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Human skin is an extraordinary organ; it comprises an integrated，stretchable network of sensors that transmits information to the brain about tactile and thermal stimuli, enabling us to safely and efficiently operate in our environment. Researchers have become interested in large-scale electronic device networks inspired by human skin, motivated by the prospect of developing devices such as autonomous smart robots and bionic prostheses. Developing electronic networks consist of flexible, stretchable, and robust devices that are compliant with large-scale implementation and integrated with multiple functionalities is a testament to the progress in developing human-skin like electronic bodies. In the fields of human physiological parameter detection and robot tactile perception, electronic skin has been commonly used as a kind of flexible tactile biomimetic sensor. Conventional electronic skin tactile sensors based on metal and semiconductor materials do not meet the requirements for stretchability and portability during actual use because of poor flexibility and wearability. Attributed to the rapid development of flexible materials, and manufacturing and sensing technologies, new materials such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), carbon nanotubes, and graphene have been used to prepare or support electronic skin sensors in recent years, thus enabling electronic skin to be more similar to human skin in terms of stretchability, compressibility, and spatial resolution of touch, and other properties. Now, multi-functional integrated electronic skin devices have realized interaction with smart devices to obtain further collection and processing of human body information. This study analyzed and discussed new electronic skin materials and sensing technologies used in electronic skin, including capacitive effects, piezoelectric effects, piezoresistive effects, optical effects, and wireless antenna sensing. We focused on the recent research progress in electronic skin in terms of stretch/compressibility, biocompatibility, biodegradability, self-power, self-healing, temperature sensitivity, and multi-functional integration. Moreover, we anticipate the future research directions of new electronic skin properties and possible ways to achieve large-area, low-cost, multi-function integrated electronic skin sensor arrays.

Objective: To investigate the effect of hepatitis B virus X gene on the apoptosis in X gene-transfected HepG2 cells., Methods: HBX gene eukaryon expression vector pcDNA3.1-X was transfected into HepG2 cells by lipid-mediated transfection to establish HepG2/HBX cell model for HBX expression. HepG2 transfected with pcDNA3.1 was used as controls. At 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h after transfection, cell apoptotic rates were detected by flow cytometry. RT-PCR and Western blot were applied to evaluate the expression levels of HBX, Fas, FasL, and the levels of p-JNK and p-c-Jun protein., Results: HBX mRNA was detected in HepG2/ HBX cells 24 h after transfection, and the expression of HBX mRNA level was gradually up-regulated after transfection (P < 0.05); whereas no expression of HBX gene in the control cells. At 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h after transfection, all of the apoptotic rate in HepG2/HBX group were much higher than those in the controls (P < 0.05). The expression levels of Fas and FasL protein as well as the levels of p-JNK and p-c-Jun protein were significantly higher than those in the controls (P < 0.05). A positive correlationship was observed between the expression of HBX mRNA level and the hepatocyte apoptotic rate (P < 0.05), the same correlation of HBX mRNA level with the levels of Fas, FasL, p-JNK and p-c-Jun were also observed. (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: HBX can induce hepatocyte apoptosis by up-regulating the levels of p-JNK and p-c-Jun to promote the expression of FasL.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose regulation among the permanent urban and rural inhabitants in Shanghai., Methods: Questionnaire survey, physical examination, and laboratory testing were conducted among 14401 urban and rural inhabitants aged 15 - 74 in Shanghai selected by multistage cluster random sampling. The data about the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose regulation were collected and analyzed., Results: The respondent rate of this investigation was 80.5% (11,589/14,401). The prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were 8.6% (1000/11,589), 6.9% (802/11,589), and 1.0% (120/11,589) respectively (the standardized rates were 6.2%, 5.1% and 0.8%). The prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes, IGT, and IFG were significantly higher in those with overweight, obesity, central obesity, and hypertension. The prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes, IGT, and IFG in men were 8.9% (412/4621), 6.4% (296/4621), and 1.0% (47/4621) respectively, all not significantly different from those of the women, i.e. e., 8.4% (588/6968), 7.3% (506/6968), and 1.0% (73/6968) respectively (all P > 0.05). The prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes and IGT in the urban area were 11.2% (730/6500) and 6.4% (419/6500) respectively, both significantly higher than those in the rural area, i.e., 5.3% (270/5089) and 7.5% (383/5089) respectively (both P < 0.05). The prevalence rate of IFG in the urban area was 1.2% (77/6500), not significantly different from that in the rural area (0.8%, 43/5039, P > 0.05). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes, IGT, and IFG increased apparently with age, body mass index, waist hip ratio, and waist circumference. The ratios of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in the urban area and rural area were 39.6% (289/730) and 69.3% (187/270) respectively (chi(2) = 74.07, P < 0.01)., Conclusion: The prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes in Shanghai is higher than the mean national level and shows an increasing tendency. Screening of type 2 diabetes in rich rural areas should be emphasized.