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In recent years, exopoly saccharides (EPS) produced by microorganisms have garnered attention due to their functional properties such as improving food quality, regulating intestinal microbiota, antioxidative effects, anticancer properties, immunoprevention, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Currently, research on microbial EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) in China is still in its early stages and requires further exploration. This paper comprehensively reviewed the latest advancements in the classification, biosynthesis, structural modification, functional properties, and applications of EPS produced by microorganisms both domestically and internationally. This study also focused on analyzing the biosynthetic pathways and structural features of different types of EPS, as well as the strategies for functional modification through physical, chemical, and biological methods. The aim is to provide new references and guidance for research and development in relevant fields, thereby promoting the application and industrialization of EPS in the food, pharmaceutical, and industrial sectors.

The design and simulation methods of composite components are vital to the performance and application research of composite materials. Research pertaining to composite component design and simulation systems begins late in China and confronts many risks，including inadequate theoretical levels，lack of independent standards，weak foundation of simulation software，and segregation between design and manufacture. Therefore，the large-scale application of composite components in major equipment can hardly be realized. Considering the problems and challenges，this study analyzes the macro demand for composite component design theory and simulation technique，summarizes the development status and main trends in China and abroad，and proposes the key directions in China：design theory of composite components under extreme and multi-field environment，dynamic analysis and design theory of composite components，data-driven simulation method of composite components，and simulation evaluation method of strength and life of composite components. We suggest that research should be conducted on multi-field and multi-scale design technology of composite components for equipment engineering applications，performance design technology of composite components under dynamic load，data-driven design and simulation technology of composite components，and strength and lifespan simulation software platform of composite components，thereby comprehensively improving the design and engineering application level of composite components in China.

The deformation and destruction of slope in red bed area frequently cause many types and large quantities of geological hazards, resulting in large casualties and property losses. Taking the geological hazards in the red bed area of Yiliang county as the research object, the overall developing laws and characteristics of the geohazards were statistically analyzed based on a detailed field survey of 49 unstable slopes, 150 landslides, and 53 rockfalls. Then, the disaster modes and failure process of slopes under different models of slope srtuctures are carried out systematically. The failure mode of consequent slopes are sliding-cracking modes, the failure mode of transverse slopes are disintegrating and scouring mode, the failure mode of reverse and oblique slopes are soft rock disintegration and peeling-hard rock cracking and falling. The research can provide some technical support and reference for the prevention and management of geological disasters in other red bed areas.

The planned grand bridge is an important control bridge along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway. A large- scale bedding rock collapse occurred on the slope of the Baqu river side of Chengdu bank, with the protruding ridge, high elevation difference, complex and changeable lithology, poor rock mass structure and integrity, highly weathering and unloading and potential unstable rock mass on the surface of the slope. This paper investigates the topography and geomorphology, stratum lithology, discontinuities development and the characteristics of deformation and failure of the bank slope to Chengdu by remote sensing interpretation, profile measurement and stability calculation. The stability of bedding rock slope of the Baqu river side of Chengdu bank under natural and rainstorm conditions are analyzed and evaluated. The results show that the safety factor of slope stability is greater than 1.1; under the strong earthquake (PGA>0.3 g) conditions, the safety factor of slope stability is less than 1.0, and local or overall instability may occur. Based on removing the dangerous rock mass on the surface of the slope, it is suggested that the possible failure range and degree of the bedding rock slope on the Baqu river side should be further studied and the engineering prevention measures should be put forward.

Under the background of systematic and full-field promotion of sponge city construction, the allocation of Low Impact Development (LID) facilities holds significant implications for urban stormwater management. In this study, we established a stormwater model for he Yixing City area in Jiangsu Province, utilizing the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) . A comprehensive objective function was ormulated, taking into account the reduction rates of runoff volume, Suspended Solids (SS) load, Life Cycle Cost (LCC), and the area occupied by LID facilities. Through the assignment of weights to objective parameters in different scenarios, the multi-objective optimization problem was transformed into a single objective optimization problem, where each weight represented the priority of the corresponding objecive parameter. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) was then applied to derive the optimal LID layout under diverse scenarios, to analyze and compare the impact of different priorities and recurrence periods of target parameters on optimization results. The results indicate that: (1) Under he same weight conditions, LCC exhibits a more pronounced impact on GA optimization calculations compared to LID area. (2) The spatial alocative optimization of LID facilities in small subcatchments located upstream is particularly susceptible to the rainfall return period. The research findings offer valuable insights for the spatial allocative optimization of LID facility and urban flood control in sponge city construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient key management solution was presented in MANET based on binary-tree and self-organize theory. Sub-graph and the best route selection algorithms were given, then the star structure route selection algorithm which can be efficient used in the circumstance with no central node was discussed. Simulation results show that the scheme can be easily scale and gain best performance.

Six different kinds of pine woods were used as raw material. The ether and methanol extracts from different kinds of pine woods were obtained by solvent extraction, and the chemical composition of petroleum ether and methanol extracts were analyzed by GC-MS and LC-MS technology. Oxford cup method was used to evaluate antibacterial effects of Gloeophyllum trabeum for different petroleum ether and methanol extracts of pine wood. The results showed that 45 compounds were identified from pine petroleum ether extracts, mainly terpenoids, esters and fatty acids of 6 pine species. A total of 59 main compounds were identified from the methanol extracts of 6 pine species, mainly including phenols, organic acids and flavonoids. The petroleum ether and methanol extracts had certain inhibitory effect on the growth of Gloeophyllum trabeum. The inhibitory effect of petroleum ether extracts of pine were better than that of methanol extracts, which indicated that terpenoids, phenols and other secondary metabolites in pine had important influence on the anticorrosive performance of pine wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the application range of natural dyes in wool textile industry and improve the quality of products, the printing performance of madder dyes on silk/wool fabrics were studied. The effect of different printing processes on the printing effect was discussed, and the pretreatment and printing process for silk/wool fabrics was determined. Ferrous sulfate was selected as mordant, the printing process of silk/ wool ghatpot was carried out by using pre-media printing technology. On this basis, the optimal printing process parameters were further determined: the dosage of glycerin was 2 g, the steaming time was 30 min, and the dosage of mordant was 20 g/L. The rubbing fastness and washing fastness of silk/wool fabrics printed with madder dye are better with better antibacterial and ultraviolet resistance, which have a good prospect of development and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to derive the performance of the ambiguity function in the linear canonical transform (LCT) domain algorithm for parameters estimation of quadratic modulated frequency (QFM) signal, the feasibility of the algorithm in noisy environment was discussed at first and the signal to noise radio (SNR) threshold was analyzed by simulation experiments. The advantages of the algorithm were given out as well. The product ambiguity function in the LCT domain was proposed in order to further improve the estimation precision of the QFM signal. Theory analysis and simulation experiments show that the algorithm has good estimation performance in low SNR. And the mean square error (MSE) of each parameter is more and more close to its Cramer- Rao lower bound with the increase of the SNR. The algorithm can estimate three parameters at one time, so it has high efficiency and small error transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high turnover rate of expatriates after repatriation has been baffling the managers of multinational corporations. By sorting out the existing scattered theories, this paper integrates personal development, career planning, expectancy theory and cognitive theory into the framework of job embedding theory and explains the high turnover rate of multinational corporations via three dimensions: link, fitness and sacrifice. Three reasons have stood out--discrepancy of social cultures and organizational values between their mother country and sending state, separation from the established overseas social network, and abandonment of the management experience of international enterprises. Finally, some management countermeasures and suggestions are provided as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the electrospun polymer fiber shows large specific surface area, its mechanical strength is usually poor, and the polar groups are often devoid. The electropsun polystyrene fibrous mats were treated with toluene emulsion and heated in oven in order to improve their mechanical strength. Afterwards, the polystyrene nonwovens embedded with the initiator azobisisobutyronitrile were further grafted with methacrylamido propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (MAPTAC) in aqueous solution. The effects of the volume ratio of methanol to water and the dosage of the crosslinking agent N, N' -methylene-bis-acrylamide on the grafting were investigated in detail. The toluene emulsion effectively improved the nonwoven tensile strength. The results of water contact angle, water uptake, infrared spectra, and scanning electron microscopy all showed the monomer was successfully grafted onto the fiber surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of guide navigated flapless surgery on the precision of implant placement in the posterior tooth area. METHODS: Thirty eight patients (19 in each gender and with an average age of 45.06±11.1 years) with posterior teeth loss were divided into 2 groups that underwent flapless surgery with or without the aid of surgical guide. The 19 patients (10 males and 9 females) of the non-guided flapless surgery group received 39 implants, during which both osteotomy and implanting were performed by manual freehand. In the guided flapless surgery group, the 19 patients (9 males and 10 females) received 31 implants, during which surgical guide aid was applied for osteotomy. The postoperative CT 3D-reconstruction coronal and the sagittal images on the axis of the actual implants were compared between the two groups. The optimal placement and angle of the implants were measured and compared using the criterion that allows ≤5° for implant angle deviation, and ≤2mm for the distance between the implant apical tip and the mandibular nerve canal. The number of implants whose apical tip reached lingual cortical bone in the mandibular posterior area was counted, and Chi-square test was performed to evaluate the difference between the two groups. RESULTS: Compared with non-guided flapless surgery group, the precision of the implants was found to be significantly enhanced in the guided flapless surgery group, with a greater (P<0.05) number of implants showing optimal implanting angle and minimal distance deviation. There were also more implants whose apical tip were nearer the mandibular nerve canal and yet did not reach the lingual cortical bone in the guided flapless surgery group. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical guides can help optimize the angle of pilot drill for osteotomy by significantly reducing deviation in both the angle and the distance between the apical tip of the implants and the mandibular nerve canal. Surgical guides can also improve the length of implants by avoiding obstruction of the lingual cortical plate in the mandibular posterior area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new political relationship-tributary system between the Yuan Empire and the Korean Kingdom was very different from those in the Liao, Song and Jin dynasties. This new system defined the status of metropolitan and vassal states. Through diplomatic intercourses, royal families' exchanges, imperial examinations, traveling scholars, and the spread of books, the channel of literary exchanges between the Yuan Empire and the Korean Kingdom was broadened. The stable system of metropolitan and vassal states resulted in the flourishing of Korean literature which was influenced by the literature in China proper. This flourishing manifested itself in the explosive increase of literary works and prestigious writers in the late period of the Korean Kingdom. The fashion of Korean literature turned from flowery style, emulating the poets in the late Tang Dynasty, to a leisurely and comfortable style, like Bai Juyi's poem in his old age, then to the style of Su Shi who was admired and followed by many Korean writers and poets. This transformation, from emulating the styles of the Tang to Song Dynasties, reflected the process of the metropolitan and vassal states system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study on propeller cavitation noise under acceleration or deceleration status is beneficial for extraction of maneuvering features of departing or arriving vessels in port region. By analysis the circumferential variation regulation of propeller cavitaion noise with the phase, the modulation characteristics of the accelerating propeller noise is obtained. Then the influence of modulation feature caused by the cavitation uniformity between blades is illustrated. Furthermore, based on the Hough transform and binarized DEMON spectrogram, the analysis method of the accelerating propeller noise is proposed to estimate the acceleration parameter of the propeller. Applying the proposed algorithm to analyze accelerating propeller noise measured in a cavitation tunnel, its feasibility is validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feature extraction of multi-component LFM signal based on Wigner-Hough transform is generally plagued by noises. Faced with this problem, the improved Sobel operator of digital image processing is used to detect edge features of Wigner-Ville distribution(WVD) figure of signals with noise, and then signal characteristics can be extracted well and truly under Hough transform. Through computer simulation of the Wigner-Hough transform (WHT), SPWD-Hough transform and improving WHT, feature extraction result of multi-component LFM signal using improved WHT proved to be the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, Liu Yong was the first lyric or ci-poet who used alliterative compounds (phrases consisting of two or more characters with the same initial consonant) and rhyming compounds. Liu's Lyric Chapters (Yue Zhang Ji), a collection of his lyric or ci-poems, features alliterative compounds and rhyming compounds in most of the poems. Those compounds include seven patterns: alliterated or rhymed 2-character phrases, commonly used fixed phrases, provisional phrases, ungrammatical phrases, "last-first" phrases (one consisting of the last character of one line and the first character of the next line), "stanza-stanza" phrases (one consisting of the last character of one stanza and the first character of the next stanza), and separate-character phrases (one consisting of one character and the next but one or more). Liu's purpose and effect of applying these compounds in lyric poems lie in the following three aspects: a good match for musical complexity and lyrical emotion, a smooth musical connection and transition, and a due stress on the vital part(s) and change in musical rhythm. All these demonstrate Liu's contribution to the development of lyric poetry and promotion of metrical patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of linear dynamic systems from noisy input and output measurements is studied. In order to deal with this task, a modified bias compensation least square(BCLS) method is proposed. In the proposed method, the backward output predictor(BOP) is introduced. With the help of analyzing the properties of auto-function of least square(LS) error and cross-function of the BOP error and the LS error, the estimate of the asymptotic bias is obtained. Then based on the principle of bias compensation, the consistent parameter estimate of the noisy input-output system can be obtained. Simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This thesis focuses on the literary presentation of Songxuezhaweniji, a collection of poetry, calligraphy and painting by the noted Yuan Dynasty poet Zhao Mengfu (a Southern Song imperial clansman), which reflects his psychological state as a famous official of the Yuan Dynasty, who has been criticized for being disloyal to his country. Zhao's service as an official goes back to 1286 when the first Yuan Dynasty emperor Kublai Khan sent an official to southern china on the mission inviting adherents of the Southern Song Dynasty to serve for the Yuan court at the capital (today's Beijing). The fact is that Zhao had received this invitation before he knew the truth. In addition, it was not his first choice to be an official the Yuan imperial court, which did not compel him to do so. By now no existent records have ever shown Zhao's refusal or hesitation. His decision was made mainly because of his ideal of participating in politics, instead of what has been described as any psychological contradiction or pressure. The subtle changes in Zhao's psychology can be reflected in his different modes of narration about his official career in his poetry and prose. Zhao's writings feature four modes of narration about his being a court official: (1) He was caught by the Yuan imperial court, which is far from being true. (2) He received the invitation by mistake, which indicates his regret. (3) He, as a hermit, was recommended by the emperor, which suggests his recognition of the Yuan Dynasty as a hermit-official symbolized the times of peace and prosperity. (4) He was promoted from a commoner to an imperial official. The fourth mode meant Zhao's glory despire the previous three modes reflecting psychological contradictions to some extent. These modes of narration were used in Zhao's different political situations. Specifically, while in a bad situation, he preferred the first or second mode. When he achieved both success and fame, he preferred the last two modes. What's more, this is how Zhao glorified himself in looking back on his past experience. His potential intention was to avoid the struggle in his innermost world, obtain psychological balance and gratification, and remove all psychological contradictions. There are two kinds of narration about Zhao's official career. (1) The first one is dedicated to the expression of admiration for hermitage and of his lofty ideal. It suggests his self-evaluation and self-judgment, as well as his desire for self-recognition and recognition by others. (2) The second one is about his intention to perform meritorious deeds and his being eager for the life of a hermit. His intention best reflects his ignoring his status of a Southern Song imperial clansman and possible criticism against him made by people of his generation and later generations. Therefore, Zhao's shift from a deep sorrow for the fall of the Song Dynasty to a deep sigh with emotion, and his warm praise of the new government of the Yuan Dynasty can find expression in his works. In addition, his eagerness to lead the life of a hermit is represented in four perspectives: (1) a pastoral life in his native home; (2) inflexible daily routine; (3) jealousies by other officials; and (4) reluctance to give up the emperor's favor. The above modes of narration reflect conflicts between self-approval and self-denial in Zhao' s inner world. These conflicts not only contribute to his achievements in art and literature but also represent the typical psychological characteristics of those adherents of the Song Dynasty who served for the Yuan dynasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time delay estimation for linear frequency-modulated (LFM) pulse based on the fractional Fourier transform was analyzed in the fractional Fourier domain, taken the time domain performance of linear frequency-modulated pulse compression as reference. Also, the difference between these two methods was discussed in digital signal processing. It is found that they have almost the same output signal to noise ratio, pulse-width compression ratio and peak amplitude ratio. Furthermore, the latter has higher precision in the time delay estimation in digital implementation, needs less data rate, and has more potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces the clinical experience of professor SUN Shentian in treatment of qiaobi (orifice obstruction) with acupuncture. In pathogenesis, qiaobi refers to the obstruction of qi movement and abnormal ascending and descending of qi . "Obstruction of zangfu orifices" is the biao (symptoms), while "obstruction of brain orifice" is ben (root cause) of diseases. In the principle of treatment, bian and ben should be considered simultaneously, and it is proposed to regulating the spirit and unblocking the orifices in treatment. Baihui (GV 20) and the cognitive emotional area on the head are selected for regulating the spirit and opening the brain orifice, focusing on the root cause of diseases. Based on the connection between the symptoms and the cerebral cortical functions, the different points on the head are used, the Siguan points (Hegu [LI 4] and Taichong [LR 3]) and yuan -source points combined, and the acupoint prescription is composed according to the interior-exterior relationship of meridians. With repetitive transcranial acupuncture stimulation at the points on the head, the therapeutic effect is strengthened. It provides a novel approach to treatment of diseases related to qiaobi .

Objectives: To compare the clinical effect on acute ischemic stroke (AIS) between the combined treatment of Sun 's abdominal acupuncture combined with the routine acupuncture and the simple routine acupuncture, and explore the influences on inflammatory factors i.e. interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10., Methods: Eighty patients with AIS were randomly divided into an observation group (40 cases, 1 case dropped out) and a control group (40 cases, 1 case dropped out). The routine regimens of western medicine were administered in the two groups. In addition, the routine scalp acupuncture and the body acupuncture were used in the patients of the control group. The scalp acupuncture stimulation region and acupoints included the anterior parietal-temporal oblique line, Hegu (LI 4), Chize (LU 5), Shousanli (LI 10), etc. of affected side. In the observation group, on the base of the intervention of the control group, electroacupuncture was applied to "fouth abdominal area" of Sun 's abdominal acupuncture, with the continuous wave and the frequency of 5 Hz. In the two groups, the intervention was given twice per day, once in every morning and afternoon separately, with the needles retained for 40 min in each intervention. The interventions were delivered for 6 days a week, lasting 3 weeks. The scores of Fugl-Meyer assessment scale (FMA), Berg balance scale (BBS) and the modified Barthel index (MBI), and the levels of IL-1β and IL-10 in the serum were observed before and after treatment in the two groups; the effect and safety of interventions were compared between the two groups., Results: After treatment, the scores of FMA, BBS and MBI increased in comparison with those before treatment in the two groups ( P< 0.01), and these scores in the observation group were higher than those in the control group ( P <0.05, P <0.01). After treatment, in the two groups, the levels of IL-1β in the serum were reduced in comparison with those before treatment ( P< 0.01), and the IL-1β level in the observation group was lower than that in the control group ( P< 0.05); the levels of IL-10 in the serum were elevated in comparison with those before treatment in the two groups ( P< 0.01) and the IL-10 level in the observation group was higher than that in the control group ( P <0.05). The total effective rate was 92.3% (36/39) in the observation group, which was superior to that in the control group (84.6% [33/39], P <0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups ( P >0.05)., Conclusions: Sun 's abdominal acupuncture combined with the routine acupuncture can ameliorate the motor impairment, adjust the balance dysfunction and improve the activities of daily living in the patients with AIS. The therapeutic effect of this combined regimen is better than that of the routine acupuncture, which may be associated with the regulation of the inflammatory factors after cerebral infarction.

Objective: To observe the clinical effect of repeated transcranial acupuncture combined with electroacupuncture on flat descending sudden deafness., Methods: A total of 80 patients with flat descending sudden deafness were randomly divided into an acupuncture and medication group (39 cases, 1 case dropped off) and a western medication group (39 cases, 1 case dropped off). Patients in the western medication group were treated with glucocorticoid + batroxobin + ginkgo leaf preparation. On the basis of the western medication group, patients in the acupuncture and medication group were treated with acupuncture at Baihui (GV 20), Ningshen, Yunting area, Mastoid 1 point, Mastoid 2 point, Fengchi (GB 20), Gongxue, Tinghui (GB 2), etc., repeated transcranial acupuncture was applied at Baihui (GV 20), Ningshen and Yunting area; Mastoid 1 point and Mastoid 2 point, Fengchi (GB 20) and Gongxue of the affected side were connected to the electroacupuncture instrument, continuous wave, 2 Hz in frequency. The needle was retained for 30 min, once a day, and rest for 1 d after 6 d of continuous treatment. All patients were treated for 3 weeks. The average hearing threshold, tinnitus handicap inventory (THI) score, dizziness handicap inventory (DHI) score and speech discrimination test score were compared between the two groups before and after treatment, and the clinical effect was evaluated., Results: After treatment, the average hearing threshold, THI and DHI scores of the two groups were lower than those before treatment ( P <0.05), and above indexes in the acupuncture and medication group were lower than those in the western medication group ( P <0.05). The speech discrimination test scores of the two groups were higher than those before treatment ( P <0.05), and the score in the acupuncture and medication group was higher than that in the western medication group ( P <0.05). The total effective rate was 87.2% (34/39) in the acupuncture and medication group, which was higher than 74.4% (29/39) in the western medication group ( P <0.05)., Conclusion: Repeated transcranial acupuncture combined with electroacupuncture can improve the hearing level of patients with flat descending sudden deafness, relieve tinnitus and vertigo symptoms.

Objective: To explore the effectiveness of using deep learning network combined Vision Transformer (ViT) and Transformer to identify patients with depressive disorder on the basis of their sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) signals., Methods: The sleep EEG signals of 28 patients with depressive disorder and 37 normal controls were preprocessed. Then, the signals were converted into image format and the feature information on frequency domain and spatial domain was retained. After that, the images were transmitted to the ViT-Transformer coding network for deep learning of the EEG signal characteristics of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in patients with depressive disorder and those in normal controls, respectively, and to identify patients with depressive disorder., Results: Based on the ViT-Transformer network, after examining different EEG frequencies, we found that the combination of delta, theta, and beta waves produced better results in identifying depressive disorder. Among the different EEG frequencies, EEG signal features of delta-theta-beta combination waves in REM sleep achieved 92.8% accuracy and 93.8% precision for identifying depression, with the recall rate of patients with depression being 84.7%, and the F 0.5 value being 0.917±0.074. When using the delta-theta-beta combination EEG signal features in NREM sleep to identify depressive disorder, the accuracy was 91.7%, the precision was 90.8%, the recall rate was 85.2%, and the F 0.5 value was 0.914±0.062. In addition, through visualization of the sleep EEG of different sleep stages for the whole night, it was found that classification errors usually occurred during transition to a different sleep stage., Conclusion: Using the deep learning ViT-Transformer network, we found that the EEG signal features in REM sleep based on delta-theta-beta combination waves showed better effect in identifying depressive disorder., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences).)

Objective: To explore the effectiveness of two-stage operation on free latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap transplantation and skull contour reconstruction in the treatment of head titanium mesh exposure complicated with soft tissue infection., Methods: Between January 2015 and December 2021, 13 patients with head titanium mesh exposure complicated with soft tissue infection were admitted. There were 9 males and 4 females with a mean age of 42.9 years (range, 23-64 years). The duration of titanium mesh exposure was 22-609 days (median, 102 days). The wound site located at the frontal part in 3 cases, the parietal part in 1 case, the occipital part in 2 cases, the frontal-parietal part in 1 case, the temporal-parietal part in 4 cases, and the frontotemporal part in 2 cases. The titanium mesh had been taken out in 5 patients before admission, leaving skull defect and shape collapse, with signs of infection. The bacterial culture was positive in 7 cases and negative in 6 cases. The imaging examination revealed that the size of the skull defect ranged from 6 cm×5 cm to 21 cm×17 cm and the scalp defect ranged from 1 cm×1 cm to 15 cm×10 cm. The soft tissue infection did not reach dura in 5 cases, reached dura in 6 cases, and reached frontal sinus in 2 cases. The two-stage surgical protocol was used in all patients. In the first-stage operation, the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap was designed to repair the skull and scalp defects after removing the titanium mesh and thorough debridement. The size of muscle flap ranged from 13.5 cm×4.0 cm to 21.0 cm×17.0 cm, and the skin flap ranged from 7.0 cm×4.0 cm to 15.0 cm×10.0 cm. After the flap survived and stabilized, the second-stage operation was performed. The titanium mesh was implanted to reconstruct the skull contour. The size of titanium mesh ranged from 7.0 cm×6.0 cm to 21.5 cm×17.5 cm. The interval between the first- and second-stage operations was 3.7-17.8 months, with an average of 11.4 months. The survival of the skin flap, the appearance of the head, and the presence of re-exposed titanium mesh and infection were observed after operation., Results: At the first-stage operation, venous embolism occurred in 1 case, and no obvious abnormality was observed after treatment. All the flaps survived and the incisions healed by first intention. Besides, the incisions of the second-stage operation healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 1-96 months (median, 14 months). During follow-up, no exposure to titanium mesh, infection, or other complications occurred. The appearance satisfaction rate of the patients was 92.31% (11/13). There was no significant difference in the skull contour between the affected side and the healthy side in all patients., Conclusion: For the head titanium mesh exposure with soft tissue infection, the application of two-stage operation on free latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap transplantation and skull contour reconstruction can reduce the risks of implant exposure and infection again by increasing the thickness of the scalp and blood supply, filling the wound cavity, and obtain good effectiveness.

The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread herpesvirus. Virus reactivation from latency can lead to stillbirth, miscarriage, fetal anomalies, and intrauterine growth retardation. During latent infection with the HCMV, the virus can be cleared by the immune response or apoptosis of host cells. However, the HCMV has developed several strategies to manipulate expression of its genes and the microenvironment of host cells. Recent studies have shown that latent infection with the HCMV is associated with viral: regulation of early expression of genes; evasion of cell death; evasion of the immune response; regulatin of non-coding RNAs. This review summarizes recent research progress on the mechanisms underpinning latent infection with the HCMV.

Objective: To explore the relationship between central obesity and cardiovascular risk factors and their clustering in adults of Jiangsu province., Methods: Multi-stratified clustering sampling method was used to sample 8 400 residents aged 18 years and over from 14 diseases surveillance units in Jiangsu province from October to December 2010. Information was obtained with face-to-face interview, physical examination and laboratory testing. A total of 8 380 residents finished the study protocol and their data were analyzed. Central obesity was defined as waist circumference ≥ 85 cm in males or ≥ 80 cm in females. Following complex weighting of the samples, level and proportion of cardiovascular risk factors in group with different waist circumference were analyzed., Results: The prevalence of central obesity among adults in Jiangsu province was 46.2%, the proportion of males and females was 46.4% and 46.1%, respectively (P > 0.05). The prevalence of center obesity varied significantly in residents with different age, area, education and occupation (all P < 0.01). The level of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol was also significantly different in residents with different degree of waist circumference (all P < 0.01). The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors increased in proportion to increasing waist circumference (all P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors was 2.2 (OR = 2.2, 95% CI: 2.0-2.4) and 4.7 (OR = 4.7, 95% CI: 3.9-5.7); 2.1 (OR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.7-2.5) and 3.8 (OR = 3.8, 95% CI: 3.2-4.5); 2.3 (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.8-2.9) and 4.1 (OR = 4.1, 95% CI: 3.2-5.3); 3.4 (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 2.9-3.9) and 8.0 (OR = 8.0, 95% CI: 6.2-10.2) fold higher in residents with mild and severe central obesity than residents without central obesity., Conclusions: The extent of central obesity positively correlates with the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and their clustering in adults of Jiangsu province. Comprehensive interventions on obesity serve as an important tool to reduce the cardiovascular risk in adult Jiangshu residents.

Environmental indigenous bacteria (Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas) were isolated from 9 different constructed wetlands (CWs) in summer and winter. The antibiotic resistance analysis of the isolated bacteria was conducted by Kirby-Bauer disc agar diffusion method. And the quantitative PCR assay was used to quantify the abundance of class I integron (int1) in the matrix of CWs. The results indicated that over 84% of isolates among the 522 Staphylococcus strains and 543 Pseudomonas strains had antibiotic resistance and above 68% of isolates had multi-antibiotic resistance, the average of MRI index was 0.22. Antibiotic resistance of indigenous bacteria in CWs was at the same resistance level of human or animal bacteria in certain environment, indicating that indigenous bacteria from constructed wetlands had relatively high level of resistance. Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas strains had higher resistances to Ampicillin (AMP) and Sulfamethoxazole (SXT), and extremely low resistance rates of lower than 3% to Tetracycline (TE), Gentamicin (CN) and Ciprofloxacin (CIP). To Ceftazidime (CAZ) and Chloramphenicol (C), the two kinds of indigenous bacteria showed distinctly different resistances. Quantitative PCR revealed that the abundance of intl in CWs was 1.14 x 10(5)-5.66 x 10(5) copies · g(-1), and its relative abundance was 0.54%-3.68%. Both of season and wetland type had important impact on antibiotic resistance and abundance of int1. The antibiotic resistance rate and the multiple resistance index (MRI) for the indigenous bacteria and the abundance of int1 in summer were higher than those in winter. Among three types of CWs, the antibiotic resistance rate and the MRI value were the highest in the downward vertical flow, while the int1 abundance was the highest in the sub-surface flow. The research indicated that indigenous bacteria acquired antibiotic resistance due to long term exposure to antibiotics of certain concentrations and antibiotic-resistant intestinal bacteria in sewage environment. The environmental risks of antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistant genes in CWs should not be ignored.

Objective: To explore the relationships between anthropometric measures as body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and the risks of diabetes., Methods: We analyzed the baseline data of 53 260 participants who were aged 30-79 years and had been enrolled into the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study from Suzhou city,Jiangsu province. Unconditional logistic regression analyses were conducted with adjustment for potential confounders., Results: Overall, 5.3% of the participants had diabetes, with about a half of them being newly detected through on-site screening tests. The prevalence of diabetes increased with age, 61% higher (OR = 1.61, 95% confidence interval: 1.54-1.67) risk of diabetes, with 10 years increase of age. In both genders, all anthropometric measures were positively and significantly associated with diabetes, with the associations of measures in central adiposity stronger than those in general obesity, with WHR as the strongest. Each standard deviation (1- s) with greater WHR (<0.06 in men and 0.07 in women) was associated with 72% (61%-83%) higher risk of diabetes in men and 93% (83%-102%) in women. After adjusting for HC, each WC with 5 cm larger, showing 65% and 57% higher risks in men and women respectively. However, after adjusting for WC, every 5cm greater HC appeared and associated with respective 38% and 34% lower risks., Conclusion: Measures on adiposity including BMI, percentage body, WC, WHR and WHtR fat were all positively associated with the prevalence of diabetes. Measures of central obesity, particularly WHR, were more strongly associated with diabetes than measures of general obesity. When WC was under control, HC appeared inversely associated with diabetes.

Objective: To construct a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against HSP47 gene, assess the expression level of HSP47 gene in NIH/3T3 cells, and observe the influence on cell function., Methods: The HSP47-shRNA sequence presented at the downstream of the U6 promoter. The shRNA expression constructs were created using PCR- based methods. The PCR product was digested with Nhe I/Hind Ill and ligated into pGCsi/U6/Neo vector to produce HSP47-pGCsi-U6-shRNA (HSP47-1-pGCsi-U6-shRNA, HSP47-2-pGCsi-U6-shRNA and HSP47-3-pGCsi-U6-shRNA). The non-interference vector and non-related interference vector served as control. The vectors were transfected into NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells by liposome mediated gene transfection method. Transfection efficiency and fluorescence intensity were determined by fluorescence microscopy at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after transfection, respectively. Cells were collected before transfection, and at 24, and 48 hours post-transfection, respectively, HSP47 mRNA and protein expression levels were assessed by real-time PCR and Western blotting. The mRNA expression of TGF-pl, collagen types I and Ill in NIH/3T3 cells, and TGF-beta1 levels in cell culture supernatant were determined., Results: HSP47-shRNA vector was transfected into NIH/3T3 cells by liposome-mediated transfection. The transfection efficiency in each HSP47-shRNA plasmid interference group was about 60.0%, and there is no statistical difference among the interference groups (P> 0.05). A small amount of green fluorescent cells were found at 12 h post-transfection. The number of green fluorescent cells increased with the transfection time, and reached strongest at 72 h after transfection. shRNA interference significantly inhabited HSP47 expression in NIHI/3T3 cells. At 24 h after transfection with HSP47-1-shRNA, the inhibition effect was the strongest, and the relative silence efficiency of HSP47 mRNA was (25.83?1.79)%, lower than that of control group and non-related group (P<0.05). Collagen synthesis and secretion by NIH/3T3 cells reduced significantly at 24 and 48 hours post-transfection with HSP47-1-shRNA; and there was a significant difference between HSP47-1-shRNA intervention group and non-related controls. After transfection for 24 and 48 h, mRNA expression of collagen types I and IlI decreased to (56.52 +/- 1.64)% and (53.48 +/- 2.54)%, (54.17 +/- 2.63)% and (50.21 +/- 2.34)%, respectively, significantly lower than that of the control group and non-related group (P<0.05); however, no significant difference was found among the interference groups (P>0.05). In each HSP47-shRNA plasmid interference group, TGF-p1 mRNA expression was the lowest at 24 h post-transfection. The relative mRNA expression level was (63.23?2.18)%, (64.5+3.17)%, and (75.19 +/- 4.20)% in HSP47-1-shRNA, HSP47-2-shRNA, HSP47-3-shRNA groups (P>0.05), respectively, lower than that of the control group and non-related group (P<0.01). At 24 and 48 h post-transfection, TGF-P131 expression was the lowest at 24 h post-transfection, and the relative expression level in HSP47-1-shRNA, HSP47-2-shRNA, HSP47-3-shRNA groups was (51.79 +/- 3.12)%, (66.67 +/- 2.13)%, and (69.61 +/- 3.65)%, respectively. Compared with control group, the expression of TGF-beta1 in HSP47-1-shRNA and HSP47-2-shRNA2 groups was significant inhibited, but there was no significantly difference between control group and HSP47-3-shRNA group (P>0.05)., Conclusion: HSP47-shRNA. interference plasmid is constructed. HSP47-shRNA effectively inhibits protein expression of HSP47, and results in changes of cell function.

Objective: To explore the relationship between weekly alcohol drinking behavior and the prevalence of hypertension., Methods: Data was collected in a Kadoorie study of chronic disease in Wuzhong district, Suzhou city of Jiangsu province, China. Data from the baseline survey was used to describe the status of alcohol drinking and the prevalence of hypertension among local residents. Relationships between the frequency of alcohol drinking, consumption of alcohol, age when initiating weekly drinking behavior, drinking-related adverse conditions and the prevalence of hypertension, were studied by logistic regression., Results: The rates on weekly alcohol drinking in the studied population were 40.7% in men and 0.6% in women. The amount of weekly average alcohol intake showed as 250.8 g in males and 47.2 g in females, with statistical significance seen between genders (P < 0.01). The prevalence rates of hypertension among male and female were 39.7% and 36.1% respectively, with significant difference (P < 0.01). Data from Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that when the frequency of alcohol drinking > or = 3 days per week or the weekly average alcohol intake > or = 100 grams, the risk would be higher to develop hypertension than in those non-drinkers (P < 0.01). The age of initiating behavior as weekly alcohol drinking younger than 20 years old or the dinking-related adverse condition appeared to be more than two kinds. The risks of developing hypertension were 1.50 times and 3.27 times than those non-drinkers in men but not in women., Conclusion: The frequency of drinking alcohol and the amount of alcohol intake per week was different between males and females. Along with the following factors as: increase of frequency on alcohol drinking per week, the amount of alcohol intake also increased. The advance of age related to the initiation of weekly drinking and the increase of alcohol-related adverse condition was also seen, the risk of hypertension showed an upward trend in males but not in females.

Background: Male nurses account for 1.08% of Taiwan's total professional nursing workforce. While work values are known to impact the practice of female nurses, the work values of male nurses have never been fully evaluated., Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the work values of male nurses in Taiwan and related factors., Methods: We applied a cross-sectional design that targeted all male nurses nationwide and used a structured questionnaire distributed by mail to collect data., Results: Data were collected from 1,087 Taiwan-based male nurses with 745 valid responses. Mean score for overall work value was 2.78 (on a maximum scale of 4). Socio-demographic differences contributed to work value variance among respondents. Major factors of influence on work value included education, work unit, work position, work rank, salary, hospital classification, and reason for choosing a nursing career., Conclusion: This study found personal characteristics, occupational roles, job performance, and reason for choosing a career in nursing to all correlate strongly with work value.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an ubiquitous pathogen that infects a majority of the world's population. The virus can establish lifelong infection once the human body is infected by HCMV and virus can be reactivated from a latent state in immune suppressed individuals. HCMV has developed several strategies to evade host immune surveillance after millions of years of co-evolution with mankind. One of the classical tricks is encoding homologous to human immune factors or stealing host cellular genes that have significant functions in immune system. Virus encoded immune modulators which participate in regulating the major histocompatibility complex, cellular immunity, humoral immunity, cytokines and chemokines are supposed to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of HCMV. Evaluation of "mutually assured survival" relationship between virus and host provides important insights into viral immunopathogenesis and study of viral immunomodulatory proteins might help us to uncover new human genes that control immunity.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between dental pain and Nav1.8 expression level by detecting the expression of voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8 in normal human dental pulps and painful pulp tissues., Methods: Immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of Nav1.8 in normal human dental pulp and painful dental pulp., Results: Nav1.8 expressed in dental pulps and the expression level of Nav1.8 increased significantly in painful dental pulps in comparison with normal dental tissues. The immunohistochemistry results revealed that Nav1.8 expression level in painful dental issue was 0.547 ± 0.049 in relative intensity,and in normal dental issue 0.356 ± 0.058 (P < 0.05). Western blotting showed similar results of 0.234 ± 0.030 vs 0.108 ± 0.012. RT-PCR results indicated that Nav1.8 mRNA expression level in painful dental issue was 7.130 ± 2.471 and in normal dental issue was 1.024 ± 0.295 (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: The expression level of Nav1.8 increased significantly in painful dental pulp tissue, suggesting that Nav1.8 may play an important role in the development and transmission of dental pain.

Objective: To establish the model of hepatic fibrosis in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum and observe the expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and connective tissue growing factor (CTGF) in mice model., Methods: Thirty BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to control group and model group. Each mouse of model group was infected with (30 +/- 1) S. japonicum cercariae through the abdominal skin. Serum samples were collected at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after infection, and were analyzed for the levels of ALT and AST. Pathological changes and proliferation of hepatic collagen fibers in liver tissue were observed after HE staining and Masson staining. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR were used to detect the protein and mRNA expression of CTGF and TGF-pl., Results: 6-12 weeks after infection, there was significant difference in ALT and AST between model group and control group (P43.05). At 12th week, ALT [(173.53 +/- 31.12) U/I] and AST [(301.00 +/- 34.87) U/LI in model group were higher than those in control group [(42.00 +/- 3.53) and 96.58 +/- 11.26) U/L] . In model group, egg granulomas formed in the liver, and the formation of hepatic fibrosis was significant in portal areas, and there was tree-like hepatic fibrosis around the portal vein branch. 8 weeks after infection, hepatic fibrosis area in mice of model group increased considerably, and there was significant difference in percentage of positive area of collagen between 12th week [(23.83 +/- 1.68) %] and control group [(1.23 +/- 0.14) %] (P < 0.05). 10 and 12 weeks after infection, the percentage of positive area of TGF-beta1 [(22.34 +/- 2.58)% and (25.82 +/- 3.01) %] and CTGF [(1 l.32 +/- 2.44)% and (14.51 +/- 2.05) %] was higher respectively than that of the control [(2.56 +/- 0.87)%, and (1.09 +/- 0.73)% (P < 0.05). 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after infection, both TGF-beta1 and CTGF mRNA increased gradually, higher than that in control group (P < 0.05). 10 weeks after infection, TGF-beta1 mRNA relative transcription level was the highest (0.0721 +/- 0.0187) and it was 0.0089 +/- 0.0037 in control group. CTGF mRNA relative transcription level reached the highest value (0.1136 +/- 0.0365) in 12 weeks after infection, while it was 0.0293 +/- 0.0184 in control group. CTGF mRNA expression was positively correlated with the duration of infection (r = 0.927, NO.05)., Conclusion: The area and cell types of TGFb1 positive expression is the same as that of CTGF in liver tissue of schistosome infected mice (BALB/c). CTGF mRNA expression is significantly related to the duration of infection, but it is not the case for TGFbl.

Objective: To explore the inhibitory effect of different sources, different concentrations of Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) on human cytomegalovirus infection of human MD-DC cells., Methods: The recombinant MBL was acquired by vector construction, and the natural MBL was purified from human plamsa. MD-DC were pre-exposed to several dilutions of the hMBL/rMBL for 30 min, then HCMV suspensions were added to MD-DC for 2 h to compare the inhibitory effect of hMBL/rMBL on the HCMV infection of MD-DC. MD-DC infected by HCMV co-culture with hMBL/rMBL to compare the inhibitory effect of hMBL/rMBL on the HCMV diffusion between MD-DC. HCMV-DNA in MD-DC was detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR. HCMV-PP65 in MD-DC was analyzed with flow cytometry, the ability of MD-DC to capture HCMV was observed with immunofluorescence confocal microscope., Results: In hMBL/rMBL inhibition the ability of MD-DC capture HCMV experiments, the fluorescent quantitative PCR demonstrated that the amount of HCMV-DNA in 1 microg/mL of hMBL/rMBL treated cells was not significantly different from that of control group (P < 0.05). But the HCMV-DNA in 5 microg/mL and 10 microg/mL hMBL/rMBL treated group were significantly lower than that of control group (P < 0.05). The significant inhibit effects of 10 microg/mL hMBL/rMBL on the ability of MD-DC capture HCMV were observed by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. The inhibit effects of hMBL/rMBL on HCMV diffusion between MD-DC were also observed in 5 microg/mL and 10 microg/mL hMBL/rMBL treated groups at 72 hours., Conclusion: The hMBL/rMBL in physiological concentration range (5-10 microg/mL) can significantly inhibit human cytomegalovirus infection of human MD-DC cells, and the hMBL is more effective than rMBL.

Objective: To evaluate the occurrence of severe sepsis and septic shock and the rate of compliance with sepsis bundle in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock in emergency department., Methods: A prospective study was conducted on consecutive adult patients who were sent to Emergency Department of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine by ambulance from May to June in 2009. The occurrence of severe sepsis and septic shock, and the number of the patients in whom who met the criteria of compliance with sepsis bundle were analyzed., Results: Nine hundred and seventeen patients who were sent to the emergency department by ambulance in that period were enrolled in the study. The number of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock was 96. The incidence of severe sepsis and septic shock was 10.47%. Among these patients, the number of patients in whom the sepsis bundle was complied, i.e. sepsis bundle, appropriate cultures were taken before antimicrobial therapy, placement of central venous catheter and monitoring of central venous pressure (CVP) as well as central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO₂) within 2 hours, antibiotic therapy within 3 hours, early goal directed therapy (EGDT) within 6 hours, and lactate clearance in 12 hours reached 1.04%, 3.12%, 2.08%, 83.33%, 1.04%, 23.96%. The Results were 1.19%, 3.57%, 2.38%, 83.33%, 1.19%, 26.19% and 0, 0, 0, 83.33%, 0, 8.33% in medical and surgical emergency department respectively. There was no statistical difference between the two divisions (all P>0.05)., Conclusion: The incidence of severe sepsis and septic shock was high in emergency department, but the rate of recognition of it and the compliance with sepsis bundle were inadequate. It is urgently necessary to enhance the learning and implementation of the guideline.

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between retinal nerve fiber layer thickness(RNFLT)measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and age, spherical equivalent (SE), axial length, and gender in myopic juveniles., Methods: Cross-sectional observational study. One hundred and fifty-four juveniles (age range, 7-18 years) underwent ophthalmic examinations. Peripapillary Fast RNFL scans were performed by Stratus OCT with a nominal diameter of 3.46 mm centered on the optic disc on one randomly selected eye of each subject. Axial length was measured by A-ultrasound. The effects of several factors (age, SE, axial length, gender and eye) on RNFLT were investigated in univariate and multivariate stepwise regression analyses., Results: The mean global RNFLT (x(-) ± s) was (114.106 ± 11.473) µm. The RNFLT was thickest superiorly (145.468 ± 19.064) µm and inferiorly (138.091 ± 20.464) µm, thinner temporally (94.396 ± 18.544) µm, and thinnest nasally (78.558 ± 16.981) µm. Both global and superior peripapillary RNFLT had no significant relationship with age (r = 0.129, 0.014; P > 0.05), SE (r = 0.006, 0.123; P > 0.05), axial length (r = -0.067, -0.141; P > 0.05), gender (r = -0.095, 0.025; P > 0.05) and laterality (r = -0.148, 0.095; P > 0.05). In multivariate stepwise regression analyses, there was significant inverse linear correlation between temporal RNFLT and SE (r = -0.465, P < 0.05). There was significant inverse linear correlation between nasal RNFLT and axial length and laterality (r = -0.327, P < 0.05). There was significant inverse linear correlation between inferior RNFLT and axial length (r = -0.276, P < 0.05), and direct linear correlation between inferior RNFLT and age (r = 0.276, P < 0.05)., Conclusions: When we assess the RNFLT in myopic juveniles, we should consider the influence of age, refraction, axial length, spherical equivalent and laterality comprehensively.

Objective: To review the latest research progress of full-thickness tissue engineered skin (FTTES), to thoroughly understand its current state of research and application so as to lay a solid foundation for developing new type FTTES and improving the quality of skin substitutes., Methods: Domestica and international literature concerning FTTES in recent years was extensively reviewed and comprehensively analyzed., Results: Some progress of FTTES had made in seed cells, scaffold materials and construction, and some therapeutic efficacy had also been achieved in clinical application. But FTTES grafting successful rate was lower, and it had no complete skin structure and had not reached the requirements of clinical application., Conclusion: FTTES is an ideal skin substitute and has great development prospects. However, in seed cells, scaffold materials, construction and applications of FTTES, further studied is still needed.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcome of dual plating in the treatment of humeral intercondylar type-C fractures in adults., Methods: From June 2004 to October 2007, 38 cases of type-C distal humeral fractures were stabilised with dual plating. There were 21 males and 17 females. The average age was 43 years with a range from 21 to 71 years. According to the AO classification, 9 cases were of type C1, 17 of C2 and 12 of C3. The posterior midline approach was selected. Twenty-one cases were exposed through the trans-olecranon osteotomy, 11 through the Campbell (Van Gorder) approach, 6 through triceps sparing approach. Autogenous bone graft was performed in 5 cases because of severe comminution., Results: Thirty-five patients were followed-up for 14-30 months (mean 24.2 months). At the latest follow-up, the elbow flexion averaged 119 degrees (range 90 degrees - 135 degrees ), and the loss of extension averaged 16.2 degrees (range 5 degrees - 25 degrees ). All the patients got bony healing, the average healing period was 14 weeks. The patients were evaluated using the criteria of Aitken and Rorabeek and the scores were 13 excellent, 16 good, 6 fair. Twenty-nine patients (82.9%) had a good or excellent results. Complications included 4 cases of traumatic osteoarthritis, 2 heterotopic ossification, 1 ulnar neuropathy. Infection as well as loosening or breakage of the implant was not found., Conclusions: The dual plating is able to provide rigid fixation for the humeral intercondylar fractures. In addition, it can allow early functional exercise after operation, decrease the related complications significantly, and improve the functional results.

The effects on soil microbial respiration of sulfonamides, tetracyclines, macrolides and so on were studied using the direct absorption method. The results show sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, chlortetracycline, tetracycline, tylosin and trimethoprim inhibit soil respiration 34.33%, 34.43%, 2.71%, 3.08%, 7.13%, 38.08% respectively. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim have the highest inhibition rates among all the antibiotics. In early incubation period (0-2 d), the concentrations above 10 mg x kg(-1) of sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim remarkably decrease soil CO2 emission. The effects of these antibiotics vary with their concentrations too. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim show good dose-response relationships. According to the standard of pesticide safety evaluation protocol, the six antibiotics pose a little risk to soil microbial environment.

Objective: To find out the situation of seat belt wearing among drivers and passengers in Nanjing after the National Road Traffic Safety Law and its Ordinance had been issued for 3 years, in Jiangsu province., Methods: Situation on seat belt wearing among drivers and front passengers on four types of vehicles including taxi, cars (below 8 seats), vans and pickups was studied during different time blocks at 4 sites in the city., Results: A total number of 35 256 vehicles, their drivers and another 15 772 passengers sitting in the front, were observed. The prevalence rates of seat belt wearing, not wearing and pretend wearing among drivers were 49.9%, 44.1%, and 4.6% respectively while among front-seat passengers were 9.1% and 90.9% respectively. There were significantly declining trends in seat belt wearing among both drivers and front-seat passengers during the 3-years of observation, after adjustment by sex, types of vehicles and other factors (P < 0.01). Risk of not wearing among front seat passengers was higher for those 'not-wearing' drivers (OR = 8.10, P < 0.01)., Conclusion: Neither the current law nor ordinance in Jiangsu province gives detailed regulations on seat belt wearing, which hampers the effective enforcement.

MBFGA1, which was produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa GA1, was used to investigate its flocculating capability in the following waste water, the liquid of kaolin, soil suspended liquid, coal-washing wastewater and the landfill leachate with orthogonal experiments, the inspection of granularity and the scanning electron microanalysis. Meanwhile the anthrone reaction and infrared spectrum are also applied to identify its main component. In the optimal flocculating conditions obtained from the orthogonal experiments, the flocculating rates of the liquid of kaolin, soil suspended liquid, coal-washing wastewater and the landfill leachate were 99.53%, 99.50%, 98.2% and 75.60%, respectively, and the sedimentation velocities of the above four kinds of flocculants were 0.03 m/s, 0.025 m/s, 0.025 m/s and 0.005 m/s, respectively. In addition, the distribution of granularity has changed after flocculation. The size of the average granularity of soil became bigger after flocculation, and reached over 10 microm, but for the other three kinds of granularity just the opposite phenomenon has occurred, and their sizes were all less than 10 microm. From the photos of scan electron microanalysis of four types of granules, it could be drawn that there were no obvious differences in the appearance. It was the same adsorptive mode between MBFGA1 and different flocculating particles, that is the function of electrovalent bond, tested by EDTA, HC1 and urea. The main component of MBFGA1 was polysaccharide, which was determined by anthrone reaction, and it contained a lot of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups examined by infrared spectrum analysis. From the above results, it could be presumed that MBFGA1 can be the best flocculant for the granule-highly-concentrated waste water and the dominative flocculating mechanism of the flocculant was mechanism of adsorption-bridge.