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Magnesium methacrylate (MgMA)/ hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR) composites were prepared by blending MgMA with HNBR, and the effects of MgMA amount on mechanical properties of HNBR at high temperature and after immersion in drilling fluid were investigated. The results showed that under the combined action of high temperature and drilling fluid, the comprehensive performance of MgMA/HNBR composite was improved most significantly with higher tensile strength, elongation at break and tear strength, and the best thermal-oxydative aging resistance, when the amount of MgMA was 8 phr (mass).

With the rapid development of the economy and society and the increasing improvement of people’s living standards, people have gained a scientific understanding of the sub-health state of the body. Many foods with functional claims such as supplementing dietary nutrients, maintaining or improving the body’s health status and reducing the risk of disease have emerged on the market. At the same time, as the country has introduced new policies, laws and regulations such as the “Healthy China 2030” plan to support the development of the health industry, the objective need for food functional claims has become increasingly apparent. But our current laws and regulations do not clearly definite the concept of functional foods and its requirements, so the directions of research, production and sale, market recognition and market regulation of functional foods are unclear. In particular, functional foods cannot be discriminated from health foods, which have a legal definition. In the long term, this will not only fail to promote scientific and technological innovations in ordinary foods, but also hinder the healthy development of the health food industry. In this paper, information concerning the definition and requirements of functional foods is collected and sorted out from government official documents, websites, academic journals, and other authoritative media, and the current focuses of research on functional foods in China and abroad are compared by visual analysis of high-frequency keywords. Moreover, this paper differentiates between the requirements for functional foods and those for health foods, and it suggests that top-level design be made for refined classification of functional foods on the market and puts forward suggestions on how to better connect each category with the current system.

我國公立大學實施校務基金目的係為提升自籌財源與吸收社會資源成效，其中又以公立頂尖大學的財務運作備受關注。基於各公立頂尖大學在學術領域、政府政策期待與經費挹注的差異，本研究區分為國立臺灣大學、綜合型頂尖大學I（國立成功大學、國立清華大學、國立交通大學）、綜合型頂尖大學II（國立中央大學、國立中興大學、國立中山大學）與文法商頂尖大學（國立政治大學、國立臺灣師範大學）等四類，透過次級資料研究法，以各公立頂尖大學「2016年至2019年」決算進行跨類型分析比較，有助於彼此尋求更佳的財務運作方式。研究發現：一、公立頂尖大學自籌收入逐年提升，政府專案補助仍持續增加；二、理工醫為重的公立頂尖大學更有利發展建教合作，惟主要來源是政府；三、文法商頂尖大學善於結合特長經營在職專班，提高學雜費收入；四、文法商頂尖大學善用軟、硬體資源增加場地設備 管理與推廣教育收入有成；五、國立臺灣大學與綜合型頂尖大學I更積極經營受贈收入與投資取得收益；六、自籌收入受學術領域、地理位置、經營策略影響，更與善用優勢特性有關。最後，並依據研究結果提出對我國政府與公立頂尖大學財務運作之建議。 1. Research Motivation and Purpose Public universities in Taiwan have implemented endowment funds for more than 20 years. The main purpose of endowment funds is not only to relieve the government’s increasing financial burden but also to promote the universities’ ability to raise self-generated income and access social resources, which gradually facilitates the independent operations of university finances. As the top public universities in Taiwan strive to become world-class universities, the government has invested funds to finance their development and enhance their competitiveness. In addition, these universities implemented the endowment fund system and practiced financial autonomy early on. Therefore, whether the financial operations of these universities have fulfilled the expected policy objectives is of particular concern. 2. Literature Review In the context of global higher education, the financial operations of countries have expanded, with rising costs in recent years. However, economic recession has caused the government to drastically cut funding for higher education universities. Consequently, to reduce internal operating costs, universities have been required to seek funding from the private sector and increase self-generated income through various means. Based on the universities’ self-generated income, the private sector and the government jointly provide funds in a fixed ratio; earn revenue through the diversified operation of hospitals, dormitories, sports fields, restaurants, bookstores, and other affiliated institutions; increase revenue through publishing royalties, examinations, business consulting services, and provision of online courses and selling of textbooks; increase tuition and miscellaneous fees to balance university costs; effectively utilize the universities’ academic research resources to implement brand management strategies for obtaining external capital; reinvest endowment funds; and other measures. Although public universities can undertake a wide range of projects for rains endowment funds, they are yet to attain financial independence because public universities still mainly rely on government subsidies, the standard of charging tuition and fees is strictly controlled, and donations or investments are not actively institutionalized, resulting in ineffective outcomes. Many such practices still need to be improved for universities to achieve financial independence. 3. Research Methods Based on the differences in the development priorities of the top public universities in the academic field, the policy expectations, and the funding provided by the government, in this study, the top public universities were divided into four categories: National Taiwan University, comprehensive type I (National Cheng-Kung University, National Tsin-Hua University, and National Chioa-Tung University), comprehensive type II (National Central University, National Chung-Hsing University, and National Sun-Yat-sen University), and social science and business type (National Cheng-chi University and National Normal University). Through secondary data analysis, the items covered by the National University Endowment Fund Establishment Act were analyzed, including the government’s normal budget appropriations; universities’ self-generated income from tuition and other fees, continuing education, and academia-industry cooperation; government subsidies for scientific research or government commissions; site facility management income; and donation income and investment income. Cross-type analysis was conducted by reviewing the final accounts of top public universities from 2016 to 2019 and by comparing them with relevant government statistics and official reports. The results obtained are expected to assist top public universities in improving their financial operations. 4. Research Results The purpose of the current study is to explore the effectiveness of the financial operations of top public universities through financial analysis. The following results are obtained: (1) The self-generated income of top public universities has increased every year, and the government subsidy also continues to increase; (2) top public universities with science, technology, and medicine as their main discipline cluster exhibit higher contributions to the development of academia-industry cooperation, but the government remains their main source of investment, with an extremely low rate of private sector investment; (3) top public universities of the social science and business type are more adept at increasing income from tuition and fees by using their in-service master’s program operation; (4) universities of the social science and business type efficiently utilize the school’s assets and implement continuing education to increase revenue; (5) National Taiwan University and comprehensive type I universities exhibit more active ability for donations and investment management; and (6) academic fields, regional factors, and business strategies affect the quantity of self-generated income, especially depending on whether universities can efficiently utilize their own resources. The results are expected to help top public universities improve their future financial operations as well as enhance the government’s research and development for formulating more effective higher education funding policies. Especially allow top public universities to directly correspond to reference operations. 5. Research Suggestions According to the study results, the following policy recommendations for financial operations are proposed for the government and top public universities from a practical perspective: (1) Top public universities should efficiently increase student enrollment into academic courses to increase their income from tuition and miscellaneous fees. Moreover, the government should relax the standards and conditions for tuition and miscellaneous fees to facilitate financial autonomy of the school fund. (2) Top public universities should increase the industrial applicability of the research results and aim to obtain a greater proportion of private sector funding. (3) Top public universities should more actively develop diversified business strategies based on school attributes. (4) Top public universities should prioritize fundraising and investments and obtain incentives; this financial independence should improve their resilience. For future research, the government should expand on the current “public platform for college affairs information” and comprehensively collect and release the relevant financial data of each university to facilitate analysis in combination with other university affairs data and to elucidate the factors influencing university financial operations. In addition to data analysis, future research should qualitatively analyze business perspectives, organizational culture, decision-making processes, and other business strategies by examining actual cases.

"The structures of three self-made rare earth-based cis-1,4-polybutadiene rubber with narrow distribution were analyzed, and the relationships between cis-1,4-unit content and properties were studied. The results showed that the three samples had all narrow distribution (molecular weight distribution index ranged from 2.55 to 2.74), and the Mooney viscosity of raw rubber was in the range of 45±5, among which the higher cis-1,4-unit content was slightly higher. All of them had good scorching safety, similar curing rate and good combination with carbon black; good physical and mechanical properties, heat aging resistance, wear resistance and resilience. With increase of cis-1,4-unit content, the compression heat generation and rolling resistance of the polybutadiene rubber decreased, and the dyna-mic fatigue resistance decreased slightly. "

Objective To evaluate the clinical significance of biomarkers of cartilage synthesis and degradation for early diagnosis and prognosis of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Two hundred and twenty-seven knee OA outpatients and inpatients in Shenmu Hospital were collected as the knee OA group, while 178 healthy physical examiners as the control group during the same period. Serum pro-collagen ⅡA N-teminal peptide (PⅡANP),cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-3), and urinary cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX-Ⅱ)were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The degree of knee OA involvement and quality of life were assessed by antero-posterior and lateral radiographs of both knees and the SF-36 brief health questionnaire, respectively. Results 1)Compared with the control group, the serum PⅡANP level decreased and serum COMP, MMP-3 as well as urinary CTX-Ⅱ increased in the knee OA group (P＜0.05). 2)Serum PⅡANP was lower (P＜0.05), serum COMP, MMP-3(P＜0.05) and urinary CTX-Ⅱ levels were higher in mid-late stage knee OA group than early knee OA group and control group. 3)Serum PⅡANP levels were inversely correlated with K-L grade (P＜0.05), serum COMP and MMP-3 levels were positively correlated with K-L grade (P＜0.05), and serum COMP level was positively correlated with age (P＜0.05). Serum PⅡANP level was negatively correlated with mental health dimension in the SF-36 scale (P＜0.05); serum COMP level was negatively correlated with physical function dimension (P＜0.05) but positively correlated with mental health dimension (P＜0.05). Conclusions The expression of PⅡANP, COMP, MMP-3 and CTX-Ⅱ is abnormal in knee OA and related to the progress of the severity of the disease, so is a potential reference index for the diagnosis and prognosis of knee OA.

Relay protection device is an important part to ensure the safe and stable operation of power system. With the rapid increase of the number of substations and relay protection devices,the daily inspection workload of the operation and maintenance personnel has become saturated,which can not guarantee the high quality and no dead angle inspection every time and brings hidden dangers to the reliable operation of the protection devices. In this paper,an intelligent inspection technology of protection device based on convolution neural network image recognition algorithm is proposed. With the help of the cameras installed in the front and back of the cabinet,the unmanned or few people inspection of the protection device can be realized. Firstly,the intelligent inspection system of the protection device is introduced,and the intelligent inspection items that can be realized is analyzed. The conclusion that convolution neural network can be used for image recognition is drawn. Secondly,taking the platen state recognition as an example,the training sample set and test sample set required by the inspection items are introduced,and the convolution neural network level of the inspection items is given. Then the training sample set is used to train the convolution neural network of different inspection items,and finally each network is tested. The test results show that the neural network image recognition rate of each inspection item is above 96%,even 98%,and the recognition effect is good.

Based on the crack propagation theory, the multiaxial fatigue life algorithm of rubber was developed using Python language and verified by experiments. The fatigue lives of silicone rubber dumbbell uniaxial tensile specimens, plane tensile specimens and cross biaxial tensile specimens were calculated. In order to take into account the power generation performance and fatigue life of silicone rubber composites, the total energy density (PI ) was used to evaluate the comprehensive properties of the composites. The results showed that through the PI evaluation, the strain energy density (W) was the largest and the ratio of cracking energy density to W was the smallest under equibiaxial tension. Silicone rubber may have the best comprehensive properties under equibiaxial tension.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics, neurosurgical strategy and curative effect of intracranial invastive olfactory neuroblastoma. Methods A total of 24 patients with intracranial invasive olfactory neuroblastoma diagnosed and treated in Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2005 to December 2020 were included. All patients underwent bilateral extended transbasal approach combined with endoscopic transnasal approach and skull base reconstruction. Results Among the 24 patients, total resection was performed in 22 cases (91.67%) and nearly total resection in 2 cases (8.33%), all of which were confirmed as olfactory neuroblastoma by postoperative pathological examination. Transient cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred in 2 cases (8.33%) and intracranial infection occurred in 2 cases (8.33%), which were cured by symptomatic treatment. Visual acuity was aggravated in one case and eye movement disorder in 2 cases. Twenty patients were followed up for an average of 54.60 months, and no long⁃term operation related complications occurred. During the follow⁃up period, 12 patients (60%) had tumor recurrence, and the 5⁃year survival rate was 45% (9/20). Conclusions Surgical resection of intracranial invasive olfactory neuroblastoma via extended transbasal approach combined with endoscopic transnasal approach is safe and effective. The operative surgeon should have both microneurosurgery and neuroendoscopy techniques, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

Objective To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis and surgical treatment of intracranial fungal infections of sinonasal origin. Methods and Results In this retrospective study, clinical data of 15 cases who were diagnosed as intracranial fungal infection from November 2004 to July 2019 at Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital were analyzed. Nine cases have a history of paranasal sinus surgery. Headache and visual disturbance were major presenting clinical features. Neurosurgical operations were performed in 14 patients: 8 cases were operated by the transcranial approach (2 cases by eyebrow incision), 4 cases by endoscopic sinus surgery, 2 cases by combined approach. Lumbar cistern drainage was performed in one case. All 15 patients were treated with antifungal treatment. Intracranial fungal granuloma (IFG) was in 9 cases, intracranial fungal abscess in 4 cases, diffuse fungal meningitis in 2 cases. Total resection was performed in 3 cases and subtotal resection was in 7 cases, and partial resection or biopsy was in 4 cases. Diagnosis of intracranial fungal infection was established by the histopathological analysis and/or fungal cultures. Aspergillus (10 cases) was the most common pathogen, followed by Candida albicans (3 cases), and Mucor (2 cases). During a follow⁃up period of 6 months to 14 years, 2 cases recurred and reoperated, 3 cases died. Conclusions Intracranial fungal infections of sinonasal origin may take the form of fungal granuloma or abscess formation. The morbidity and mortality are high. Aspergillus is the most common pathogen. Headache is the most common symptom. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult. The drainage of sinuses should be unobstructed. Frozen pathological examination during the operation can make a clear diagnosis in the early stage. Long⁃term antifungal treatment and long⁃term follow⁃up are needed after the operation. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2020.12.010

我國政府為降低經濟弱勢學生因家庭背景影響其求學意願，提供多項協助措施，但研究仍指出有高比例的大專校院弱勢學生仰賴工讀填補就學所需，且繁瑣的獎學金申請程序降低弱勢學生申請意願。本研究以實際受助者觀點，邀請14位低收入、中低收入學生，以及教育部擴大就學照顧的「大專校院弱勢學生助學計畫」適用學生，進行兩場焦點團體訪談，探討我國政府提供給不同類型經濟弱勢生的各項協助措施是否足夠就學所需，以及其配套是否確實有助於降低經濟弱勢學生就學阻礙。研究結果發現，公立大專校院低收入生獲得的就學資源足夠其所需，私立大專校院低收入學生仍稍有不足，但中低收入學生與「大專校院弱勢學生助學計畫」適用學生獲得的資源卻遠不足以填補就學所需缺口；工讀措施名稱混淆，內涵又與學生學習衝突；且多項協助措施申請辦法不易理解，也未能有效傳播，導致有需要的學生及家長，申辦過程阻礙重重。本研究依據上述研究發現提供政策建議。 Research Motivation and Purpose The Taiwanese government has developed numerous financial aid measures to reduce the burden of higher education expenses for economically disadvantaged students. However, a large majority of economically disadvantaged university students continue to raise their education expenses through work-study opportunities. Furthermore, the complicated scholarship application process discourages students from applying for available scholarships, suggesting that the resources and measures aimed at supporting disadvantage students are inadequate. To address the dearth of information in this area, this study invited economically disadvantaged students who had received government assistance during their studies to participate in focus groups. This study aimed to (1) investigate whether the support measures offered by the government to students from low-income and lower-middle-income families and to students receiving funding from the Financial Aid Project for Economically Disadvantaged Students in Higher Education are sufficient to assist these students in their studies and (2) identify obstacles to the practical application of these support measures. Literature Review Reflecting the research goals, the literature review discusses relevant theoretical research in the field of student financial aid. It includes a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of educational assistance measures and the current efforts by the Taiwanese government to assist economically disadvantaged students with their educational expenses, as well as related problems and responses. The literature reveals that scholarships are the most direct method of reducing student financial burdens and that work-study programs that address both educational expenses and the student’s future development offer long-term benefits. Taiwan has expanded the number of recipients of funding from the Financial Aid Project for Economically Disadvantaged Students in Higher Education and has worked to strengthen work-study programs to ensure a connection between the work done and the student’s studies. However, the literature demonstrates that insufficient scholarships and work-study opportunities result in most students still choosing to work off-campus. Methodology This study was based on a consideration of schooling needs and support measures for a wide range of students enrolled in different types of universities. Fourteen students studying at four higher education institutions—public and private universities and public and private science and technology universities—were invited to participate. Each student came from a low-income or lower-middle-income family or was receiving funding from the Financial Aid Project for Economically Disadvantaged Students in Higher Education. This study investigated the channels and quotas for financial aid opportunities that are purportedly available to economically disadvantaged students and explored each interviewee’s actual experiences regarding the availability of such resources, as well as the barriers to entry created by the operational nature of financial assistance measures. Research Results The results reveal that low-income students in both public and private universities can reduce the financial burden of higher education without applying for additional loans by accessing various government scholarships and stipends. However, students from lower-middle-income families who receive funding from the Financial Aid Project for Economically Disadvantaged Students in Higher Education are still unable to acquire their schooling expenses through government scholarships and stipends, highlighting the ineffectiveness of existing financial aid measures for the most economically disadvantaged students. In addition, information regarding financial assistance is still not sufficiently updated or relayed to the students and families who need it the most. Even if parents and students receive the necessary information, the confusion caused by the names and qualifications of the different measures and the unfriendly and cumbersome nature of the application process reduces willingness to apply. Discussion and Research Suggestions To support economically disadvantaged students starting or finishing their tertiary education, the author suggests the following: (1) The number of scholarships and amount of aid available to students from lower-middle-income families and students under the Financial Aid Project for Economically Disadvantaged Students in Higher Education should be increased. (2) Work-study programs should be implemented with a focus on the student’s current studies or future career, and the labeling of the assistance measures should be standardized to help students distinguish their available options. (3) Finally, the updating and circulation of financial aid-related information should be improved. This study offers the Ministry of Education and universities a summary table of scholarships, the materials and deadlines for applications, and a point of contact that students and their families can access easily.

As higher education faces challenges in driving innovation, the effectiveness of academic leaders affects an institution’s overall performance. In Taiwan, most of the leading research focuses on leadership in primary and secondary schools. In this study, we interviewed a public university’s academic and administrative directors to outline the responsibilities and expectations of academic leaders, and investigated the problems and challenges that they faced during their work process to propose the support and leadership development needed for them to navigate through the obstacles and challenges. The results illustrate that an ideal academic leader should possess the following essential qualities and skills: enthusiasm, empathy, fairness and openness, and interpersonal communication skills. Academic leaders are faced with problems including budget, student enrollment, professors’ rights, and conflicts between professors and students, and challenges resulting from social change, such as faculty recruitment, student career development, university transformation and self-efficacy in administration. According to these findings, we propose suggestions for revising election procedures of institutional leaders and a leadership development program. The study contributes to this research field by offering insights of the problems and challenges of transiting from a faculty member to an administrator and by proposing a support system to enhance department leaders’ awareness of the importance of their roles and responsibilities in building consensus toward university development direction.

Objective To analyze the relationship between preoperative enhanced MRI manifestation and recurrent time of recurrent glioblastoma, and to explore the predictive value of imaging signs for recurrence time. Methods A total of 36 patients with pathologically confirmed glioblastoma were collected from February 2012 to April 2017. All patients underwent preoperative and postoperative T 1 WI and enhanced MRI scans, and enhanced cross ⁃ sections and sagittal or coronary scans were performed. Manually measure the volume of the lesion⁃enhanced and non⁃enhanced necrotic areas on the enhanced MRI image. The totality was divided into 2 groups according to the percentage of necrosis that accounts for the entire tumor volume. Necrosis in group A accounts for > 50% of the total tumor volume, and necrosis in group B accounts for < 50% of the total tumor volume. Analyze the enhanced MRI features before surgery, the time of first recurrence, MRI manifestations and overall survival (OS). Results The recurrence time in group A was significantly shorter than that in group B [(6.00 ± 0.99) months vs. (9.00 ± 1.49) months, P = 0.049]. Necrotic⁃based glioblastomas recurred faster. When stratifying patients in group A and group B based on clinical characteristics, the recurrence time of patients in group A was still significantly shorter than that in group B in the group of age < 65 years old and receiving radiotherapy and chemotherapy [6 (3, 8) months vs. 9 (6, 13) months, 6 (6, 10) months vs. 12 (3, 24) months; P < 0.05, for all]. Conclusions Preoperative enhanced MRI findings have predictive value for postoperative recurrence in patients with glioblastoma who are younger than 65 years old and receive radiotherapy and chemotherapy. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2019.12.008

Objective To summarize the clinical value of molecular pathology in glioma. Methods and Results The clinical course and molecular pathology results of 3 glioma patients were compared. All 3 patients underwent integrated diagnosis according to the WHO 2016 diagnostic criteria. Molecular pathology included whole exome sequencing (WES) and detection of MGMT promoter methylation and TERT promoter mutation. Case 1 had the first surgery 32 years ago, diagnosed with left frontal glioma, only radiotherapy after surgery. The tumor was found recurrent 31 years later. Molecular pathology after reoperation suggested IDH mutation, 1p/19q combined deletion, TERT promoter region mutation, MGMT promoter methylation positive, integration diagnosed as anaplastic oligodendroglioma. The patient had overall survival over 32 years, and was still alive. Case 2 underwent two surgeries within 6 months, molecular pathology suggested IDH wild type, 1p/19q without combined deletion, TERT promoter region mutation, MGMT promoter non⁃methylation, integration diagnosed as glioblastoma. The overall survival was 6 months. Case 3 was suffered from left temporal giant glioma. Molecular pathology after total tumor removal revealed IDH wild type, 1p/19q without combined deletion, and non⁃mutation in the TERT promoter region, and MGMT promoter non⁃methylation. The integration diagnosis was glioblastoma. This patient underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy after surgery. MRI showed signs of recurrence after 2 months. According to the results of WES, this patient had FGFR3 amplification, and Anrotinib the multi⁃target tyrosinase inhibitor was used, which was gradually relieved after 2 months. Conclusions The molecular pathology of glioma patients can help clinicians to integrate diagnosis, predict the prognosis, and help neurosurgeons to screen drugs. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2019.11.010

Objective The clinical, imaging and pathological manifestations of one patient at different stages of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) have been analyzed to disclose its pathogenesis. Methods and Results A 29-year-old female patient showed recurrent onsets. On the first onset, the main clinical manifestation was blurred vision and visual field defect. Cranial MRI showed a patchy lesion in the right parietal and occipital lobes without obvious occupying sign. T1WI showed slight low-intensity sign, T2WI and FLAIR showed high-intensity signs. Enhanced scanning showed heterogeneous punctate enhancement. The lesion disappeared gradually after glucocorticoid impact therapy. Headache, vomiting and left limb paralysis were the main clinical manifestations on the second onset, and MRI showed a lesion in the right frontal and parietal lobes with obvious occupying sign and solid enhancement, low-intensity on T1WI, high-intensity on T2WI and FLAIR. The tumor was totally removed under microscope. Histological findings showed large tumor cells, rich cytoplasm, nuclei with various sizes and shapes, conspicuous mitosis, patchy necrosis, and interstitial small vessel hyperplasia. Immunohistochemical staining showed that membrane of tumor cells was positive for CD20, and nuclei were positive for paired box gene 5 (PAX5) and multiple myeloma oncogene 1 (MUM1). In a few tumor cells, membrane was positive for CD10 and CD30, and nuclei were positive for cyclin D1. Besides, tumor cells were negative for CD3, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Ki?67 labeling index was about 80%. EBER in situ hybridization (ISH) assay showed that mRNA coded by Epstein?Barr (EB) virus was negative. The tumor showed angiotropic characteristics, and the walls of involved blood vessels were wrapped and destructed. The final diagnosis was confirmed as diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Conclusions PCNSL has various imaging features, revealing as diffuse infiltrating or solid occupying lesions, which emerge as the result of its angiotropic characteristics. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2018.01.007

With the rapid development of economy and society, as well as the continuous improvement of science and technology, the living standards of the general public are increasingly improving, and the demand for nutrition and health is increasing. At this stage, food labeling is the mainly way to learn about nutritional information and characteristics of foods. However, due to the incomplete management system for food claims, non-standard claims often occur, which seriously affects the satisfaction and trust of the public towards food safety in China. This paper systematically arranged the requirements of Codex Alimentarius Commission and some countries and regions on food claim management, and compared and analyzed them with the current management system of food claims in China. Based on this, combined with national conditions, this paper put forward some suggestions on food claim management for government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of lower inductance and higher commutation frequency, caused by high-frequency current harmonics induced by the PWM control, super high speed permanent magnet brushless motors commonly face overheating of both the rotor and stator. For chopping directly at the inverter, the frequency should be increased to reduce the current harmonics. But for the 10 kW class motor drives used in the air compressors of fuel cell vehicles, the power switch devices currently do not fulfill the needs of switch frequency and power simultaneously. Therefore, it is not a good choice to regulate the speed by chopping at the inverter. Aimed at reducing losses in the stators and rotors, this paper presented the design of a pre-Buck square wave drive for reducing current harmonics. By optimizing the back electromotive force (EMF) filter circuit and commutation compensation angle, the operation range of sensorless control CAN was extended to 3000-100000 r·min-1. The key points encountered during the drive development were analyzed and solutions proposed. Finally, the excellent performance of the drive was demonstrated by experiment.

Objective To conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the quality of medical services of second-and third-level specialist hospitals in Chengdu based on CHS-DRG payment data combined with entropy-weighted TOPSIS and RSR methods, in order to provide reference for improving the quality of hospital services and medical technology. Methods The data came from the DRG payment data of Sichuan Medical Insurance Affairs Administration Center in 2021 and thirteen DRGs-related indicators were selected, and the data were analysed and evaluated by using the entropy-weighted TOPSIS and RSR methods to assign weights to the indicators, and the evaluation results were graded. Results The top 3 indicator weights were the proportion of level 4 surgeries (23.5%), inpatient services (21. 2%) and level 3 surgeries (14. 9%), and the top 3 hospitals in terms of quality of medical services were A2, A3 and B4. From the staging results: staging 1 included 6 hospitals such as A13 B8 and B21, staging 2 included 31 hospitals such as A12, B17 and A1 and the 3rd slot included 7 hospitals such as A2, A3 and B4. Conclusion There are significant differences in the quality of medical services between different types and levels of specialist hospitals in Chengdu. In evaluating different types of specialist hospitals, we need to combine the characteristics of their specialties and select evaluation indicators scientifically. In general, improving the capacity of medical services is the key to achieving high-quality development of specialist hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the data of production, import and export from 2001 to 2021 of China's wood-based panels, with using degree of foreign dependence and other indicators, the situations of the dual circulation of plywood, fiberboard and particle board in China, were analyzed to explore theirs paths for the high-quality development. The results showed that China's plywood was limited in both domestic and international markets, required transformation and upgrading. With both the domestic and international markets shrinking, the key to achieving high-quality development of China's fiberboard was to improve product quality. Increasing the output to meet domestic demand and expanding international market were important for China's particleboard to build new pattern of dual circulation. Finally, some core issues of high-quality development of China's wood-based panels were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

臺灣學生近年來在國際大型測驗表現亮眼，但如進一步檢視學校所處地區，即可明顯看出臺灣存在巨大的城鄉差距問題：偏遠地區與大城市相比，不僅數學表現較差，且出現各校數學差距相對較大的情況。不足的教育經費可能是導致此差距的原因之一，本研究因此以成本函數法來估算偏遠與非偏遠地區學校達成預期學生學業成就所需的適足經費，並以國中基測數學基礎級、平均數、精熟級來作為適足分數，以估算不同程度所需的適足經費，結果發現，無論何種適足分數，偏遠地區所需的每生適足經費皆比非偏遠地區為高，且超過半數以上的偏遠學校未達適足經費水準。本研究亦根據研究結果，提出改進建議。 Although the mathematical ability of Taiwanese students is ranked high according to the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), Taiwan faces the problem of a gap in test scores between rural students and their non-rural counterparts, with the latter group scoring higher on average. Inadequate funding is a possible reason for this discrepancy. Therefore, this paper uses the cost function approach to compare adequate funding requirements between rural and non-rural schools. The adequate funding estimates are calculated based on the different levels of mathematics scores in the Basic Competence Test (basic, average, and proficient). The results showed that rural schools require more per student funding than do non-rural schools, irrespective of the use of score levels as references. A greater portion of rural schools were shown to operate under inadequate per student funding compared with non-rural schools. This paper provides further evidence of the urgency of increased investment in rural schools.

A modified Johnson-Cook model was proposed based on the true stress-strain data of 316LN stainless steel and it was successfully used to describe the deformation characteristic of the steel at room temperature and low strain rate. By making use of the finite element software ANSYS/LS-DYNA, a numerical simulation of cold roll-forming was performed for AP1000 primary pipes. The influence laws of forming parameters on wall-thickness reduction, such as wall-thickness, relative bending radius and friction, were investigated. An empirical formula of wall-thickness reduction for AP1000 primary pipes was proposed by the numerical simulation method. Furthermore, a full-scale cold-bending experiment of AP1000 primary coolant pipes was carried out for verification, and it indicates that the simulated result is accurate and reliable.

In this paper, we have reviewed the central nervous system (CNS) lymphatic circulation and related diseases. The lymphatic system is an important component of circulatory system. However, classic lymphatic vessels consisted of endotheliocytes are not found within CNS. Indeed, the central lymphatic circulation exists. Virchow-Robin space (VRS) is regarded as main component of the central lymphatic circulation, which resembles peripheral lymphatic system functionally and plays an important role in the regulation of CNS homeostasis. VRS plays the function of central lymphatic drainage, through which the macromolecular substances in cerebral interstitial fluid are cleared. Also, VRS is the main part of immune surveillance system. The central lymphatic circulation works crucially in the development of related diseases within CNS, such as lymphostatic encephalopathy, demyelinating diseases, CNS neoplasms, CNS infections, protein conformational diseases, etc. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2015.06.014

Objective To investigate the genotypes of the pathogenic gene COL4A5 and the characteristics of clinical phenotypes in children with Alport syndrome (AS). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the genetic testing results and clinical data of 19 AS children with COL4A5 gene mutations. Results Among the 19 children with AS caused by COL4A5 gene mutations, 1 (5%) carried a new mutation of the COL4A5 gene, i.e., c.3372A >G(p.P1124=) and presented with AS coexisting with IgA vasculitis nephritis; 3 children (16%) had large fragment deletion of the COL4A5 gene, among whom 2 children (case 7 had a new mutation site of loss51-53) had gross hematuria and albuminuria at the onset, and 1 child (case 13 had a new mutation site of loss3-53) only had microscopic hematuria, while the other 15 children (79%) had common clinical phenotypes of AS, among whom 7 carried new mutations of the COL4A5 gene. Among all 19 children, 3 children (16%) who carried COL4A5 gene mutations also had COL4A4 gene mutations, and 1 child (5%) had COL4A3 gene mutations. Among these children with double gene mutations, 2 had gross hematuria and proteinuria at the onset. Conclusions This study expands the genotype and phenotype spectrums of the pathogenic gene COL4A5 for AS. Children with large fragment deletion of the COL4A5 gene or double gene mutations of COL4A5 with COL4A3 or COL4A4 tend to have more serious clinical manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The channel of the Shantou Bay has characteristics including narrow fairway, rapid current speed, large depth, high navigation density, which leads to the difficulty of fault detection in sea activities. A railway tunnel passes through the Sangpushan Fault Zone, and there is a high risk of water inrush and mud gush. It is necessary to explore the accurate position and activity characteristics of the Sangpushan fault zone in the Luyu waterway. Geophysical methods such as shallow seismic reflection wave method, transient electromagnetic method and drilling combined with geological section were used. Based on the analysis of the continuity and amplitude of the reflected wave group by seismic method, the resistivity isolines by transient electromagnetic method, and the thickness and continuity of the borehole combined geological profile, it was concluded that the Sangpushan Fault is a NE inclined normal fault in Luyu channel, with a dip Angle of 70° and a vertical fault distance of about 12 m since the late Pleistocene. The results show that, in the gulf and other sea areas with complex environmental conditions, traditional geological exploration methods are difficult to effectively investigate underwater strata and fault structures, and the comprehensive geological exploration method combining multiple geophysical exploration methods and drilling methods can accurately interpret geological bodies and effectively avoid the influence of multiple solutions on the detection results. It has a good effect on detecting faults in complex environment of sea area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

九年國民教育業於1968 年施行，迄今將屆46 年。為提升整體國民素質，近二十餘年更進一步推動延長國民基本教育至12 年，且於2014 年正式實施。本研究試從教育財政角度，析論十二年國民基本教育的財務規劃是否足以撐起此一世紀大業，並得出以下結論：一、義務教育最大特質在普及、強迫與免費，我國九年國民教育雖也免收學費，但囿於財政收支相關法令，地方教育經費至今仍患寡，國中小仍收取代收代辦費，有違義務教育完全免費的精神，十二年國民基本教育財務規劃並未處理該議題。二、十二年國民基本教育揭櫫「成就每一個孩子」的教育願景，教育部也針對偏鄉及弱勢學生推動多項補助方案；然國中小學生學 習成就依舊存在城鄉差距，十二年國民基本教育也未增加經費以達成該願景。三、我國高中職每生支出只是已開發國家的七成，十二年國民基本教育計畫將八成新增經費用於高中職，有其必要；然超過半數的經費用於推動高中職免學費，只是將原來的家戶支出改由政府支出，對於提高後中經費並無助益，也造成經費排擠無法做更有效的用途。四、學前教育雖也實施免學費方案，但理論與實證研究都證實學前教育應比高中職優先義務化。根據上述發現，研究者據以提出教育財政相關建議，以利十二年國民基本教育順利推動。 Nearly 46 years have passed since a 9-year national education system was implemented in Taiwan in 1968. The 9-year system will now be extended to 12 years and renamed “12-Year Basic Education.” From the perspective of school finance, we analyzed and discussed whether the government can afford this tremendous change. It was summarized that (1) primary education should be compulsory, free, and accessible to all. However, because of fiscal regulations and structures, the 9-year national education system has been suffering from an insufficient budget at local levels and has not been entirely free of charge for every student until now. (2) Although several programs for socioeconomically disadvantaged students have been implemented by the Ministry of Education, achievement gaps between rural and nonrural areas, even among students within rural circumstances, remain remarkably wide. The new education plan appears to neglect these two problems. (3) Because expenditure per pupil on postsecondary education in Taiwan is only 70% of the OECD’s average, it is reasonable to spend 80% of the new budget at the postsecondary stage. However, more than half of the overall budgets are set to eliminate tuition fees for postsecondary and 5-year-old preschool students, without further increasing any public inputs and simply transferring accounts from private to public. With such a small budget, the zero-tuition policy means to require money to be diverted from other more comprehensive initiatives. (4) Preschool education should be planned as compulsory prior to the postsecondary stage, both theoretically and practically. Four recommendations on school finance are provided for future implementations of 12-Year Basic Education.

In view of contradiction between compensation rapidity and anti-interference performance existed in traditional detection algorithm of voltage sag of d-q detection algortihom and Hilbert detection algorithm, a new detection algorithm of voltage sag combined d-q detection algorithm with Hilbert detection algorithm was proposed, namely, voltage signal of grid side was sampled, and the signal passed through d-q detection unit to get harmonic compensation waveform at first, then the signal passed through Hilbert detection unit to get voltage amplitude compensation waveform after the third harmonic was filtered from the signal. The two kinds of compensation waveforms were made superposing to get the final compensation waveform at last. The simulation results show that the detection algorithm has better compensation effect on voltage sag with the third harmonic and has abilities of compensation rapidity and anti-interference.

For problem that a great deal of power loss of explosive-proof three-level converter with high power causes temperature rise and further affects converter performance, the paper analyzed principle, advantages and disadvantages of normal heat dissipation modes of electronic devices, and pointed out that the method using heat pipe combined with forced cold air is fit for heat dissipation of explosive-proof three-level converter with high power of coal mine underground. It also analyzed loss and temperature rise of main power devices of high power converter including IGBT, diode and fast-recovery diode under heat dissipation of heat pipe, and got formula of temperature rise of the power devices. The experimental result showed that error of calculated value according to the formula is in allowable range, which proves feasibility and correctness of the formula.

An improved boyer-moore (BM) algorithm for space protocol identification was proposed.First,a space data preprocessing technique based on bit distance was used to increase the size of data set.A decimal jumping technique was introduced to enhance the matching efficiency for the col head part of the BM algorithm.Then,the regular expression method was applied to proceed the protocol identification and the hierarchy associated analysis technique was proposed to improve the efficiency of multi-level space protocol identification.Finally,the complexity of the proposed algorithm was analyzed and verified with concrete experiments.The results show that with the proposed algorithm,as to pattern string length m,the time complexity of the single layer protocol identification can be reduced to (1+m/4)/m of the BM algorithm.The efficiency of the protocol identification for multi-level layers can be improved about 2.5 times.Meanwhile,comparing with BM algorithm,the proposed algorithm can solve the problem of pattern string shortage and large wildcards in the space data.The identification iciency in case of huge data packages can be improved and the new formed data block can restrain the state expansion for the DFA matching engine in regular expression.

To explore the manipulation and safety of homemade percutaneous abdominal paracentesis needle for abdominal paracentesis in ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. A total of 36 hydrocephalus patients were enrolled in the study. The whole process of abdominal paracentesis and catheter placement was observed, and the time, success rate and safety were evaluated. As results, the success rate of catheter placement was 100%; the average time of paracentesis and catheter placement was 5 min; neither intra-abdominal bleeding nor organ injury was found. The results prompt the homemade percutaneous abdominal paracentesis needle for abdominal paracentesis in ventriculo-peritoneal shunt is safe, minimally invasive, easy to perform with a high success rate and a small surgical scar. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2014.06.015

教育部透過各項補助計畫以改善偏遠地區國民中小學校學生學業成就低落的問題，甚至以離島、山僻加給吸引教師前往任教，但這些計畫對於提升該地區學生學習成就效果有限。本研究以偏遠地區校長、教師組成的焦點團體訪談與個別訪談，建構以學校為基礎的績效獎金計畫，不僅避免個人績效獎金制度引發的競爭，而且透過團隊合作方式有效提升學生學業成就。本計畫特點如下：採志願參加，教職員工績效獎金額度採同工同酬，學校也會獲得績效獎金，績效評核以學科績效為主，非學科績效為輔，並以平衡計分卡方式計算績效獎金。為了順利實施該計畫，本研究也提出配套措施：充足的經費來源，召開說明會並訂定試辦期，加強偏遠學校成員團隊合作與專業知能。 Students in Taiwan’s remote areas have long been recognized for their poor performance in student achievement. To overcome this problem, government subsidies many programs including paying more to teachers who serve in these areas. However, student achievement in these areas has not seen much improvement. This research is to design a school-based performance award (SBPA) program for public schools in remote areas in the hope that this incentive will help to raise student achievement. After interviewing of one focus group and several individual teachers and principals in remote areas, we have developed this SBPA with the following features. First, it is voluntary to join the SBPA and the award applies to anyone who joins the program. Second, both individual teachers and schools are eligible for the performance award. Third, student achievement in five core academic subjects and four nonacademic factors are served as performance measures in the SBPA. Fourth, balanced scorecard is adopted as the bonus payout structure. Certain processes should be thought through for successful implementation of the SBPA.

A high adaptable polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PLY)was obtained at room temperature by using Ethylene glycol monovinyl polyethylene glycol ether (EPEG) and acrylic acid (AA) as the polymerized monomer, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) /sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (E51) -ferrous sulfate (FeSO4)as the redox initiating system. The effects of different influence factors on the dispersion performance of superplasticizer agent were studied respectively. The test results showed that the best synthesis process (PLY)was that the initial temperature was 15 °C, the acid-to-ether ratio was 3.4, and the amount of oxidant, reducing agent and chain transfer agent was 0.82%, 0.14% and 0.34% of the mass of EPEG, and the dropping time was 50 min. Concrete test results show that compared with commercially available water-based type and comprehensive water-reducing agents, PLY has better adaptability, initial dispersibility and slump retention performance for sand and gravel materials with higher mud content and different cements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis and surgical treatment of intracranial fungal infections of sinonasal origin. Methods and Results In this retrospective study, clinical data of 15 cases who were diagnosed as intracranial fungal infection from November 2004 to July 2019 at Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital were analyzed. Nine cases have a history of paranasal sinus surgery. Headache and visual disturbance were major presenting clinical features. Neurosurgical operations were performed in 14 patients: 8 cases were operated by the transcranial approach (2 cases by eyebrow incision), 4 cases by endoscopic sinus surgery, 2 cases by combined approach. Lumbar cistern drainage was performed in one case. All 15 patients were treated with antifungal treatment. Intracranial fungal granuloma (IFG) was in 9 cases, intracranial fungal abscess in 4 cases, diffuse fungal meningitis in 2 cases. Total resection was performed in 3 cases and subtotal resection was in 7 cases, and partial resection or biopsy was in 4 cases. Diagnosis of intracranial fungal infection was established by the histopathological analysis and/or fungal cultures. Aspergillus (10 cases) was the most common pathogen, followed by Candida albicans (3 cases), and Mucor (2 cases). During a follow-up period of 6 months to 14 years, 2 cases recurred and reoperated, 3 cases died. Conclusions Intracranial fungal infections of sinonasal origin may take the form of fungal granuloma or abscess formation. The morbidity and mortality are high. Aspergillus is the most common pathogen. Headache is the most common symptom. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult. The drainage of sinuses should be unobstructed. Frozen pathological examination during the operation can make a clear diagnosis in the early stage. Long-term antifungal treatment and long-term follow-up are needed after the operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the relationship between preoperative enhanced MRI manifestation and recurrent time of recurrent glioblastoma, and to explore the predictive value of imaging signs for recurrence time. Methods A total of 36 patients with pathologically confirmed glioblastoma were collected from February 2012 to April 2017. All patients underwent preoperative and postoperative T1WI and enhanced MRI scans, and enhanced cross - sections and sagittal or coronary scans were performed. Manually measure the volume of the lesion-enhanced and non-enhanced necrotic areas on the enhanced MRI image. The totality was divided into 2 groups according to the percentage of necrosis that accounts for the entire tumor volume. Necrosis in group A accounts for > 50% of the total tumor volume, and necrosis in group B accounts for < 50% of the total tumor volume. Analyze the enhanced MRI features before surgery, the time of first recurrence, MRI manifestations and overall survival (OS). Results The recurrence time in group A was significantly shorter than that in group B [(6.00 ± 0.99) months vs. (9.00 ± 1.49) months, P = 0.049]. Necrotic-based glioblastomas recurred faster. When stratifying patients in group A and group B based on clinical characteristics, the recurrence time of patients in group A was still significantly shorter than that in group B in the group of age < 65 years old and receiving radiotherapy and chemotherapy [6 (3, 8) months vs. 9 (6, 13) months, 6 (6, 10) months vs. 12 (3, 24) months; P < 0.05, for all]. Conclusions Preoperative enhanced MRI findings have predictive value for postoperative recurrence in patients with glioblastoma who are younger than 65 years old and receive radiotherapy and chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the effect of PR-957 on the formation of A1 reactive astrocytes. Methods The cerebral cortices of 1-day-old female rats were obtained and cultured for primary astrocytes. These cells were divided into 3 groups: control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and LPS+PR-957. The LPS group was treated with LPS (at a concentration of 5 μmol/L) for 48 hours; the LPS+PR-957 group was treated with PR-957 (at a final concentration of 200 nmol/L) for 1 hour and then LPS for 48 hours. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the expression of complement 3 (C3, a marker for A1 reactive astrocytes) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine the relative mRNA expression of glypican-6 (GPC6), SPARC-like 1 (SPARCL1), and lipocalin-2 (LCN2). All the above experiments were repeated three times independently. Results C3 expression was almost not observed in the control group, but was observed in both the LPS group and the LPS+PR-957 group, with significantly lower expression observed in the LPS+PR-957 group (P<0.05). The expression of TNF-α was consistent with that of C3. Compared with the control group, the LPS and the PS+PR-957 groups had significantly reduced mRNA expression levels of GPC6 and SPARCL1 but significantly increased mRNA expression level of LCN2 (P<0.001). Compared with the LPS group, the LPS+PR-957 group had significantly increased mRNA expression levels of GPC6 and SPARCL1 but significantly reduced mRNA expression level of LCN2 (P<0.001). Conclusions LPS can induce the transformation from astrocytes to A1 reactive astrocytes, and PR-957 can inhibit the formation of LPSinduced A1 reactive astrocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To summarize the clinical value of molecular pathology in glioma. Methods and Results The clinical course and molecular pathology results of 3 glioma patients were compared. All 3 patients underwent integrated diagnosis according to the WHO 2016 diagnostic criteria. Molecular pathology included whole exome sequencing (WES) and detection of MGMT promoter methylation and TERT promoter mutation. Case 1 had the first surgery 32 years ago, diagnosed with left frontal glioma, only radiotherapy after surgery. The tumor was found recurrent 31 years later. Molecular pathology after reoperation suggested ÍDH mutation, 1p/19q combined deletion, TERT promoter region mutation, MGMT promoter methylation positive, integration diagnosed as anaplastic oligodendroglioma. The patient had overall survival over 32 years, and was still alive. Case 2 underwent two surgeries within 6 months, molecular pathology suggested IDH wild type, 1p/19q without combined deletion, TERT promoter region mutation, MGMT promoter non - methylation, integration diagnosed as glioblastoma. The overall survival was 6 months. Case 3 was suffered from left temporal giant glioma. Molecular pathology after total tumor removal revealed IDH wild type, 1p/19q without combined deletion, and non-mutation in the TERT promoter region, and MGMT promoter non - methylation. The integration diagnosis was glioblastoma. This patient underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy after surgery. MRI showed signs of recurrence after 2 months. According to the results of WES, this patient had FGFR3 amplification, and Anrotinib the multi - target tyrosinase inhibitor was used, which was gradually relieved after 2 months. Conclusions The molecular pathology of glioma patients can help clinicians to integrate diagnosis, predict the prognosis, and help neurosurgeons to screen drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The clinical, imaging and pathological manifestations of one patient at different stages of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) have been analyzed to disclose its pathogenesis. Methods and Results A 29-year-old female patient showed recurrent onsets. On the first onset, the main clinical manifestation was blurred vision and visual field defect. Cranial MRI showed a patchy lesion in the right parietal and occipital lobes without obvious occupying sign. T1WI showed slight low-intensity sign, T2WI and FLAIR showed high-intensity signs. Enhanced scanning showed heterogeneous punctate enhancement. The lesion disappeared gradually after glucocorticoid impact therapy. Headache, vomiting and left limb paralysis were the main clinical manifestations on the second onset, and MRI showed a lesion in the right frontal and parietal lobes with obvious occupying sign and solid enhancement, low- intensity on T1WI, high-intensity on T2WI and FLAIR. The tumor was totally removed under microscope. Histological findings showed large tumor cells, rich cytoplasm, nuclei with various sizes and shapes, conspicuous mitosis, patchy necrosis, and interstitial small vessel hyperplasia. Immunohistochemical staining showed that membrane of tumor cells was positive for CD20, and nuclei were positive for paired box gene 5 (PAX5) and multiple myeloma oncogene 1 (MUM1). In a few tumor cells, membrane was positive for CD10 and CD30, and nuclei were positive for cyclin D1. Besides, tumor cells were negative for CD3, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Ki-67 labeling index was about 80%. EBER in situ hybridization (ISH) assay showed that mRNA coded by Epstein-Barr (EB) virus was negative. The tumor showed angiotropic characteristics, and the walls of involved blood vessels were wrapped and destructed. The final diagnosis was confirmed as diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Conclusions PCNSL has various imaging features, revealing as diffuse infiltrating or solid occupying lesions, which emerge as the result of its angiotropic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have reviewed the central nervous system (CNS) lymphatic circulation and related diseases. The lymphatic system is an important component of circulatory system. However, classic lymphatic vessels consisted of endotheliocytes are not found within CNS. Indeed, the central lymphatic circulation exists. Virchow - Robin space (VRS) is regarded as main component of the central lymphatic circulation, which resembles peripheral lymphatic system functionally and plays an important role in the regulation of CNS homeostasis. VRS plays the function of central lymphatic drainage, through which the macromolecular substances in cerebral interstitial fluid are cleared. Also, VRS is the main part of immune surveillance system. The central lymphatic circulation works crucially in the development of related diseases within CNS, such as lymphostatic encephalopathy, demyelinating diseases, CNS neoplasms, CNS infections, protein conformational diseases, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-similarity of network traffic has a great impact on network performance, and can lead to large queuing delays and packet loss rates. To avoid this problem, this paper proposed an active queue management algorithm considering the selfsimilarity of traffic. The proposed algorithm estimated based on the wavelet method, and simultaneously analyzed the self-similar process and determined the degree of the self-similarity using the estimation results. Then it classified the network traffic based on the real-time estimation of Hurst parameter. In the simulation, it generated the network configuration by MATLAB, and simulated the network traffic by Pareto distribution. The performance of the proposed algorithm was compared with that of other buffer management algorithm, and the simulation results verify that the proposed algorithm has better fairness, and show that under congested circumstances, the proposed algorithm can avoid the influence of dropped packets on other queues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To infer the phylogenetic relationship among Viviparidae, and to assess the phylogenetic position of M. melanioides. Methods Sequence mitochondrial COI and 16s gene of M. melanioides, Bellamya quadrata and Cipangopaludina cathayensis collected from Yunnan plateau of China were tested. Kimura-2 parameters including genetic distance and Ts/Tv ratios were generated, and the molecular phylogenetic trees of 26 species in Viviaprdae, including M. melanioides, were established by using Maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference (Bl) methods. Results The 3rd codon position of COI, which get high saturation, had negative impact on phylogenetic anaysis. The nearest genetic neighbor of M. melanioides in Viviparidae was C. cathayensis among DNA sequence set with COI, or COI-1st and COI-2nd codon positons, or 16S gene.In using MP, ML and BI methods, M. melanioides and C. cathayensis form one phylogenetic clade, but Bellamya species from china and Africa were in different phylogenetic units. Conclusion C. cathayensis is closest to M. melanioides, and molecular data of COI and 16S gene could cover shortage of phylogenetic research based on morphological characters in viviparidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For cluster nodes in wireless sensor networks energy load imbalance to cause cluster head to early death in the case of more tasks, and routing problem such as larger energy loss, this paper proposed an adaptive energy optimization clustering routing algorithm. Fully considering the node residual energy and distance by the weigh coefficient on the cluster head election and competition radius calculation, which achieved prolong the life cycle of the cluster head. For-warding data between the provisions of the cluster head is to use more than one hop routing or hop routing by the form of the routing rules, to maximize reduce the energy loss in the routing in the case of cluster does not guarantee the early death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]