has no or little effect on the otolith isotope value. 　　(3) Fossil otolith is a good carrier to study the paleoclimate environment. Otoliths are well preserved in sediment, so the fossil otoliths are often used in paleoclimate, palaeoecology and palaeogeography. For example, Wurster et al.[34] analyzed high-resolution δ 18O ratios of Aplodinotus grunniens from the Easterman archeological site to infer climate change in the eastern continental United States during the Holocene. Andrus et al.[35] used the otolith δ 18O ratios of a well-preserved Peruvian catfish fossil to calculate the sea surface temperature of the Peruvian Sea in the Middle Holocene. Surge et al.[36] analyzed the δ 18O ratios of modern and circa 2nd−3rd century AD fossil otoliths of the Mexican sea catfish, and the recovered winter temperatures were very similar to those of modern times. Long et al.[21] analysed the δ 18O ratios of otolith in the sediment of Mungo Lake, Australia, and the variation of the δ 18O ratios indicates an early flood in the lake, a subsequent increase in the δ 18O by 4‰ indicating increasing evaporation of the lake. At the same time, because there is no “Reservoir effect”, the otolith preserved in the sediment is also a good material to measure radioactive carbon. Therefore, fossil otoliths preserved in sediments are not only one of the ideal materials to determine the age of sediments, but also a good carrier to study the paleoclimate environment. 　　(4) Relationship between δ 18O ratios of otolith and fish breeding population. The naked carp in Qinghai Lake is one of the second-class national protected animals in China. Since 1982, Qinghai Province has implemented the closure of the lake to breed fish, covering Qinghai Lake and all the rivers entering the lake. Currently, the sixth closure period in 10 years will end on December 31, 2030. At the same time, the original species preservation bases and artificial breeding and releasing stations have been established around Qinghai Lake. Since 2002, artificial breeding and releasing work has been carried out, and 105 million large-size naked carp fry have been released into the Shaliu and Quanji rivers. Therefore, there should be two populations of natural reproduction and artificial reproduction in Qinghai Lake, and it is difficult to distinguish the two populations only by the otolith δ 18O ratios. 　　(5) In order to identify fish populations more accurately and understand fish life history, many scholars combine the δ 18O and δ 13C ratios of otolith for analysis, because the change of otolith δ 13C ratios can record the maturity of fish and the change in the food chain. For example, Gao et al.[38] analyzed the δ 18O and δ 13C ratios of the otolith core and the second summer season round of Pacific herring in Pikew Bay, Washington, and concluded that there are two types of herring. Ashford et al.[39] tested the δ 18O and δ 13C ratios of cod otolith located on the Patagonia continental shelf and Patagonia in southern Georgia, and found that the δ 18O ratios reflected the sea water temperature in the surrounding environment where the fish lived, so that the different population could be identified. The source of metabolic carbon and the δ 13C ratios of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in seawater affect the δ 13C ratios of otolith. For the first time, Jiang Tao et al.[40] analyzed otolith stable isotope ratios of δ 18O and δ 13C using an isotope ratio mass spectrometry on Coilia nasus juveniles collected from the Changjiang River Estuary. The different environments with different water temperature and food organism composition might be experienced by the two groups of C. nasus fish. He Yongfeng et al.[25] took Sichuan schizostomus of different age groups as the research object to explore the relationship between stable isotopes and environment. The results showed that δ 18O and δ 13C ratios of Schizothorax kozlovi at age 1t were not significantly correlated with otolith mass, but both were significantly different between lapillus and asteriscus. There was no significant difference of lapillus δ 18O and δ 13C between the sexes, but with significant difference among different ages. The correlation of δ 18O with δ 13C was an effective method in identification of different culture stocks of S. kozlovi, which indicates that the isotopic signatures of otolith could be used as a method to identify freshwater fish stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Rising temperature and varying precipitation have posed huge challenges to the potato production in the world. Revealing changes of potato yield and water use efficiency (WUE) under 1.5 and 2.0 ℃ global warming, has significance for food security in China. In this study, based on the different climate conditions and cropping systems found in China, we divided the entire potato planting area across China into four zones, i.e., the north single cropping system zone, the central double cropping system zone, the south winter cropping system zone and the southwest mixed cropping system zone. Then, the 1.5℃ and 2.0 ℃ warming scenarios were generated based on the baseline period of 1986-2005, and the two warming scenarios were anticipated during 2016-2035 and 2028-2047. 7 typical potato cultivars were selected for whole potato planting area in China. APSIM-Potato model (version 7.6) was used in this study. To assess the impacts of global warming on potato water use, APSIM-Potato was drive by daily climate data under three climate scenarios of baseline, 1.5 ℃ and 2.0 ℃ warming under rainfed and irrigated treatment. Results showed that: Rainfed potato yield, evapotranspiration (ET) and WUE were 0.05-52.40 t/hm², 7-454 mm and 3-193 kg/(mm·hm²), respectively during the baseline period (1986-2005). Compared with base line period, under 1.5 ℃ global warming scenario, rainfed potato yield increased by 1.46% and 1.93% in north single and central double cropping system, and the ET increased by 3.14% and 2.93% in the two regions, in south winter and southwest mixture cropping systems, the yield decreased by 4.51% and 12.74%, and ET decreased by 2.23% and 8.44% in the two regions. WUE decreased by 0.10%-6.64% in the four potato planting regions across China. Under 2.0 ℃ global warming scenario, potato yield increased by 15.48%, 1.54% and 3.27% in the north single, central double and south winter cropping systems, and the ET increased by 12.12%, 4.63% and 4.19% in the three regions, while the yield and ET decreased by 8.82% and 8.29% in southwest mixture cropping systems. WUE increased by 9.76% in north single cropping system, while decreased by 0.57%-3.25% in other three regions. Irrigated potato yield, ET and WUE were 6.80-59.60 t/hm², 151-631 mm and 7.90-163.60 kg/(mm·hm²), respectively during the baseline period. Under 1.5 ℃ global warming scenario, potato yield increased by 3.60% and 3.00% in north single and central double cropping systems, while decreased by 1.12% and 11.79% in south winter and southwest mixture cropping systems. ET increased by 4.63%, 3.99% and 2.14% in north single, central double and south winter cropping systems, while decreased by 4.87% in southwest mixture cropping systems. WUE decreased by 0.74%-11.44% in the four potato planting regions across China. Under 2.0℃ global warming scenario, the yield increased by 5.63%, 6.82% and 6.46%, respectively in north single, central double and south winter cropping systems, and the ET increased by 11.94%, 8.58% and 7.12%, respectively in the three regions, potato yield and ET decreased by 8.56% and 5.31% in southwest mixture cropping systems. WUE decreased by 1.12%-6.69% in the four planting regions across China. This study showed that future global warming would have positive impacts on potato yield in north single and central double cropping system, while decrease the yield in south winter and southwest mixture cropping systems. This study can provide a theoretical guidance for potato production to adapt to future climate change in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Constructed wetland (CW) is widely used in the treatment of swine wastewater, due to the operation cost-saving and simple maintenance. However, the pollutant removal efficiency is greatly affected by temperature in CW technology. Fortunately, the exoelectrogens-microalgae biofilm is composed of extracellular respiratory bacteria and microalgae, particularly with the high efficiency, energy saving, and low cost in wastewater treatment. Therefore, the stability of CW can be enhanced by the exoelectrogens-microalgae biofilm at low temperatures. It is a high demand to evaluate the technical reliability of long-term outdoor operations. This study aims to improve the treatment efficiency and microbial community of swine wastewater under natural temperatures, in order to explore the effect of temperature on exoelectrogens-microalgae biofilm in the enhanced CW system. Extracellular respiratory bacteria were achieved in the direct interspecific electron transfer process through direct contact or conductive substance mediation. As such, the hydrogen partial pressure and the concentration of metabolite greatly improved the electron transport efficiency and metabolic rate. Extracellular respiratory bacteria mainly included electroactive bacteria, such as Shewanella. The extracellular respiratory bacteria produced carbon dioxide by metabolizing organic matter, which was used as a carbon source for the microalgae. The oxygen produced by microalgae was used as an electron acceptor for the extracellular respiratory bacteria, thus realizing the material and energy mutual camping between them. Therefore, the construction of exoelectrogens-microalgae biofilm was a feasible way to improve the efficiency of CW wastewater treatment. There were high concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the swine wastewater. The treatment efficiency of swine wastewater and microbial community of the system under natural temperature was determined in the coupling exoelectrogens-microalgae biofilms (EMB) with the CW system. The outdoor experiment then lasted for 18 months. The results showed that the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and nitrite nitrogen in the EMB-CW group in summer and winter reached 98.26/96.10%, 97.96/91.56%, 85.45/65.29%, 95.07/89.94%, 91.44/92.12%, and 85.45%/83.15%, respectively, with the strong adaptability at low temperature. The effluent concentrations of COD, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and nitrous nitrogen were 97.50, 12.70, 1.24, 24.44, 1.97, and 0.17 mg/L, respectively, which fully met the Emission Standard for Livestock and Poultry Industry (GB18596-2001) in China. Compared with the CW group, the removal rates of the above pollutants in the EMB-CW group increased by 5.75, 6.95, 8.00, 13.75, 2.38, and 20.93 percentage points, respectively. Cyanobium, Shewanella and Azoarcus were the dominant microorganisms of the EMB-CW group in both winter and summer, and the stability of community structure was high, which was conducive to the removal rate of pollutants in winter for the reliability of the EMB-CW system. Consequently, the exoelectrogens-microalgae biofilm significantly improved the pollutant treatment efficiency and stability of the CW system under low-temperature conditions. The finding can provide an idea for the treatment of rural livestock and poultry farming wastewater. Therefore, better social benefits and technically feasible can be expected to gain for the application of exoelectrogens-microalgae biofilm in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simply assembled Chinese solar greenhouses (SA-CSG) have been widely used in northern China in recent years, due to their simple construction and better thermal insulation. Among them, the wall of SA-CSG is made of the thermal blanket in a general way, indicating better insulation performance, but a relatively low capacity of thermal storage. The heat load of SA-CSG can be normally higher than that of the traditional Chinese solar greenhouses (CSG). An accurate calculation of heat load and heating requirement in winter can greatly contribute to assessing regional adaptability. In this study, 17 cities in China were selected to analyze the local climate and scale of CSG development. The total solar radiation from October to next February and the lowest air temperature outdoor in winter were extracted using the downloading data from China Meteorological Data Network. The heat balance equations and thermal environment simulation software RGWS-RHJPJ V1.2 were used to calculate the winter solstice heating requirement and the heat load at the lowest outdoor temperature in the coldest month for SA-CSG in 17 cities. The local sensitivity analysis was also carried out to determine the influencing parameters on the heat load of the SA-CSG. Furthermore, the heating requirement was analyzed to select an active heat storage and release system as the heating source for the SA-CSG. The results showed that the minimum heat load of SA-CSG occurred in Nanjing at 56.4 W/m², whereas, the maximum was found in Altay at 140.9 W/m², among 17 cities in the CSG production area of China. The city with the minimum SA-CSG heating requirement on the day of the winter solstice was Lhasa with 0.7 MJ/m², and the maximum heating requirement was in Harbin with 7.7 MJ/m². The heat load of SA-CSG was in the range of 50~150 W/m², where the ratio ranging from 50 to 100 W/m² was more than 50%. The heating requirement of SA-CSG ranging from 0-2 MJ/m² was about 20% of the regions, 2-4 MJ/m² was about 50% of the regions, 4-6 MJ/m² was about 20% of the regions, and only about 10% of the regions were in the heating requirement of more than 6 MJ/m². As such, the heat load increased with the latitude of the city. The influencing parameters on the heat load of SA-CSG were ranked in the descending order of the integrated heat transfer coefficient of the thermal blanket on the south roof, the number of air changes in the SA-CSG, and the integrated heat transfer coefficient of the thermal blanket as the wall. The active heat storage and release system fully satisfied the heating requirement of the SA-CSG in Lasa and Changdu. At the same time, the active storage and release system satisfied with 50% of the greenhouse heating requirement in Shouguang, Beijing, Hotan, Xi'an, and Xining. By contrast, less than 30% was found in Shenyang, Altay and Harbin. There were large regional disparities in the heat load and heating requirement of the SA-CSG in the CSG production areas. Similar regional disparities were found in the application effect of active heat storage system. The finding can also provide some guidance to constructing the heating design of SA-CSG in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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