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ObjectiveTo explore the effects of different test positions on quantitative muscle strength of wrist and finger flexor muscle groups and to establish a standardized muscle strength test protocol for each muscle group.MethodsForty healthy subjects （12 males and 28 females） were recruited. A portable digital quantitative muscle strength tester, Micro FET2TM, was used to measure the flexor muscle strength of each finger and the wrist joint at the 30° extension, 0° neutral, and 30° flexion, respectively. Palmar abduction strength of the thumb was measured at 30° and 60°, respectively. Ten subjects were randomly selected from the 40 subjects, and the quantitative muscle strength of each muscle group was tested again by the same operator after an interval of 10 to 15 days.ResultsExcept for the fact that in males, there was no significant difference in flexor muscle strength of thumb and wrist joint between 30° of wrist extension and neutral 0° position, the muscle strength of the other fingers flexion and wrist palmar flexor showed the following characteristics： 30° of wrist extension > neutral 0° position > 30° of flexion, and the PAST was 30°>60°; The flexor muscle strength of all the subjects was thumb > index finger > middle finger > ring finger > little finger; All muscle strength values of male were greater than those of female, and the difference was statistically significant （P0.05）. The reliability of muscle strength values measured at different times in 10 subjects was good.ConclusionThe quantitative muscle strength of each muscle group of the hand and wrist is affected by the test position, and a standardized and uniformed test position should be adopted in the actual identification. Micro FET2TM has good reliability for hand and wrist quantitative muscle strength testing. The 30° extension of the wrist can be used as the best standardized test position for the flexion muscle strength of each finger and wrist joint. The 30° position can be used as the best standardized test position for PAST.

[Objective] The arsenic sandstone area is the most serious soil erosion area in the Yellow River basin. Vegetation coverage changes and their driving factors were determined in order to provide a scientific reference for vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction in this area. [Methods] MOD13Q1 NDVI data from 2000 to 2022 were used with the Sen trend, Mann-Kendall significance test, Hurst index, residual analysis, and other methods to determine the temporal and spatial variation trends of vegetation coverage during the study period in the arsenic sandstone area. The response relationships between vegetation coverage and climatic factors and human activities were also determined. [Results] ① Vegetation coverage in the arsenic sandstone area increased by 4%/yr (p

“Japanese Gastric Cancer Treatment Guidelines” have been important guidelines for the treatment of gastric cancer in Japan and worldwide. The English version “Japanese Gastric Cancer Treatment Guidelines 2021 (6th Edition)” published in January 2023 consists of two parts. The first part includes diagnostic and treatment methods, such as surgery, endoscopic resection, chemotherapy, follow-up. The second part addresses clinical issues, including recommendations and explanations for clinical hot topics. This article will provide a Chinese interpretation of the guidelines and briefly introduce our hospital's clinical practice in the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer.

In order to develop an environment-friendly natural corrosion inhibitor，betaines in Lycium barbarum were extracted using cellulose.On the basis of single factor experiment，the extraction process was optimized by response surface methodology，and the inhibitory performance and mechanism of betaine crude extracting solution and its compound with polyaspartic acid for Q235 carbon steel in H2SO4 solution were studied.Results showed that the best conditions for the extraction of betaines from Lycium barbarum were an enzymolysis time of 59 min，an enzymolysis temperature of 46 ℃，an enzymolysis pH value of 3，a cellulose dosage of 3 mg/g，a liquid-solid ratio of 25 ∶1 (mL/g) and a methanol concentration of 80%(volume fraction).Under these conditions，the extraction rate of betaines was 20.34%，which was consistent with the predicted extraction rate 20.45%.The corrosion inhibition experiments exhibited that the betaine crude extracting solution of Lycium barbarum had good corrosion inhibition performance for carbon steel in sulfuric acid，and its inhibition efficiency increased with the rise of the concentration of betaine crude extracting solution.The inhibition efficiency reached more than 90%at 30 ℃when the concentration of betaine crude extracting solution reached 250 mg/L.After being combined with polyaspartic acid，the inhibition efficiency was enhanced obviously.Besides，both the betaine crude extracting solution and its complex were mixed-type inhibitors，which could be adsorbed on the surface of carbon steel to form a protective film.The adsorption process could be well described with Langmuir adsorption isolliemi equation.The adsorptions of betaine crude extractive and its complex on carbon steel surface were both spontaneous process dominated by physical adsorption in association with chemical adsorption.

Automation and accurate fault detection and diagnosis of HVAC systems is one of the most important technologies for reducing time,energy,and financial costs in building performance management.In recent years,data-driven fault detection and diagnosis methods have been heavily studied for fault detection and diagnosis of HVAC systems.However,most existing works deal with single systems and are unable to perform cross-system fault diagnosis.In this paper,a federal learning-based fault detection and diagnosis method is proposed,which uses convolutional neural networks to extract information features,aggregates features using special-designed algorithms,and perform cross-level and cross-system fault detection and diagnosis via federal lear-ning.For multi-fault level fault detection and diagnosis,federal learning is performed using data from four fault levels of chillers.Experimental results show that the average F1-score of the fault detection and diagnosis effect of the four-fault levels is close to 0.97,which is within the practical range.Federal learning uses chiller and air handling unit data for cross-system fault detection and diagnosis.Experimental results show that federal learning using different system data improves the diagnosis results of particular faults,e.g.,14.4% for RefOver faults and 2%~4% for both Refleak and Exoil faults.

Background Female railway workers are a high-risk group for obesity. Information technology is increasingly used in interventions for weight loss in overweight and obese populations. Daily self-weighing is a cognitive-behavioral strategy for self-monitoring of weight, but its effect on weight loss remains still controversial. Objective To investigate the effect of daily self-weighing plus online group interaction on weight loss and development of healthy lifestyle in overweight and obese female workers in Beijing Railway Bureau. Methods A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted. Participants were 72 overweight or obese female workers of Beijing Railway Bureau voluntarily recruited from June 1 to September1, 2019. They were equally randomized into an experimental group and a control group, receiving different weight loss interventions for 3 months (intervention scheme for the experimental group: individualized diet and exercise recommendations, daily self-weighing plus online group-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for weight loss, and that for the control group: individualized diet and exercise recommendations, and self-measurement of body weight with weight management counseling during the telephone or hospital follow-up once a month). Baseline and post-intervention data of both groups were collected, including composition indices (body weight, BMI, body fat percentage, fat content, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio), blood lipid indices〔total cholesterol (TC), triacylglyceride (TG), high-density liptein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density liptein cholesterol (LDL-C) 〕and total score and dimension scores of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-Ⅱ (HPLP-Ⅱ). Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression was used to explore factors associated with a 5% or more weight loss from baseline. Results Seventy-one participants (35 cases and 36 controls) who completed the study were finally included for analysis. The each body composition index, each blood lipid index, and total score and dimension scores of the HPLP-Ⅱ were similar in both groups at baseline (P>0.05). After the intervention, the experimental group showed a significant decrease in the body composition indices (except the waist-to-hip ratio), blood lipid indices (except the HDL-C), and a significant increase in the total score and dimension scores of the HPLP-Ⅱ (P0.05). Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed lower post-intervention body composition indices (except the waist-to-hip ratio) and blood lipid indices (except the HDL-C), and higher post-intervention total score and dimension scores of the HPLP-Ⅱ (P

NaCl can cause serious corrosion of galvanized steel, and the SO2 contained in the atmosphere promotes the corrosion process, so it is of great significance to study the corrosion behavior and mechanism of metals in this environmental system. In this work, alternating dry/wet corrosion in case of constant deposition salt was tested to investigate the corrosion condition and corrosion characteristics of galvanized steel in simulated coastal - industrial atmosphere using corrosion weight gain, dynamic potential polarization curves, electrochemical impedance and other analytical methods. Results showed that the corrosion degree increased with the rising of Cl - concentration. In the early stage of corrosion, the zinc layer served as a sacrificial anode to protect the substrate, and corrosion products were easy to decompose, so the corrosion degree was relatively light. In the late stage of corrosion, carbon steel began to corrode, corrosion products were the red rust, the corrosion increased significantly, the galvanized steel lost its cathodic protection previously provided by the zinc layer, and the corrosion rate increased exponentially with the prolonging of the corrosion time.

Objective To study how does reduction of blood flow perfusion regulates cytoskeleton rearrangement and its relationship with inflammation during atherosclerosis (AS). Methods The carotid artery stenosis model was established by carotid cannula in New Zealand rabbits. The normal animals were set as control group, and animals in high-fat diet were set as high-fat group. The localization and expression of vascular inflammation-related proteins MCP-1, planar cell polarity signaling pathway-related proteins DVL2 and VANGL2, and cytoskeletal proteins BBS8 and γ-tubulin were determined by immunohistochemistry staining,qPCR and Western blot. Results The cannula group and high-fat group but not control group showed intimal hyperplasia.The localizations of DVL2 and VANGL2 were found mainly at the endovascular hyperplasia in the cannula group, while the positive localizations of them were hardly found in the other two groups. Moreover, the expressions of the seproteins have been significantly up-regulated in the cannula group as compared to that in the control or high-fat group. Conclusions Reduction of blood flow perfusion is involved in the early inflammation of AS by increasing expression of MCP-1, and regulates the BBS8 and γ-tubulin during the rearrangement of microtubule cytoskeleton.

The superhydrophobic scallop-like Cu6Sn5 micro/nano structure were successfully constructed on pure copper substrate by heat-induced Cu/Sn interfacial metallurgical reaction and simple chemical modification process. The microstructure, chemical composition and corrosion resistance of as-prepared samples were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, etc. The results show that the averaged shear resistance strength between micro Cu6Sn5 and Cu substrate is higher than 40 MPa. After modified with myristic acid and Cu2+, copper myristate with low surface energy is formed on the armor Cu6Sn5 surface. The wetting angle of water droplets on as-modified surface is higher than 150° and its rolling angle is 7.2°. Compared with pure copper, the self corrosion current density of the samples modified by copper myristate in 3.5%NaCl(mass fraction) solution is about 1/10 of that of the samples before modification,showing better corrosion resistance. Based on the metallurgical bonding mechanism between intermetallic compounds and metal matrix, the armor formation strategy of metal materials in micro-scale by heat-induced interfacial reaction is proposed, which can successfully solve the open and key scientific problem of low mechanical stability for artificial superhydrophobic interface.

Objective To analyze the port complications and risk factors associated with the port complications in gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis. Methods The medical records of 323 patients with subcutaneous ports implantation for intraperitoneal chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed and 261 gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis were included. Port complications and risk factors associated with complications were analyzed. Results There were 59 (22.6%) cases with port complications associated with intraperitoneal chemotherapy in all included 261 cases. Subcutaneous effusion (25 cases, 42.4%) and port infection (16 cases, 27.1%) were the main complications, followed by port rotation (9 cases, 15.3%), partial port wound dehiscence (7 cases, 11.9%), catheter obstruction (1 case, 1.7%) and subcutaneous metastasis (1 case, 1.7%). The median period between port implantation and occurrence of complications was 3.0 months. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score, serum albumin, implantation management optimization and implantation specialized group were independent risk factors for port complications (P

In order to study the effect of the new composite emulsion on the storage quality of mango, zein/pullulan polysaccharide emulsion loaded with 0, 1% and 2% (v/v) essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia was prepared in this study, and the mangoes were coated with a film then stored at 20°C and at 65% RH, and the indexes were measured regularly. The results showed that the three composite emulsion coating treatments could all slow down the increase of weight loss rate of mango and maintain a higher content of Vc in the pulp, but had little effect on the content of TA and TSS in the pulp. The composite emulsion loaded with the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia could also effectively inhibit the respiration of mango fruit, delay the degradation of chlorophyll and the increase of carotenoid content in the peel. Among them, the treatment of zein/pullulan polysaccharide emulsion loaded with 1% essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia had a better effect on delaying the degradation of chlorophyll, slowing down the increase of weight loss rate and maintaining the content of Vc. In conclusion, the zein/pullulan polysaccharide emulsion loaded with 1% essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia was more conducive to maintaining the storage quality of mango. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatio-temporal analysis of crop water requirement and crop irrigation water requirement is crucial to the optimal allocation of water resources and the formulation of irrigation systems. The objective of this study is to understand the spatio-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of the water requirement during the growth period and irrigation water requirement of the main crops in Xinjiang, cotton, spring wheat, winter wheat, and corn. Based on the daily meteorological observation data from 1960 to 2020, the Penman-Monteith formula and the single crop coefficient method were adopted in this study, and Mann-Kendall (TFPW-MK) of Detrended Preset White (TFPW) was used to study the changing characteristics of water requirement of four crops. The temporal and spatial evolution trend of crop water requirement and irrigation water requirement were predicted by rescaled range (R/S) analysis. Using the principle of important covariate feature identification of the random forest model, the importance ranking of meteorological factors and crop water requirement was analyzed, and the causes of changes in crop water requirement were explored. The results show that: 1) the water requirement of major crops in Xinjiang had generally shown a trend of "increase first, then decrease and then increase" for 61 year. The order of crop water demand and irrigation water requirement from large to small was: cotton > corn > winter wheat > spring wheat. In terms of space, there was a spatial distribution of "Southern Xinjiang>Northern Xinjiang, Southeast>Northwest, East>Western". The variation range of water requirement for major crops was: cotton 381.20-991.20 mm (mean 654.94 mm), corn 350.26-924.48 mm (mean 607.98 mm), spring wheat 361.96-709.69 mm (average 464.89 mm), winter wheat 266.47-753.62 mm (average 495.7 0 mm). The range of irrigation water requirement was: cotton 49.49-975.88 mm (average 563.19 mm), corn 52.47-910.85 mm (average 530.18 mm), spring wheat 42.58-701.29 mm (average 409.28 mm), winter wheat 21.94-741.77 mm (average 418.26 mm). Since the middle and late 1980s, irrigation water requirement decreased more than water requirement. 2) According to the TFPW-MK analysis, in the past 61 years, the water requirement of 12 stations mainly distributed in the northern edge of the Tarim Basin, including Shaya and Aksu, and Baekol in the eastern Xinjiang, showed an upward trend. The water requirement of 27 stations in Karamay in Xinjiang and Artux in southern Xinjiang gradually decreased; the rest of the stations fluctuated up and down. 3) In the prediction of future water demand using the R/S method, four crop water demand and irrigation water demand at Tacheng, Toli, Fuyun and Urumqi stations in northern Xinjiang, Baekol in eastern Xinjiang, and Shaya, Wuqia, Tazhong, Qiemo and Kalpin stations in southern Xinjiang will decrease in the future, while spring and winter wheat water demand at Hongliuhe, Baekol and Bayanbulak in eastern Xinjiang will show an increasing trend in the future. 4) During the crop growth period, wind speed and temperature were the most important factors affecting the water requirement of major crops in Xinjiang, while precipitation was the least important factor for the water requirement of major crops in Xinjiang. This research comprehensively provides decision-making and basis for the formulation of high-efficiency agricultural water use and irrigation measures in Xinjiang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration of marine controlled source electromagnetic survey for gas hydrate generally consists of a dynamic horizontal electric dipole source towed in the sea water and a static receiver array allocated on the seafloor. In this paper, two orthogonal horizontal components of electric field excited by a horizontal electric dipole source upon one-dimensional horizontal-layered seafloor are calculated to study the effect of different arrangements and gas hydrate models on the response of electric field. There are several dominant factors determining the variation of induced field, including transmitting frequency of the source, distance between the source and the seafloor, water depth, thickness of the overburden layer, as well as physical and chemical structure of the gas hydrate model. Modeling results suggest that the amplitude of received electric fields can reach up to 10-16–10-10 V /(A·m2) by adjusting transmitting frequency; keeping the source being towed several tens of meters above the seafloor can improve the survey efficiency but not decrease the quality of collected data; deep water environment and shallow thin overburden layer are favorable for the survey because of their attribution to signal-to-noise ratio; the porosity and saturation of gas hydrate have significant influence on medium resistivity-the higher resistivity the medium has, the bigger the amplitude of electric field response will be. Forward modeling can provide valuable information for the development of instruments and the design of survey to detect gas hydrate. 摘 要: 海底天然气水合物电磁勘探采用动态水平电偶源发射与静态阵列式海底偶极接收的测量方式。基于一维地电模型，求解海底水平层状介质的电偶源电场响应，得到海底两个水平正交电场的传播表达式，据此研究天然气水合物电场响应的影响因素。对供电频率、电偶源离地高度、海水深度、覆盖层厚度以及天然气水合物地层自身的物理化学结构等因素与归一化电场幅值的关系分别进行了计算分析，结果显示：调整供电频率可使归一化电场幅值变化于10－16～10－10 V/(A·m2)；将电偶源施放至离海底数十米高度进行拖曳可获得较好的作业效果，且不改变信号采集的质量；深水及浅薄覆盖层属于有利的探测环境，该环境下的感应场源具有较高的信噪比；天然气水合物的孔隙度、饱和度影响介质电阻率值，其电阻率越高，电场响应幅值越大。正演模拟结果可对天然气水合物探测设备研制及海洋作业提出切实可行的设计方案。图7参22 Key words: marine exploration, controlled source electromagnetic method, gas hydrate, electric field response, forward modeling

We analyzed the relationship between the distribution of amphibians and the environmental variables at the habitat level and landscape level in Fengqiu County of Henan Province, a typical region of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, with the support of geographic information system (GIS) and R software. At the habitat level, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity (COND), turbidity (TURB), NH-N, pond-interior vegetation cover ( VEGinterior), emergent vegetation cover (EMER), pond-edge vegetation cover ( VEGedge), benthic fauna predators (PRE), and pond area ( AREA) were selected as habitat variables. At the landscape level' total area of ponds ( AP) ' distance to the nearest road ( DR) ' total area of farmlands ( AF) ' total area of woodlands ( AW) ' Shannon's diversity index (SHDI), and contagion index (CONTAG) were selected as explanatory variables, calculated within a buffer of 50, 500, 000 and 000 m around the centroid of each pond. The results showed that the distribution of Bufo gargarizans was mainly related to the PRE and landscape variables within the larger radius buffer zone ( AW000, DR000, SHDI000, CONTAG000). The distribution of Pelophylax nigromaculata was closely related to the EMER and landscape variables within the smaller radius buffer zone (SHDI500). VEGinterior and PRE were the key factors determining the distribution of Pelophylax plancyi. Landscape variables ( AF000, SHDI000) within the larger buffer radius were the most significant influencing factors on Fejervarya multistriata. For all amphibian species' the EMER and SHDI500 were variables that should be con-sidered. For the protection of amphibian species in plain agricultural landscape' we suggested that conservation efforts should focus on improving the pond-interior vegetation cover, protecting the semi-permanent ponds, and enhancing the functional connectivity among ponds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polypropylene (PP)/Talc compounding system and polypropylene/sodium phosphate nucleating agent (NA-40)/Talc compounding system were prepared by a melt mixing method, and the effect of Talc content on the mechanical properties, heat resistance, flow properties and crystallization temperature of two compound systems was investigated. The reasons for improvement in mechanical properties of compounding systems were analyzed by a dynamic method. The results indicated that the compounds achieved the flexural modulus of 2 316 MPa, a heat distortion temperature of 120 °C and a crystallization temperature of 132. 9 °C when 0. 2 wt % of NA-40 and 10 wt % of Talc were added into PP. Meanwhile, the flow properties of the compounds seemed not to change. These results meet the requirements of PP for high rigidity and high heat-resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive agriculture is the way for production and management in modern agriculture, which increases the yield per unit area of farmland, brings a series of environmental and ecological problems, and limits the sustainability of agriculture. Landscape preference focuses on different stakeholders' preferences for landscape, reflects the influences of human's subjective feelings and behaviors on landscape. Based on the agricultural landscape of Fengqiu County in Henan Province, we investigated the characteristics of the landscape elements which stakeholders preferred and analyzed the reasons using the questionnaire survey and other related methods. We proposed several suggestions for future development of the agricultural landscape in study area. The results showed that stakeholders preferred the landscape element which is simple and easy to manage, and emphasized the production and economic functions of agricultural landscape. Experts and local environmentalists preferred the landscape elements with multiple functions and benefits, as well as complex landscape configurations with high heterogeneity, with the aim to develop the multifunctional agricultural landscape. Factors such as education level, professional background and types of intervie-wees had obvious influences on the landscape preference of stakeholders. The decision-making beha-vior of government, the degree of economic compensation, and the technological support of eco-agriculture would be the important factors determining the possible development of landscape structure and function in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Device-to-Device (D2D) communications gain more and more attention, which can improve the transmit rate and enhance the energy efficiency of the users. However, D2D communications result in new problems and challenges, since the link resource of cellular users is reused and intracell interference can no longer be neglected. In this work, we study the resource sharing scheme about joint mode selection and uplink reusing allocation combining the positive and negative resource sharing willing of the cellular users, from the perspective of reducing the harmful influence of the interference between the cellular users and D2D pairs and enhancing the energy efficiency of the network. More precisely, we analyze the energy efficiency of the users of two modes in D2D communications. Then, we formulate the energy-efficient resource sharing problem as a nontransferable coalition formation game, with the characteristic function of that accounts for the gains in terms of energy efficiency and the costs in terms of mutual interference. Moreover, we develop a distributed coalition formation algorithm based on the merge-and-split rules and the Pareto order, which is used to get the strategy of the uplink resource sharing. Extensive simulation results are provided to demonstrate the validity of our proposed game and model and algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In July and August of 2012 and 2013, habitat selection and use patterns of reindeer were studied using both line and strip-transect surveys. Twenty-three habitat factors were measured and compared in known reindeer range areas in northwestern China. A total of 72 sampling sites were designated as being used by reindeer, and 162 sites were designated as unused control plots. The results indicated that, compared to the non-used habitat plots, reindeer selected summer habitats with higher values in altitude (26.9 ± 0.8 m), arbor canopy (17.9% ± 2.4%), arbor DBH (35.5 ± 2.1 cm), arbor height (8.2 ± 0.5 m), arbor density (6.9 ± 0.5 ind · 400 m-2) and stump quantity (1.3 ± 0.2 ind · 400 m-2), and with a lower shrub height (54.2 ± 2.0 cm). Moreover, reindeer also selected habitats at intermediate positions of intermediate slope gradient, which provided good water accessibility, more distance from human disturbance and herder influence, but bad concealment and lee condition. Results of the principal component analysis showed that the disturbance intensity (i. e. residential dispersion, anthropogenic-disturbance dispersion), arbor characteristics (arbor height and arbor density, arbor DBH and arbor canopy), geography characteristics (i. e. slope position, slope aspect and soil moisture), food abundance (ground-plant cover and shrub cover), openness (concealment and lee condition) and slope gradient were the most important factors influencing the habitat selection of reindeer in summer. In summary, the summer habitat selection of reindeer is a multidimensional process, through which reindeer adapt according to their ecological needs of food resources, safety and anti-predation. Furthermore, the pattern of habitat selection of reindeer showed that reindeer in China has not yet been domesticated, and reindeer populations and their core habitats should be conserved from intensive disturbance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism industrial structure is the key factor that affects economic growth of regional tourism. The optimization of tourism industrial structure is an important sign of the regional tourism quality and economic development level. Based on the building of a multi-sectoral economic model , we measure the contribution of the changes of tourism industrial structure to tourism economic growth by using the data from 1992 to 2008. The results show that the changes contributed more to economic growth in those years, with an average growth of 3. 188% and accounting for the 4. 9529% proportion of economic growth rate correspondingly. However, changes of tourism industrial structure in different periods contributed differently to tourism economic growth , which can be divided into two middle cycles and six short cycles. Though the contributions are gradually declining , the stability of tourism economic growth is getting stronger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a research which explores the potency of the immunoprotected multivalent DNA vaccine against Schistosoma japonicum cited in mice.

In order to enhance the failure diagnosis and tolerant ability of automated mechanical transmission(AMT), improve its stableness and reliability, a pneumatic AMT with 12 gears which is used on heavy duty vehicles was studied and developed a failure diagnosis system following ISO15765 using the diagnosis method including signal detection, analytical redundancy, real-time tracking and tolerated fault method involving analytical redundancy, open-loop control and feedback replacement. Experimental results showed that this diagnosis system can monitor and judge the failure time, take effective measures to make the failure vehicle limp home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the construction of recombinant pseudorabies virus (TK-/gI-) norientation expressing glycoprotein of rabies virus using the AseI/Mlu I restriction enzymes.

An improved amplitude approach algorithm for the pattern synthesis of arbitrary arrays was presented. Newton downhill method was used to amend the amplitude approach method, so that the process of the pattern synthesis is stable. The simulation results show that not only both the main lobe and side lobe shape can be controlled efficiently, but also the pattern is approaching the expected shape more quickly and steadily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bursting strength is an important index of textiles mechanical properties. Some relations of the test parameters were found on the study of GB/T 7742. 1-2005. Test area and bursting strength have an inverse relation. For the same sample, the breaking strength of old standard recommended area 7.3 cm² is about 3 times of that of the existing standards recommended area 50 cm². Bursting speed has little effect on the bursting strength. Bursting strength would increase slightly when bursting speed increase. There is a certain linear relationship between bursting speed and bursting time in small adjustments arrangement. So bursting speed could be adjusted quickly to the standard bursting time. This test method has good precision, and the coefficient of variation (CV) of uniform sample test results is less than 1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate assessment of material and energy exchange between land and atmosphere is essential for water resources management and sustainable development of agriculture. To understand the characteristics of energy distribution and the dynamic change process of water and heat fluxes within the maize farmland ecosystem in the old course of Yellow River and their response to meteorological factors, we utilized the eddy covariance measurements and the full-element automatic weather station to continuously observe energy fluxes and conventional meteorological elements of summer maize farmland in the old course of Yellow River during 2019-2020. We analyzed the variation of energy fluxes and the effects of environmental factors, such as temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. Additionally, we calculated the energy closure rate and the proportion of energy distribution during the growth stage. The results showed that the peaks of net radiation, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux occurred between 11:00 and 14:00, and the peak of soil heat flux occurred between 14:00 and 15:00. In terms of energy distribution, energy consumption of summer maize farmland during the whole growth period was dominated by latent heat flux and sensible heat flux. Energy was mainly consumed by sensible heat flux at sowing-emergence stage, accounting for 37.1% of net radiation, respectively. Energy in the rest of growth stages was dominated by latent heat flux. The energy closure rate during the whole growth period was better, with a coefficient of determination of 0.83, and the closure rate was higher in day and lower at night. Precipitation affected latent heat flux and sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux was more sensitive to precipitation. The increase of latent heat flux after rainfall was lower in late growth stage than in early growth stage. During the whole growth period of summer maize, solar radiation was the most significant meteorological factor affecting both sensible heat flux and latent heat flux, followed by vapor pressure deficit. The contribution of temperature and vapor pressure deficit to latent heat flux was significantly higher than sensible heat flux, while the relative contribution of wind speed, relative humidity, and solar radiation to latent heat flux was lower than sensible heat flux. Leaf area index and fractional vegetation cover had a significant positive correlation with latent heat flux and a significant negative correlation with sensible heat flux. Our results could deepen the understanding of water and heat transfer law of summer maize farmland in the old course of Yellow River, providing a theoretical basis for efficient water use of crops.

To understand the heavy metal pollution status of Dongjiang Lake, the contents and species of heavy metals in the surface sediments were investigated during September 2021, and the heavy metal pollution level and potential ecological risk were evaluated. The results showed that Cd, Pb, As, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr contents were in the range of 0.40-34.1, 14.8-1688, 6.99-1155, 6.89-280, 26.2-1739, 6.29-55.4, and 23.3-44.8 mg·kg -1 , respectively, with extremely uneven spatial distributions. The highest contents of Cd, Pb, As, Zn, Cu, and Ni were found in the site adjacent to Yaogangxian tungsten ore. The proportion of metal species with bioavailability was high, in which Cd in acid-soluble species was 46.7%-71.5% and Pb in reducible species was 46.8%-67.0%. The bioavailable species of Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr were 35%-68%, 42%-72%, 26%-51%, and 6%-30%, respectively, although they primarily existed in residual species. According to the geo-accumulation index ( I geo ), there was a moderate or extreme pollution status of Cd in all sites, moderate or extreme pollution status of Pb in 90% of sites, and moderate pollution status of As, Cu, and Zn in 30% of sites. The ecological risk factor ( E r i ) of Cd showed high potential ecological risk in all sites with significantly high potential ecological risk in 80% of sites. Moreover, As and Pb had significantly high potential ecological risk, and Cu had moderate potential ecological risk in S7, which was adjacent to Yaogangxian tungsten ore. There was a high total potential ecological risk in all sites and significantly high potential ecological risk in 50% of sites. Therefore, the surface sediments of Dongjiang Lake were under the combined pollution of Cd, Pb, As, Zn, and Cu with high bioavailability and high total potential ecological risk.

Objectives: To study the virtual reality-pattern visual evoked potential (VR-PVEP) P100 waveform characteristics of monocular visual impairment with different impaired degrees under simultaneous binocular perception and monocular stimulations., Methods: A total of 55 young volunteers with normal vision (using decimal recording method, far vision ≥0.8 and near vision ≥0.5) were selected to simulate three groups of monocular refractive visual impairment by interpolation method. The sum of near and far vision ≤0.2 was Group A, the severe visual impairment group; the sum of near and far vision <0.8 was Group B, the moderate visual impairment group; and the sum of near and far vision ≥0.8 was Group C, the mild visual impairment group. The volunteers' binocular normal visions were set as the control group. The VR-PVEP P100 peak times measured by simultaneous binocular perception and monocular stimulation were compared at four spatial frequencies 16×16, 24×24, 32×32 and 64×64., Results: In Group A, the differences between P100 peak times of simulant visual impairment eyes and simultaneous binocular perception at 24×24, 32×32 and 64×64 spatial frequencies were statistically significant ( P <0.05); and the P100 peak time of normal vision eyes at 64×64 spatial frequency was significantly different from the simulant visual impairment eyes ( P <0.05). In Group B, the differences between P100 peak times of simulant visual impairment eyes and simultaneous binocular perception at 16×16, 24×24 and 64×64 spatial frequencies were statistically significant ( P <0.05); and the P100 peak time of normal vision eyes at 64×64 spatial frequency was significantly different from the simulant visual impairment eyes ( P <0.05). In Group C, there was no significant difference between P100 peak times of simulant visual impairment eyes and simultaneous binocular perception at all spatial frequencies ( P >0.05). There was no significant difference in the P100 peak times measured at all spatial frequencies between simulant visual impairment eyes and simultaneous binocular perception in the control group ( P >0.05)., Conclusions: VR-PVEP can be used for visual acuity evaluation of patients with severe and moderate monocular visual impairment, which can reflect the visual impairment degree caused by ametropia. VR-PVEP has application value in the objective evaluation of visual function and forensic clinical identification.

Professor SHENG Can-ruo proposes that the pathogenesis of chronic pelvic pain of sequelae of pelvic inflammatory diseases is "kidney deficiency and cold coagulation, obstruction of the governor vessel and the belt vessel". For the treatment, attention is paid to warming yang and tonifying kidney, dredging and regulating the governor vessel and the belt vessel; the acupoints of Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Fuliu (KI 7), Taixi (KI 3) etc. are selected. With the method of treating yang for yin disorder and mao -acupuncture, professor SHENG emphasizes the importance of syndrome differentiation-based treatment. The main point of treatment is to balance yin - yang and to maintain both sides of the symptoms and root causes.

The paper introduces professor SHENG Can - ruo ' s experience in treatment of goiter with the combination of acupuncture and herbal medication. Professor SHENG believes that this disease is mostly related with emotional injury, improper diet and geographical and climatic factors, as well as body constitution. Qi stagnation, phlegm retention, blood stagnation and interaction of phlegm and stasis are the essential pathogenesis of goiter. Either acupuncture or herbal medication should focus on "phlegm and stasis" in treatment. Besides, the theory of western medicine should also be considered. In western medicine, thyroid enlargement is classified into Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ degrees of struma, thus, the pathogenesis and treatment with Chinese medicine should be adjusted accordingly. The created "four throat points", combined with acupuncture at distal points, relieve the local masses. The basic herbal formula is prepared and the couplet medicines are modified based on syndrome differentiation. The integrated acupuncture and herbal medication regulates emotions and provides a comprehensive treatment for goiter.

This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of astragaloside Ⅳ in mice with ulcerative colitis(UC) and its effect on the percentage of peripheral blood T helper(Th17) cells. Following the establishment of UC mouse model with 2% sodium dextran sulfate(DSS), mice in the positive control group and low-and high-dose astragaloside Ⅳ groups were treated with corresponding drugs by gavage. Disease activity index(DAI) was calculated, and serum interleukin-17(IL-17), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) levels were assayed by ELISA. The pathological changes in colon tissue were observed by HE staining, and Th17/regulatory T cells(Treg) ratio in the peripheral blood was determined by flow cytometry. Western blot was conducted for detecting the relative protein expression levels of forkhead box protein P3(Foxp3) and retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear receptor γT(ROR-γt). The findings demonstrated that in normal mice, the colonic structure was intact. The goblet cells were not reduced and the glands were neatly arranged, with no mucosal erosion, bleeding, or positive cell infiltration. In the model group, the colonic mucosal structure was seriously damaged, manifested as disordered arrangement or missing of glands, vascular dilatation, congestion, and massive inflammatory cell infiltration. The pathological injury of colon tissue was alleviated to varying degrees in drug treatment groups. Compared with the normal group, the model group exhibited elevated percentage of Th17 cells, increased IL-17 and TNF-α content, up-regulated relative ROR-γt protein expression, lowered TGF-β, reduced percentage of Treg cells, and down-regulated relative Foxp3 protein expression. The comparison with the model group showed that DAI score, pathological score, percentage of Th17 cells, IL-17 and TNF-α content, and relative ROR-γt protein expression in the positive control group, low-dose astragaloside Ⅳ group, and high-dose astragaloside Ⅳ group were decreased, while TGF-β content, percentage of Treg cells, and relative Foxp3 protein expression were increased. The DAI score, pathological score, percentage of Th17 cells, IL-17 and TNF-α content, and relative ROR-γt protein expression in the low-dose astragaloside Ⅳ group were higher than those in the positive control group, whereas the content of TGF-β, percentage of Treg cells, and relative Foxp3 protein expression were lower. DAI score, pathological score, percentage of Th17 cells, IL-17 and TNF-α content, relative ROR-γt protein expression in the high-dose astragaloside Ⅳ group declined in contrast to those in the low-dose astragaloside Ⅳ group, while the TGF-β content, percentage of Treg cells, and relative Foxp3 protein expression rose. There was no significant difference between the positive control group and the high-dose astragaloside Ⅳ group. Astragaloside Ⅳ is able to inhibit inflammatory response and diminish the percentage of Th17 cells in mice with UC.

This study adopted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-QTOF-MS)-based untargeted metabolomic approaches for exploring the changes in endogenous metabolites of rat serum related to property differences between ginseng and American ginseng. Then the action mechanisms of them with warm and cool properties and the effects of processing on their property changes were investigated. Based on principal component analysis(PCA), the differences in metabolite profiles between ginseng, red ginseng, American ginseng, and red American ginseng were compared. After that, 16 potential differential endogenous biomarkers were identified by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) and online database searching. And the related metabolic pathways were systematically analyzed. By comparing content variations of these 16 potential differential endogenous biomarkers, we have found that 10 potential differential biomarkers were responsible for the warm property of ginseng and red ginseng, and 9 were related to the cool property of American ginseng and red American ginseng. As demonstrated by in-depth analysis of related metabolic pathways of differential biomarkers, ginseng and American ginseng mainly played a role in regulating the energy metabolism of amino acid, glycolysis, and fatty acids, during which they exhibited differences in property. The comparison of content variations of these differential endogenous between groups revealed that the energy metabolism of red ginseng group was stronger than that of ginseng group, consistent with the traditional processing theory that the warming and tonifying effects of ginseng could be enhanced after processing. The property of red American ginseng was similar to that of American ginseng, both cool in property, but American ginseng was cooler than red American ginseng. It can be seen that non-targeted metabolomic approaches can be utilized to study mechanisms underlying property differences of Chinese medicines and the effects of processing on their property changes.

This paper introduces the specific clinical experience of professor SHENG Can - ruo in treatment of peripheral facial paralysis with the combination of acupuncture-moxibustion and herbal medicine. Professor SHENG Can - ruo advocates "acupuncture-moxibustion for the external and herbal decoction for the internal", inventes "three facial points" and " jianei point" and experienced in "pair points" and "pair herbs". Professor SHENG rationally applies penetrating needling technique, mutually uses acupuncture-moxibustion and herbal medicine and determines the treatment in stages so that the remarkably clinical effect has been achieved on peripheral facial paralysis.

A Cu 0 /PMS system mainly relies on the leaching of copper ions to degrade the pollutants and adapt to the narrow pH range (<7). To solve this defect, we studied the properties and reaction mechanism of Cu 0 @Fe 3 O 4 magnetic core-shell material, which was successfully prepared using co-precipitation method, taking PNP as the target pollutant. The results showed that: ① a degradation rate of 96% can be achieved within 60 min for 5 mg ·L -1 PNP, 200 mg ·L -1 Cu 0 @Fe 3 O 4 , and 0.5 mmol ·L -1 PMS at a natural pH value (5.65); ② the Cu 0 @Fe 3 O 4 /PMS system can be regarded as a heterogeneous reaction system because TCu, TCu + , and iron leaching were almost negligible; ③ on comparing the performance of the Cu 0 @Fe 3 O 4 /PMS system and Cu 0 /PMS system in the pH range of 3 to 11, it was discovered that the method by which Cu 0 activates the PMS to degrade the PNP was successfully changed by coating a layer of Fe 3 O 4 . The Cu 0 @Fe 3 O 4 /PMS system has a good degradation performance towards PNP in the pH range of 5-9; ④ SO - 4 · and HO · existed in the reaction system, and their contribution rates to the reaction system were 34% and 60% ; HO · was the dominant free radical; ⑤ A bimetallic synergy exists between Fe and Cu. The presence of Cu(Ⅰ) can promote the reduction of Fe(Ⅲ) to Fe(Ⅱ), thereby forming a good redox cycle and improving the durability of the reaction system.

Professor SHENG Can-ruo is a well-known national veteran doctor with over 70 years of clinical experience. He has unique academic thoughts and clinical experience for common diseases and some difficult and complicated diseases. This paper mainly introduces professor SHENG 's syndrome-differentiation thought and experience of acupoint selection for hot flashes. It is emphasized that common hot flashes, such as hot flashes and night sweats, are different between yin and yang . While regulating yin and yang , more attention should be paid to ying - wei harmony, which is not only suitable for women's perimenopausal syndrome, but also for a series of clinical diseases caused by refractory drugs such as endocrine therapy after breast cancer surgery. At the same time of acupoint selection based on syndrome differentiation, a more rational prescriptions should be made according to the duration of the disease and the experience acupoints to improve the clinical efficacy.

This study was conducted in 2017 from July 1st to August 31st at Xinglongshan musk deer farm in the Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve of Gansu Province, where we recorded behaviors and locations of 29 captive musk deer using the integrated methods of focal sampling and all occurrence recording. Based on the location selection patterns under artificial stress, we defined the animal's stress level and quantified individuals' boldness by combination with the occupation time ratio at each level. Then, the effects of gender, age-class, and other factors on boldness were analyzed along with musk secretion and reproduction success. The results showed that musk deer in better health (1.731±0.347) were significantly bolder than those in ill health (0.915±0.789). Female musk deer (1.901±0.391) were significantly bolder than the males (1.035±0.120). The boldness of sub-adults (1.450±0.463) was higher than those of the adults (1.093±0.321) and the old (1.430±0.189). No significant difference in boldness was observed among three age-classes under the same gender. Deer living in groups (1.397±0.179) were not significantly bolder than those living alone (0.853±0.326). More individuals in groups, less boldness. Furthermore, there was negative correlation between male's boldness and musk secretion. The litter size had positive relationship with boldness. The non-pregnant percentage was strongly correlated to the boldness, namely the bolder females had lower non-pregnant ratio. Our results provide reference for forecasting the musk secretion and reproduction success of captive musk deer, and provide new ideas for the study of boldness in captive animals.

We analyzed the relationship between the distribution of amphibians and the environmental variables at the habitat level and landscape level in Fengqiu County of Henan Province, a typical region of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, with the support of geographic information system (GIS) and R software. At the habitat level, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity (COND), turbidity (TURB), NH 3 -N, pond-interior vegetation cover (VEG interior ), emergent vegetation cover (EMER), pond-edge vegetation cover (VEG edge ), benthic fauna predators (PRE), and pond area (AREA) were selected as habitat variables. At the landscape level, total area of ponds (AP), distance to the nearest road (DR), total area of farmlands (AF), total area of woodlands (AW), Shannon&rsquo;s diversity index (SHDI), and contagion index (CONTAG) were selected as explanatory variables, calculated within a buffer of 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 m around the centroid of each pond. The results showed that the distribution of Bufo gargarizans was mainly related to the PRE and landscape variables within the larger radius buffer zone (AW2000, DR2000, SHDI1000, CONTAG1000). The distribution of Pelophylax nigromaculata was closely related to the EMER and landscape variables within the smaller radius buffer zone (SHDI500). VEG interior and PRE were the key factors determining the distribution of Pelophylax plancyi. Landscape variables (AF2000, SHDI2000) within the larger buffer radius were the most significant influencing factors on Fejervarya multistriata. For all amphibian species, the EMER and SHDI500 were variables that should be considered. For the protection of amphibian species in plain agricultural landscape, we suggested that conservation efforts should focus on improving the pond-interior vegetation cover, protecting the semi-permanent ponds, and enhancing the functional connectivity among ponds.

Objective: To investigate the charactcristics of CD180 expression and differentiation diagnostic value in B cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (B-CLPD) through detecting the mean fluorescence intensity（MFI）of CD180 in different sub types of B-CLPD，using multiparameter flow cytometry (FCM)., Methods: The CD180 MFI of malignant B cells in 178 patients with B-CLPD was detected by FCM. The level of CD180 MFI in various types of B-CLPD was compared to the normal control group. The level of CD180 MFI among sub-types of B-CLPD was also compared., Results: (1) The expression levels of CD180 in B-CLPD was significantly lower as compared with the normal controls，except the spleen difuse red pulp lymphoma (SDRPL); (2) The CD180 MFI in chronic lymphocytic leukemia sCLL) was significantly lower as compared with other B-CLPD cells; (3) CD180 ware significantly overexpressed in HCL compared with MCL，LPL，and MZL (P <0.05); (4) In the spleen-derived B-CLPD，such as SMZL，HCL, HCL variation and SDRPL，the expression of CD180 has significant difference between lymphomas with or without villous., Conclusion: Utilizing the multiparameter flow cytometry for defecting expression of CD180 and other immunological markers can more efficiently distinguish the subtypes of B-CLPD.

Intensive agriculture is the way for production and management in modern agriculture, which increases the yield per unit area of farmland, brings a series of environmental and ecological problems, and limits the sustainability of agriculture. Landscape preference focuses on different stakeholders' preferences for landscape, reflects the influences of human's subjective feelings and behaviors on landscape. Based on the agricultural landscape of Fengqiu County in Henan Province, we investigated the characteristics of the landscape elements which stakeholders preferred and analyzed the reasons using the questionnaire survey and other related methods. We proposed several suggestions for future development of the agricultural landscape in study area. The results showed that stakeholders preferred the landscape element which is simple and easy to manage, and emphasized the production and economic functions of agricultural landscape. Experts and local environmentalists preferred the landscape elements with multiple functions and benefits, as well as complex landscape configurations with high heterogeneity, with the aim to develop the multifunctional agricultural landscape. Factors such as education level, professional background and types of intervie-wees had obvious influences on the landscape preference of stakeholders. The decision-making beha-vior of government, the degree of economic compensation, and the technological support of eco-agriculture would be the important factors determining the possible development of landscape structure and function in the future.

Riparian buffer zone is important ecological transitional region between river and upland. Restoring the degraded vegetation system is important for preventing soil erosion, improving ecological environment and helping to achieve the sustainable development of ecosystems. Based on the scenario simulation of vegetation pattern and flow length index, we analyzed the responses of hydrological connectivity to vegetation pattern under different vegetation coverages and slope gradients, and explored the optimal vegetation pattern of soil and water conservation in riparian buffer zone in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The results showed that the midslope-coarsness-clustered distribution of vegetation configuration, which exhibited the shortest flow length and the weakest hydrological connectivity, being the optimal vegetation pattern for controlling slope runoff generation and flow concentration. For the optimal vegetation pattern, its flow length increased with increasing slope length, namely, the longer slope length the more significant difference of hydrological connectivity between different slope gradients. Meanwhile, flow length of the optimal vegetation pattern decreased with increasing vegetation coverage. The differences between different slope gradients were obvious under low vegetation coverage, while it was unobvious on slope with vegetation coverage of 45%. Compared with the irregular variation trend of flow length on the actual vegetation slope, there was a consistent trend of first increase and then decrease on the simulated slope with the optimal vegetation pattern. Within the pre-set slope gradient range (5°-20°), the optimal vegetation pattern changed the variation of flow length between different slope gradients in the process of coverage change, which highlighted the influence of riparian buffer zone vegetation pattern on hydrological connectivity.

SelectingFengqiu County in Henan Province, a typical region of the lower Yellow River, as the study area, adopting the analysis method of graph theory, with the support of geographic information systems (GIS) and R software, we analyzed the effects of landscape composition and landscape configuration, the mean pond size (MS), the number of ponds (NP), and distance to the nearest roads (DR), on habitat availability of amphibian species under different levels of dispersal ability (250, 500, 1000 and 2000 m), by referring the probability index of connectivity (PC) and the important value of patches (percentage of the variation in PC, dPC k ) to the degree of availability of ponds for amphibians' breeding. The results indicated that the ponds availability for amphibians' breeding was closely related to MS, NP, and DR. Therein, MS and NP were the key factors determining the availability of ponds under the dispersal ability of 250 m, and then MS and DR were the most significant influencing factors on pond availability under the dispersal ability of 500 m. However, under the high dispersal ability (1000 and 2000 m), MS and NP were the most important factors determining the availability of ponds. Therefore, with regard to the protection of amphibian species and their habitats in plain agricultural landscape, the number, mean size, and distances to the nearest roads of ponds should be taken into full consideration.

Eco-services provided by non-agricultural organisms are the basis of ecosystem to keep its stability in agricultural landscapes. With the strengthening of agricultural intensification, the ongoing loss of biodiversity is one of the most extrusive issues in the development of modern agriculture. In this paper, the study area was set up in Gongyi County, a typical agricultural region in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. According to its typical topography (mountain-hilly-plain) type, we explored the effects of landscape heterogeneity on the diversity of pollinators at three different scales, which were geomorphic categories, landscape and habitat. Pan traps were used to obtain pollinators in this study. The effects of agricultural landscape heterogeneity at multi-scales on the diversity of pollinators were analyzed by using multivariable ANOVA. The results showed that a total of 67012 pollinator individuals that belonged to 86 classes and 7 subjects were classified. The dominant groups inclu-ded Syrphidae and Anthomyiidae. The common groups included Drosophilidae, Calliphoridae, Bombyliidae, Pipunculidae, Cantharidae, Cynipidae, Vespidae, Chalalcididae, Megachilidae and Apidae. Geomorphic categories showed the most significant impact on pollinators (P<0.001), suggesting that hilly and mountainous areas were the pollinators' ground of nectar. It was followed by habitat scale (P<0.05), with non-significant effect on the scales of landscape and the interaction between scales. The effect of landscape heterogeneity on the diversity of pollinators in hilly and mountainous areas provided a theoretical support for landscape planning and biodiversity conservation on the local area with different geomorphic categories.

With the development of social economy, human disturbance has resulted in a variety of ecosystem service degradation or disappearance. Ecosystem services flow plays an important role in delivery, transformation and maintenance of ecosystem services, and becomes one of the new research directions. In this paper, based on the classification of ecosystem services flow, we analyzed ecosystem service delivery carrier, and investigated the mechanism of ecosystem service flow, including the information, property, scale features, quantification and cartography. Moreover, a tentative analysis on cost-effective of ecosystem services flow (such as transportation costs, conversion costs, usage costs and cost of relativity) was made to analyze the consumption cost in ecosystem services flow process. It aimed to analyze dissipation cost in ecosystem services flow process. To a certain extent, the study of ecosystem service flow solved the problem of "double counting" in ecosystem services valuation, which could make a contribution for the sake of recognizing hot supply and consumption spots of ecosystem services. In addition, it would be conducive to maximizing the ecosystem service benefits in the transmission process and putting forward scientific and reasonable ecological compensation.

Soil phosphorus is an important indicator to measure the soil fertility, because the content of soil phosphorus has an important effect on physical and chemical properties of soil, plant growth, and microbial activity in soil. In this study, the soil samples collecting and indoor analysis were conducted in Zhoukou City located in the flooded area of the Yellow River. By using GIS combined with geo-statistics, we tried to analyze the spatial variability and content distribution of soil total phosphorus (TP) and soil available phosphorus (AP) in the study area. Results showed that TP and AP of both soil layers (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm) were rich, and the contents of TP and AP in surface layer (0-20 cm) were higher than in the second layer (20-40 cm). TP and AP of both soil layers exhibited variation at medium level, and AP had varied much higher than TP. TP of both layers showed medium degree of anisotropy which could be well modeled by the Gaussian model. TP in the surface layer showed strong spatial correlation, but that of the second layer had medium spatial correlation. AP of both layers had a weaker scope in anisotropy which could be simulated by linear model, and both soil layers showed weaker spatial correlations. TP of both soil layers showed a slowly rising change from southwest to northeast of the study area, while it gradually declined from northwest to southeast. AP in soil surface layer exhibited an increase tendency firstly and then decrease from southwest to the northeast, while it decreased firstly and then increased from southeast to the northwest. AP in the second soil layer had an opposite change in the southwest to the northeast, while it showed continuously increasing tendency from northwest to the southeast. The contents of TP and AP in the surface layer presented high grades and the second layer of TP belonged to medium grade, but the second layer of AP was in a lower grade. The artificial factors such as land use type, cropping system, irrigation and fertilization were the main factors influencing the distribution and spatial variation of soil phosphorus in this area.

Soil and vegetation are the foundation of maintaining riparian ecosystem services, and their spatial distribution and variations can determine the effects of ecological functions. In the present study, selecting the typical reach of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River as the study area, the spatial distributions of riparian soil physicochemical properties and their response to environmental factors were analyzed by employing methods of field investigation, experimental analysis, and redundancy analysis (RDA). The results showed that soil particle was composed significantly of silt in the study area, with the increase of riparian buffer distance, soil bulk density increased initially and then decreased, whereas soil moisture showed the opposite pattern. Changes in total soil phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN); ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) contents under different riparian buffer distance showed no statistically significant differences. The spatial distribution of soil chemical properties was generally insignificantly different through changes between two vegetation types. Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was close relationship between soil physical and chemical properties, therein, TOC content in the study area was positively and significantly related to TN (P < 0.01), NO₃⁻-N (P < 0.01, and NH₄⁺-N (P < 0.05) contents, respectively. Both the TN and TOC contents were significantly negatively related to sand content (P < 0.01), while was significantly positively related to clay content (P < 0.01), indicating that high sand content cou ld pormote poro9sity and permeability of soil and then accelerate the degradation rate of organic matters in soils. In addition, the results of RDA indicated that TOC and NH₄⁺-N contents increased with increasing the height and coverage of the tree layer. Soil TP and NO₃⁻-N contents increased with increasing the plant diameter at breast height (DBH) of the tree layer and coverage of the herb layer. Meanwhile, with the increase of elevation gradient, the content of soil NH₄⁺-N presented an increasing trend, indicating that soil properties were significantly influenced by the effects of community structure and elevation gradient in the study area.