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[Objective] The study aimed to explore the effects of four weed populations on apple photosynthetic characteristics and fruit quality formation, and screen out suitable grass for planting in Zhaotong orchards. [Method] We conducted a field experiment with Fuji apples and set orchard clear-cutting as the control, and explored the effects of Artemisia absinthium(Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC), Artemisia stellate (Stellaria vestita Kurz.), Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and White-flowered cheatgrass (Trifolium repens Linn) on the leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic characteristics and fruit quality of the fruit trees. [Result] White-flowered cheatgrass treatment could increase leaf total chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (P), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C₁), stomatal conductance(G) and carboxylation efficiency (CE), while the water use efficiency (WUE) of the fruit trees was significantly reduced. The Artemisia absinthium treatment could increase leaf G, and improve C, to a certain extent, but it would reduce the total chlorophyll content and leaf CE. Artemisia stellate treatment could increase C, and the total chlorophyll content as well as leaf transpiration rate (T,) were reduced. Ryegrass treatment significantly increased WUE and CE, but significantly reduced T. Quality aspect, the various raw grass treatments increased fruit solids content by 0.88% 13.87%, reduced reducing sugar content by 2.30% 15.71%, increased total antioxidant capacity by 10.03%-40.92%, and the ryegrass treatment reduced hydrogen peroxide content by 41.80% and superoxide anion scavenging capacity by 12.92%, as compared to clear tillage. Using fuzzy membership function analysis, the comprehensive evaluation value of clear tillage, white clover, mugwort, stellaria and ryegrass were 0.4858, 0.6044, 0.5548, 0.4894 and 0.6059, respectively. [Conclusion] Different weed populations can improve the photosynthetic capacity of fruit leaves and improve fruit quality to a certain extent. Scientific evaluation of four weed populations is beneficial to screen out more reasonable grass types in orchards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symbiotic microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia (Rh) both promote host plant N acquisition, but whether and how the combination affects host plant nitrogen (N) assimilation remains unclear. To clarify the role of AMF and rhizobia on N assimilation in white clover (Trifolium repens), the effect of single or combined inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Paraglomus occultum and a rhizobium Rhizobium trifolii on plant growth, photosynthesis, leaf N and amino acid contents, and the activities of N assimilation-related enzymes were analyzed in white clover under potted conditions. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The plant height, stolon length, leaf number, shoot biomass, total biomass, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents, steady-state light quantum efficiency, and leaf N contents of white clover were significantly increased by single inoculation with Paraglomus occultum, single Rhizobium trifolii, and combined inoculations of Paraglomus occultum and Rhizobium trifolii, along with the order of combined inoculations of Paraglomus occultum and Rhizobium trifolii > single Paraglomus occultum > single Rhizobium trifolii > non-inoculation control. (2) Combined inoculations of Paraglomus occultum and Rhizobium trifolii significantly increased the contents of various amino acids including alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamine, glutamic acid and histidine in leaves of white clover, and distinctly improved the activities of nitroreductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase, asparagine synthetase, and aspartate aminotransferase. In addition, the introduction of Rhizobium trifolii significantly promoted the colonization of Paraglomus occultum to roots of white clover, suggesting the partnership between the two. Therefore, it is concluded that combined inoculations of AMF and rhizobia promote N assimilation, generate more amino acids, and further promote the growth of white clover by activating the activities of N assimilation-related enzymes. It is further demonstrated that AMF and rhizobia have synergistic effects on promoting N assimilation of white clover.

Symbiotic microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia (Rh) both promote host plant N acquisition, but whether and how the combination affects host plant nitrogen (N) assimilation remains unclear. To clarify the role of AMF and rhizobia on N assimilation in white clover (Trifolium repens), the effect of single or combined inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Paraglomus occultum and a rhizobium Rhizobium trifolii on plant growth, photosynthesis, leaf N and amino acid contents, and the activities of N assimilation-related enzymes were analyzed in white clover under potted conditions. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The plant height, stolon length, leaf number, shoot biomass, total biomass, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents, steady-state light quantum efficiency, and leaf N contents of white clover were significantly increased by single inoculation with Paraglomus occultum, single Rhizobium trifolii, and combined inoculations of Paraglomus occultum and Rhizobium trifolii, along with the order of combined inoculations of Paraglomus occultum and Rhizobium trifolii > single Paraglomus occultum > single Rhizobium trifolii > non-inoculation control. (2) Combined inoculations of Paraglomus occultum and Rhizobium trifolii significantly increased the contents of various amino acids including alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamine, glutamic acid and histidine in leaves of white clover, and distinctly improved the activities of nitroreductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase, asparagine synthetase, and aspartate aminotransferase. In addition, the introduction of Rhizobium trifolii significantly promoted the colonization of Paraglomus occultum to roots of white clover, suggesting the partnership between the two. Therefore, it is concluded that combined inoculations of AMF and rhizobia promote N assimilation, generate more amino acids, and further promote the growth of white clover by activating the activities of N assimilation-related enzymes. It is further demonstrated that AMF and rhizobia have synergistic effects on promoting N assimilation of white clover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to study nutritional composition of eight native leguminous forage in Xing'an league. The grey-correlation-analysis method was used to comprehensively evaluate eight types of potato family forage in rural areas. The results showed that the crude fat content of Medicago ruthenica L. Trautv. and Trifolium repens L. were significantly higher than that of other forage (P<0.05). The crude protein content of Trifolium pratense L. and Medicago ruthenica L. Trautv. were significantly higher than that of other forage (P<0.05). The acid detergent fiber content of Medicago lupulina L. and Astragalus laxmannii Jacquin were significantly lower than that of other forage (P<0.05). The content of neutral detergent fiber in Astragalus laxmannii Jacquin and Medicago lupulina L. were significantly lower than that of other forage (P<0.05). The crude ash content of Astragalus laxmannii Jacquin was significantly higher than that of other forage (P<0.05). The relative feeding value of Astragalus laxmannii Jacquin was significantly higher than that of other forage (P<0.05). The experiment indicates that nutritional quality of Vicia sepium L. and Melilotus albus Desr. are better, which have high development and utilization value in Xing'an league. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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【Objective】The flower color of plant was mainly determined by anthocyanins that were regulated by dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), a key regulatory enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanins. It was important for white clover breeding to explore TrDFR properties and its role in the formation of white clover flower color. 【Method】The petals from the wild-type and red-flowered white clover were used as materials to clone the TrDFR sequence, and the bioinformatics analysis and tissue expression analysis were carried out.【Result】The open reading frame of TrDFR sequence was 969 bp in length, encoding 322 amino acids. The molecular weight of DFR protein in white clover mutant was 36.59 kD, which showed an unstable hydrophilic non-secreted protein. The secondary structure was mainly α-helix and random coil, indicating the closest evolutionary relationship with red clover. Tissue expression analysis demonstrated that TrDFR gene was abundantly expressed in petals, petioles and pedicels of white clover, and the expression levels in stems and petals of red flower mutant were significantly higher than those in wild type (P<0.01). 【Conclusion】The gene TrDFR could be involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in white clover petals, which provided a theoretical basis for further research on the functional mechanism of TrDFR in white clover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The experiment was to study the production performance of four white clover varieties in southern Guangxi and screen the white clover varieties suitable for planting in southern Guangxi and surrounding areas. The experiment measured the plant height, dry to fresh ratio, grass yield and nutrient composition of four foreign Trifolium repens L. varieties (Zapican, Harmony, Klondike, Huia), and evaluated their production performance. The results showed that Klondike had the highest yield of fresh and hay, the hay yield increased by 16.80%, 13.26% and 11.94% compared with Harmony, Huia and Zapican, and the plant height was also better. Huia had the highest fresh ratio, but fresh grass yield, hay yield, crude protein content and relative feeding value were poor among the four varieties. Harmony had the highest crude protein content and relative feeding value, but the yield of fresh and hay was the lowest. Zapican had the highest height, and its fresh and hay yield and feeding value were also better. The study indicates that the comprehensive production performance of Klondike and Zapican are better than other varieties, which is suitable for popularization and utilization in southern Guangxi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] The present paper aimed to evaluate the potential of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) as forage grass and ecological engineering plant on paddy field ridges in southern China. [Method] The clover was planted on the ridge of paddy fields in Ilengnan, Ilunan province and Jiangyou, Sichuan province in the spring of 2015. Cabover-ground parts, mainly leaves and petioles, were harvested monthly from July of 2016 to June of 2017. Dry matter was weighted after desiccation in a stove at 105 °C for 15 minutes and 70 °C for 24 hours. Dry samples harvested in the same season were mixed after storing at -20 °C . The contents of crude protein, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of such mixed samples were then determined by the standard procedures. The antagonism experiment with Alternant her a philoxeroides was conducted by face-to-face cultivation in concreted circles located in a plastic greenhouse from July of 2017 to March of 2018. [Result] At the experiment site in Sichuan, the highest dry matter weight of the white clove was obtained at the first harvest and the dropped until January of 2017 and increase gradually till the end of the experiment. It dropped also in Ilunan after the first harvest but started to increase since August and reached the highest point in April of 2017. The contents of crude protein, nitrogen and phosphorus were the highest in the first quarter at both sites. The content of potassium was the highest in the third quarter at Jiangvou but in the second quarter at Ilengnan. In the antagonism experiment, the growth of A. philoxeroides under each treatment was obviously better than that of clover in the summer, but white clover grew significantly better than A. philoxeroides under each irrigation regime and dominated the community in terms of occupying area, fresh weight and dry weight. [Conclusion] White clover on paddy didges has shown strong regeneration ability both in Sichuan and Hunan and could be used as high-quality forage and green manure crop. It could strongly inhibit the growth of A. philoxeroides at low temperature and soil humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to examine the ecological effects of planting grass in kiwifruit orchards in Shiyan, Hubei Province, we selected two kiwifruit orchards located in Changpingtang and Gaoling villages as study sites. We assessed the effects of two grass planting methods, namely, artificial and natural grass planting, and selected white clover and ryegrass as artificial grass types. The effects of artificial and natural grass planting on soil nutrients, weed species and quantity, and fruit yield and quality were compared and analyzed. The results showed that compared with natural grass planting, artificial grass planting could effectively reduce the number and quantity of weed species, particularly in response to planting white clover. It also increased the contents of soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium in the two kiwifruit orchards, and reduced the pH value of alkaline soil. Furthermore, of the two artificial grass types assessed, ryegrass was found to have a better effect on reducing soil pH than white clover. However, neither of the grass planting methods had a significant effect with respect to improving soil temperature, or fruit yield and quality, although artificial grass planting was found to significantly increase soil humidity in the Gaoling kiwifruit orchard（P<0.05）. With an extension of planting time, planting ryegrass clearly increased the contents of soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium. The findings of this study revealed that compared with planting natural grass and white clover, planting ryegrass was more suitable for kiwifruit orchards in Shiyan, Hubei Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objectives]'The effects of corn monocropping and intercropping with Trifolium repens on the fertility of Albic soil were evaluated based on the humus eomposition under the different N application levels. [Methods] The field test method was adopted, through setting four N applieation levels(140,175,200 and 225 kg·hm-2 )and the no-fertilization as the eontrol(CK), to evaluate the effeets of corn monocropping and intercropping with T. repens on the total organic C (TOC) content, the C contents of water soluble substanee( Cwss), humic-extracted aeid (CHE ), humie acid ( CHA), humin (CHU), the E4/E6 of humic acid alkali solution and the CHA/CFA in order to provide the best corn cultivation mode for enhancing the fertility of Albic soil. [ Results] Compared with the jointing stage, the corn monocropping could only increase the TOC content of Albic soil when the N application level increased to 225 kg·hm-2 during the filling stage. However, based on the corn intercropping T.repens 7 the contents of TOC and CHE of Albic soil could be enhanced to varying degrees under four N appl ication levels. Compared with the CK, the lower levels of N applic ation were more beneficial lo the preservation of TOC under The corn intercropping T. repens. Among them, when the N application levels were 140 and 175 kg·hm-2, the promoting effects on CHE were the best. Under the same N level, the com i intercropping T. repens could significantly lower the consumption of CWSS. Under the com monocropping.the N levels of 140,175 and 200 kg·hm-2 could make the molecular structure of 1IA simpler, while the N level of 225 kg·hm-2 could promote the condensation and enhance the aromatization degree of HA. The corn intercropping T.repens was more likely tO promote the reduction of CHA/CFA When the N application aniountwas 175 kg·hm-2, the reduction of CHA/CFA in the Albic soil was the most. The conversion of CHA to CFA was preferentially carried out in the simpler structure from HA, S0 that the remaining molecular structure of HA was more complicated. The corn intercropping T. repens was more beneficial to the decomposition of CHU under the lower N levels( 140 and 175 kg·hm-2), but it was more condu- cive to the accumulation of CHu under die N level of 225 kg·hm-2. [Conclusions] Under the N level of 140 kg·hm-2, the corn intercropping T. repens was more helpful to the preservation of TOC and the enhancement of CIIF. Simultaneously.it could significantly reduce the consumption of CWSS and promote the mineralization and decomposition of CHu. And it could accelerate the process of CHA being converted into CFA,making the molecular structure from the remaining HA more complicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics and the diversity of rhizobia symbiosis on the three main leguminous green manure crops (Astragalus sinicus, Trifolium repens and Vicia sativa) were summarized. It was pointed out that the three kinds of leguminous green manure crops had strong ability of nitrogen fixation, could improve the fertility and soil structure. The symbiosis of rhizobia had a strong diversity, inoculating matched strains of highly effective rhizobia in different regions could achieve an ideal effect of increasing yield and fixing nitrogen. In the future, the selection and breeding of rhizobia strains suitable for different regions should be strengthened, protective agents such as glycerin and trehalose should be added, rhizobia agents with different dosage forms should be prepared, and research on their field production and application should be carried out, so as to better play the role of green fertilizer in the development of modem green agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In order to understand the allelopathy mechanism of white clover in the mixture grassland establishment of white clover and cocks foot, different concentration of the aqueous extracts of root, stem, leaf in white clover were designed to treat cocksfoot seedling and the effect of cocksfoot seedling growth was studied. The results indicated that there existed the allelopathy of white clover extracts to cocksfoot seedling, which was the trend of no significant effect or improved effect under lower concentration and inhibited effect under higher concentration. The allelopathy potential of different white clover extracts to cocksfoot seedling was different. The effect of white clover extracts to the activity of SOD and POD of cocksfoot seedling, the allelopathy potential of leaf was stronger than stem and root. But for other physiological index in the experiment, the order of allelopathy potential of white clover extracts to cocksfoot seedling was stem > leaf and root. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the effect of different AMF microbial inoculum on the growth of Trifolium repens lawn, we chose two kinds of widely used strains, Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices, to study the promoting effect of single bacterium, mixed bacteria on Trifolium repens respectively. The results show that: Simple infliction of Glomus mosseae could obviously improve the infection rate to 53.84%; Trifolium repens has evident dependence on fungicides especially on mixed fungicides. Besides, the dependence of plant aerial parts are obviously higher than underground ones; AMF has apparent promotion on the growth rate of Trifolium repens. The mixed fungicides are better than single ones, the growth rate of plant height, the overground and underground" biomass liveweight could be improved by 40.7%, 76.6%, 35.7% respectively; AMF could effectively enhance the Trifolium repens' absorption capabilities of nutriment in rhizosphere soil, improve the utilization rate of hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus to 51.6%, 48%. Hydrolysable nitrogen is the main inhibiting factor restraining fungicides promotion on the growth of Trifolium repens with microbial inoculum, the phosphatic fertilizer is not needed, but a few nitrogen fertilizer is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]