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ObjectiveThere exist a high genetic correlation among various morphological characteristics of Mongolian horses. Utilizing advanced technology to obtain body structure parameters related to athletic performance could provide data support for breeding institutions to develop scientific breeding plans and establish the groundwork for further improvement of Mongolian horse breeds. However, traditional manual measurement methods are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and may cause certain stress responses in horses. Therefore, ensuring precise and effective measurement of Mongolian horse body dimensions is crucial for formulating early breeding plans.MethodVideo images of 50 adult Mongolian horses in the suitable breeding stage at the Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Horse Breeding Technical Center was first collected. Fifty images per horse were captured to construct the training and validation sets, resulting in a total of 2 500 high-definition RGB images of Mongolian horses, with an equal ratio of images depicting horses in motion and at rest. To ensure the model's robustness and considering issues such as angles, lighting, and image blurring during actual image capture, a series of enhancement algorithms were applied to the original dataset, expanding the Mongolian horse image dataset to 4 000 images. The YOLOv8n-pose was employed as the foundational keypoint detection model. Through the design of the C2f_DCN module, deformable convolution (DCNV2) was integrated into the C2f module of the Backbone network to enhance the model's adaptability to different horse poses in real-world scenes. Besides, an SA attention module was added to the Neck network to improve the model's focus on critical features. The original loss function was replaced with SCYLLA-IoU (SIoU) to prioritize major image regions, and a cosine annealing method was employed to dynamically adjust the learning rate during model training. The improved model was named DSS-YOLO (DCNv2-SA-SIoU-YOLO) network model. Additionally, a test set comprising 30 RGB-D images of mature Mongolian horses was selected for constructing body dimension measurement tasks. DSS-YOLO was used for keypoint detection of body dimensions. The 2D keypoint coordinates from RGB images were fused with corresponding depth values from depth images to obtain 3D keypoint coordinates, and Mongolian horse's point cloud information was transformed. Point cloud processing and analysis were performed using pass-through filtering, random sample consensus (RANSAC) shape fitting, statistical outlier filtering, and principal component analysis (PCA) coordinate system correction. Finally, body height, body oblique length, croup height, chest circumference, and croup circumference were automatically computed based on keypoint spatial coordinates.Results and DiscussionThe proposed DSS-YOLO model exhibited parameter and computational costs of 3.48 M and 9.1 G, respectively, with an average accuracy mAP0.5:0.95 reaching 92.5%, and a dDSS of 7.2 pixels. Compared to Hourglass, HRNet, and SimCC, mAP0.5:0.95 increased by 3.6%, 2.8%, and 1.6%, respectively. By relying on keypoint coordinates for automatic calculation of body dimensions and suggesting the use of a mobile least squares curve fitting method to complete the horse's hip point cloud, experiments involving 30 Mongolian horses showed a mean average error (MAE) of 3.77 cm and mean relative error (MRE) of 2.29% in automatic measurements.ConclusionsThe results of this study showed that DSS-YOLO model combined with three-dimensional point cloud processing methods can achieve automatic measurement of Mongolian horse body dimensions with high accuracy. The proposed measurement method can also be extended to different breeds of horses, providing technical support for horse breeding plans and possessing practical application value. more...

Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein, a tumor suppressor, plays an important role in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) receiving arsenic trioxide (As 2 O ript>3 ) therapy. APL is a M3 subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which is characterized by expression of PML-RARα (P/R) fusion protein, leading to the oncogenesis. As 2 O 3 is currently used as the first-line drug for patients with APL, and the mechanism may be:As 2 O 3 directly binds to PML part of P/R protein and induces multimerization of related proteins, which further recruits different functional proteins to reform PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), and finally it degraded by SUMOylation and ubiquitination proteasomal pathway. Gene mutations may lead to relapse and drug resistance after As 2 O 3 treatment. In this review, we discuss the structure and function of PML proteins; the pathogenesis of APL induced by P/R fusion protein; the involvement of PML protein in treatment of APL patient with As 2 O 3 ; and explain how PML protein mutations could cause resistance to As 2 O 3 therapy. more...