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The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of shikimic acid on growth performance, diarrhea index, serum immunity and antioxidant indicators of piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). A total of 120 clinically confirmed PEDV infected seven-day-old piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly divided into six groups, with five replicates in each group and four pigs in each replicate. Treatment group 1, group 2 and group 3 were administered 800, 400 and 200 mg/kg of shikimic acid daily to piglets infected with PEDV, treatment group 4 were treated with daily administration of 400 mg/kg chlorogenic acid to piglets infected with PEDV, treatment group 5 were treated with 20 000 units of gentamicin per day to piglets infected with PEDV, treatment group 6 were treated as positive control groups, and another 20 healthy piglets were selected as the blank control group. The experiment lasted for 5 d, and then observed for 3 d. The results showed that compared with control group with positive PEDV infection, the ADG of piglets with treatment group 1, group 2 and group 3 was significantly increased (P<0.05). The cure rate of PEDV infection in treatment group 1 and group 2 reached 85%, and the cure rate in treatment group 5 was 65%. The IgG content in the serum of piglets in group 1, group 2 and group 3 was significantly increased (P<0.05). The activity of SOD, CAT, NO, MPO, GSH-Px and T-AOC in the serum of piglets in group 1, group 2 and group 3 were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the content of MDA and XOD was significantly reduced (P<0.05). The experiment indicates that shikimic acid can improve the growth performance of piglets, reduce diarrhea index, enhance immunity and serum antioxidant capacity, and have a disease resistance and growth promoting effect on PEDV infected piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, HPLC was used to determine the content of shikimic acid in pine trees from different varieties, origins, and parts, in order to provide reference for its further development and application. HPLC test was performed on a 30 °C Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 µm), with the mobile phase comprising of methanol/0.1% phosphoric acid solution (10:90,V/V), and the detection wavelength was set at 217 nm. The differences in the content of shikimic acid were analyzed by visual analysis and cluster analysis methods. The results showed that shikimic acid was linearly good (r=0.999 5), with the average recovery rate of 100.4%(n=6) and the RSD of 1.71%. The content of shikimic acid was in six pine trees from high to low was Cedrus deodara (Roxb) G. Don, Pinus armandi Franch., Pinus bungeana Zucc. ex Endl., Pinus tabulaeformis Carr., Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen., and P. sylvestris var. mongolica Litv., in which C. deodara pine needles from Tianshui had the highest content at 31.47 mg/g. The shikimic acid in six pine trees can be divided into three categories by cluster analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University is the property of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To investigate the effect of glyphosate stress on the growth and shikimic acid metabolism of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plants, tea seedlings were cultured in nutrient solution with different concentrations of glyphosate and the visual phytotoxicity on tea leaves was observed. The non-targeted analysis of non-volatile metabolites in the leaves and quantitative determination of shikimic acid and glyphosate in the leaves were carried out by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. The results show that the tea seedlings under the high dose of glyphosate (200 mg⋅L-1) treatment exhibited characteristics of pesticide damage, while the tea seedlings under the low dose of glyphosate (50 mg⋅L-1) treatment and control did not show apparent pesticide damage. Mass spectrometric and statistical analysis indicates that there were significant changes in the contents of shikimic acid pathway metabolites in the leaves of glyphosate-treated tea seedlings, with shikimic acid being one of the main differential metabolites. Within 21 d, the accumulation of shikimic acid in leaves was highly positively correlated with the absorption amount and action time of glyphosate. When the absorption amount of glyphosate was larger than 28 mg⋅kg-1, the shikimic acid metabolism in tea plants was significantly inhibited, resulting in a large accumulation of shikimic acid in tea leaves. Compared with the control group, the content of shikimic acid in tea leaves affected by pesticides increased about 16-fold. This study shows that shikimic acid is one of the main metabolites of tea plants in response to glyphosate stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chemistry & Industry of Forest Products is the property of Chemistry & Industry of Forest Products Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ultrasonic assisted extraction of shikimic acid from Ginkgo biloba leaves was studied・ Based on the single factor test data, the response surface methodology was designed to investigate the effects of the ratio of material to liquid, ultrasonic temperature, ultrasonic time and extraction times on the extraction of shikimic acid from Ginkgo biloba leaves・ The results showed that the optimum conditions for ultrasonic assisted extraction of shikimic acid from Ginkgo biloba leaves w让h dilute hydrochloric acid were as follows: the ratio of material to liquid was 1: 200(g/mL), the ultrasonic temperature was 40 °C, the ultrasonic time was 18 min/times, and the extraction times were 3 times・ The yield of shikimic acid from Ginkgo biloba leaves was 2・ 981 mg/g. The order of influence on shikimic acid yield is: ratio of material to liquid > extraction times > ultrasonic temperature > ultrasonic time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to analyze the differences of metabolites and their pathways from flowering to withering of Rhododendron delavayi, we used LC-MS/MS material separation and identification technique to non-targeted the chemical components of bud stage, dehiscence stage, pollination stage, blooming stage, senescence stage and withering stage. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 973 kinds of metabolites were detected, mainly including flavonoids, organic acids, phenolic acids, amino acids and their derivatives, lipids, alkaloids and so on.(2)Principal component analysis(PCA)showed that there were differences in metabolites among samples. Combined with orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA), P value of t-test and fold change of univariate analysis, differential metabolites(VIP > 1, P < 0.05, Fc > 2 or Fc < 0.5)were screened out, involving 591 species, the quantity and expression of differential metabolites increased significantly after the R. delavayi flower stage entered the senescence stage and the withering stage, in which the expression of differential metabolites from bud stage to dehiscence stage was mainly down-regulated, while those after entering senescence stage and withering stage were mainly up-regulated.(3)A total of 68 differential metabolic pathways were annotated by KEGG, of which three pathways were significantly enriched with differential metabolites(P < 0.01), including phenylpropanoids biosynthesis, plant hormone biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis.(4)Based on the analysis of biosynthetic pathways of phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and other effective components, ten kinds of differential metabolites were screened from flowering to withering of R. delavayi, including L-phenylalanine, trans-cinnamic acid, chalcone, naringenin, p-coumaroyl shikimic acid, ferulic acid, coniferyl alcohol, sinapic acid, syringin and quercetin. In addition, the differential metabolites of effective components showed that phenylpropanoids biosynthesis and metabolism activities gradually increased with the development of R. delavayi, while flavonoid biosynthesis gradually decreased. These key differential metabolites may play an important role in regulating the development of R. delavayi. This study provides a metabonomic basis for the study of effective components in the metabolic pathway during the process from flowering to withering of R. delavayi, and provides a reference for the further study of the molecular mechanism of flowering period regulation of R. delavayi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal Of Sichuan University (Natural Sciences Division) / Sichuan Daxue Xuebao-Ziran Kexueban is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Sichuan University Natural Science Edition and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To extract the two active components of quinic acid and shikimic acid from Ginkgo biloba leaves with ethanol. The effects of extraction times,extraction temperature, and solvent concentration on the extraction of quinic acid ad shikimic acid from Ginkgo biloba leaves were investigated. The results showed that the optimal process parameters for comprehensive extraction of quinic acid and shikimic acid from Ginkgo biloba leaves were as follows: material-to-liquid ratio 1 8 g/mL,70% ethanol, temperature 70 °C,two extractions,the first extraction 2 h,and the second extraction 1 h. The content of quinic acid is 5. 29%,and the content of shikimic acid is 4. 90%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To design and synthesize shikimic acid derivatives by modifying the structure of the 1-position carboxyl group,and to study their a-glycosidase inhibitory activity, in order to obtain glycosidase inhibitors with novel structures. Using shikimic acid as the leading structure, the 1-position carboxyl group was structurally modified by esterification, amidation, hydrogenation, reduction, etc.,to synthesize a series of shikimic acid derivatives;The inhibitory effect of a-glycosidase was evaluated. 15 shikimic acid derivatives were synthesized, of which 12 were new compounds. The synthesized shikimic acid derivatives all showed different degrees of inhibitory activity on a-glycosidase, but Except for compound T14 whose side chain is an amino structure, the IC50 of other compounds is greater than that of acarbose,and the IC50 of compound T14 is much smaller than that of acarbose. The glycosidase inhibitory effects of shikimic acid and its derivatives have been studied for the first time. The results show that shikimic acid derivatives have a-glycosidase inhibitory activity, which provides a new type of lead structure for the research of antidiabetic drugs and other drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The chemical constituents in Urtica dioica fruits were investigated by silica gel chromatography, preparative HPLC, NMR, and HR-MS for the first time. As a result, 21 compounds were isolated from the fruits of U. dioica and identified 7R,8S,8'R-olivil(1), oleic acid(2), α-linoleic acid(3), palmic acid(4), methyl palmitate(5), α-linolenic acid(6), α-linolenic acid methyl ester(7), 5-O-caffeoyl-shikimic acid(8), vanillic acid(9), p-coumaric acid(10), 5-O-p-coumaroylshikimic acid(11), cinnamic acid(12), quinic acid(13), shikimic acid(14), ethyl caffeate(15), coniferyl ferulate(16), ferulic acid(17), caffeic acid(18), chlorogenic acid(19), pinoresinol(20), and quercetin(21). Compound 1 was a new compound and compounds 2-16 were isolated from U. dioica for the first time.

Aromatic compounds make up a large part of fragrances and are traditionally produced by chemical synthesis and direct extraction from plants. Chemical synthesis depends on petroleum resources and has disadvantages such as causing environment pollutions and harsh reaction conditions. Due to the low content of aromatic compounds in plants and the low yield of direct extraction, plant extractions require large amounts of plant resources that occupy arable land. In recent years, with the development of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, microbial synthesis of aromatic compounds from renewable resources has become a promising alternative approach to traditional methods. This review describes the research progress on the synthesis of aromatic fragrances by model microorganisms such as Escherichia coli or yeast, including the synthesis of vanillin through shikimic acid pathway and the synthesis of raspberry ketone through polyketide pathway. Moreover, this review highlights the elucidation of native biosynthesis pathways, the construction of synthetic pathways and metabolic regulation for the production of aromatic fragrances by microbial fermentation.

Metabolic engineering has been developed for nearly 30 years since the early 1990s, and it has given a great impetus to microbial strain breeding and improvement. Aromatic chemicals are a variety of important chemicals that can be produced by microbial fermentation and are widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, feed, and material industry. Microbial cells can be engineered to accumulate a variety of useful aromatic chemicals in a targeted manner through rational engineering of the biosynthetic pathways of shikimate and the derived aromatic amino acids. This review summarizes the metabolic engineering strategies and biosynthetic pathways for the production of aromatic chemicals developed in the past 30 years, with the aim to provide a valuable reference and promote the research in this field.

Shikimic acid is an intermediate metabolite in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in Escherichia coli and a synthetic precursor of Tamiflu. The biosynthesis of shikimic acid requires blocking the downstream shikimic acid consuming pathway that leads to inefficient production and cell growth inhibition. In this study, a dynamic molecular switch was constructed by using growth phase-dependent promoters and degrons. This dynamic molecular switch was used to uncouple cell growth from shikimic acid synthesis, resulting in the production of 14.33 g/L shikimic acid after 72 h fermentation. These results show that the dynamic molecular switch could redirect the carbon flux by regulating the abundance of target enzymes, for better production.

This study was performed to systematically investigate the polymorphism of shikimic acid. Through optimizing the recrystallization solvent, solvent volume, recrystallization temperature, time and pressure, three crystal forms were discovered and prepared. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD) and infrared spectrometry (IR) were used to characterize these solid states. Furthermore, the influencing factor experiments were used to explore the stability of these polymorphisms and the transformation among them. Three new polymorphisms were prepared and identified. The results indicated that only PXRD could identify different polymorphisms and there was no solvent in all three crystal forms. The composition, thermodynamic property and transformation of these crystal forms were described in this work. Furthermore, an effective method for qualitative analysis of these crystal forms was established., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Objective: To explore the potential precursors of the anthraquinone metabolites from Rheum tanguticum and preliminanly identify the synthesis pathway thereof., Methods: Sterile seedlings sprouted from the seeds of Rheum tanguticum were chosen as materials for inducing callus. The effects of different precursors and feeding duration on the callus of Rheum tanguticum and the anthraquinone yield in adult rheum were studied., Results: The greatest improvement of anthraquinone yield was achieved by acetic acid, increasing 43. 9% for the callus and 45. 8% in the adult rheum; the second greatest improvement was achieved by malonic acid, increasing 15. 8% for the callus and only 3. 6% in the adult rheum. The yield of anthraquinone was not influenced significantly by benzoic acid and p-benzoquinone, and in contrast, was inhibited in some degree by shikimic acid and α-ketoglutaric acid. A suitable feeding duration was 36 h, which worked well for the effects of precursors., Conclusion: The precursor for synthesis of anthraquinone metabolites from Rheum tan- guticum is acetic acid, which improves the yields of callus and anthraquinone in adult rheum, concluding that the anthraquinone metabolites are synthesized via polyketone pathway.

Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents from Canarium pimela fruits., Methods: Compounds were obtained after separation and purification by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. The structures were identified on the basis of physico-chemical properties and spectrum data., Results: Eight compounds were isolated from Canarium pimela fruits. The structures were identified as amentoflavone (1), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (2), shikimic acid (3), quercetin (4), kaempferol (5), 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid (6), 3,3',4-tri-O-methylellagic acid (7) and stigmasterol (8)., Conclusion: Compounds 1-8 are isolated from Canarium pimela fruits for the first time.