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Objective To quantitatively measure the morphological parameters of femoral condyle based on MRI images so as to determine the effect of anterior-posterior femoral condyle geometry on patellar instability (PI) in patients with high-grade femoral trochlear dysplasia. Methods A total of 82 series of knee joint MRI images from 74 patients with high-grade femoral trochlear dysplasia who underwent MRI scanning in our hospital from January 2014 to January 2021 were retrospectively selected. According to the results of clinical diagnosis and radiological imaging, they were further divided into patellar dislocation group (n=45) and non-patellar dislocation group (n=37). Subsequently, the morphological parameters related to the femoral condyle of knee joint were measured quantitatively in the MRI images, including posterior condylar angle (PCA), width of medial-lateral epicondyle (MLW), medial posterior condyle width (MPCW), lateral posterior condyle width (LPCW), medial anterior condyle length (MACL), lateral anterior condyle length (LACL), medial posterior condyle length (MPCL), and lateral posterior condyle length (LPCL). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the intra- and inter-observer reliability of the quantitative MRI measurements. Results The MPCW and LACL values were significantly lower in the patellar dislocation group than the non-patellar dislocation group (P < 0.05), whereas there were no statistical differences in PCA, MLW, LPCW, MACL, MPCL and LPCL values between the 2 groups. The measurement results of all parameters had good consistency within and among the observers (ICC≥0.80). Conclusion The patients of patellar dislocation have shorter lateral anterior femoral condyle and narrower medial posterior femoral condyle, which may be risk factors for dislocation in those with high-grade trochlear dysplasia.

Objective To quantitatively measure and analyze the morphological features of posterior femoral condyle of anterolateral ligament (ALL) injury based on CT images. Methods A total of 41 knees with acute ALL injuries admitted in our hospital from January 2014 to April 2019 were retrospectively selected as the injury group, and the other 41 matched knee joints served as the control group. Their complete imaging data of the knee joints were collected, and the CT images were used to quantitatively measure the morphological parameters of knee joints in the 2 groups, including medial-lateral width of epicondyle (MLW), medial posterior condyle width (MPCW), and lateral posterior condyle width (LPCW), lateral condyle length (LCL), medial condyle length (MCL), lateral posterior condyle length (LPCL), medial posterior condyle length (MPCL), medial posterior condyle height (MPCH), and lateral posterior condyle height (LPCH). In addition, the ratios of posterior condyle widths (LPCW/MLW, MPCW/MLW) and those of lengths (LPCL/LCL, MPCL/MCL) was calculated to minimize individual differences. Statistical analysis was carried out for the differences of parameters between the 2 groups. Results The differences in width and length of posterior condyle between the 2 groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05). ① Width: MLW was greater (P=0.042), and the ratios of LPCW/MLW and MPCW/MLW were significantly lower in the ALL injury group than the control group (P < 0.05); ② Length: MCL, MPCL and LCL were larger (P < 0.05) and the ratio of LPCL/LCL was lower in ALL injury group than the control group (P < 0.01); ③ Height: There was no statistical difference in the height of medial and lateral posterior condyles between the 2 groups (P>0.05). Conclusion The medial posterior femoral condyle is narrower, and the lateral posterior femoral condyle is narrower and shorter. And shorter lateral posterior condyle increases the risk of ALL injury by changing the internal movement of knee joints.

The thermal insulation properties of nano-porous thermal insulating materials largely depend on thermal transport via gas phase within their pores, and this process relies on their pore structures. Therefore, investigating pore structures and thermal transport via gas phase is important to understand the heat transfer mechanism. Current research mainly focuses on the theoretical calculation and analysis from the perspective of heat transfer, and special and systematic studies based on actual materials have not been reported yet. In addition, accurate analysis of pore structures using usual techniques is difficult due to the complex pore network and the poor mechanical properties of their solid skeleton. In this study, nano-porous thermal insulating materials with different pore structures were synthesized via a sol-gel process followed by supercritical drying. The materials were then characterized by thermal conductivity tester, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, and helium pycnometer. The pore structures of the resulting materials were obtained, and the relationship between pore structures and thermal transport via gas phase was studied. Results show that the bimodal distribution of pores in the resulting materials, corresponding to gas-contributed thermal conductivity. All pores within the resulting materials can be equivalent to pores with a single diameter when the equivalent size of large pores is 10 times less than that of small pores. Similar to the pure gaseous thermal conductivity, the intrinsic gas-contributed thermal conductivity including gas-solid coupling effects rises with increasing pore diameter of the materials. The ratio of intrinsic gas-contributed thermal conductivity to pure gaseous thermal conductivity is 2.0, 1.5, and 2.0-1.5 for pores smaller than 200 nm, larger than 500 nm, and with size between 200 and 500 nm, respectively. When the equivalent size of large pores is 10 times less than that of small pores or when the equivalent size of large pores is 100-1000 times that of small pores and the contribution of large pores to the total porosity is less than 10%, the gas-contributed thermal conductivity reduction of the resulting material with decreasing gas pressure can be divided into three stages (steep decreasing stage, slow decreasing stage, and hardly changing stage) according to decreasing rate. When the equivalent size of large pores is 3000 times larger than that of small pores, the gas-contributed thermal conductivity reduction of the resulting material with decreasing gas pressure can be divided into four stages (steep decreasing stage, slow decreasing stage, steep decreasing stage, and hardly changing stage) even if the contribution of large pores to the total porosity is very low (less than 10%).

This paper presents the design of a handheld pseudo random coded Ultra-WideBand (UWB) radar for human sensing. The main tasks of the radar are to track the moving human object and extract the human respiratory frequency. In order to achieve perfect penetrability and good range resolution, m sequence with a carrier of 800 MHz is chosen as the transmitting signal. The modulated m-sequence can be generated directly by the high-speed DAC and FPGA to reduce the size of the radar system, and the mean power of the transmitting signal is 5 dBm. The receiver has two receiving channels based on hybrid sampling, the first receiving channel is to sample the reference signal and the second receiving channel is to obtain the radar echo. The real-time pulse compression is computed in parallel with a group of on-chip DSP48E slices in FPGA to improve the scanning rate of the radar system. Additionally, the algorithms of moving target tracking and life detection are implemented using Intel’s micro-processor, and the detection results are sent to the micro displayer fixed on the helmet. The experimental results show that the moving target located at less than 16 m far away from the wall can be tracked, and the respiratory frequency of the static human at less than 14 m far away from the wall can be extracted.

X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) technique has been applied to the determination of non-metallic minerals such as gypsum. However, the method is limited due to the lack of certified reference materials and the high content of sulfur and easy volatilization loss of sulfur at high temperature. In order to fit the standard calibration curve, synthetic reference materials were prepared by using gypsum certified reference materials, high purity calcium sulfate and other national primary certified reference materials (soils, stream sediments, carbonate). A method for the determination of ten major and minor components (Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Ti, S, Sr) by XRF was proposed. Dilution ratio and melting temperature were optimized and the matrix effect was corrected by a theoretical α coefficient. Results show that gypsum can be completely melted when the dilution ratio was 9:1 and the melting temperature was 1050℃. The detection limits of the method are 4-135 μg/g, and the precision (RSD, n=12) is less than 3.0%; analytical results of certified reference materials were in good agreement with certified values. The synthetic reference materials for the method expand the adaptability of the sample matrix. The lithium tetraborate-lithium metaborate flux in the melting process could be effectively combined with S, suppressing sulfur volatilization. The method is suitable for batch analysis of the gypsum samples with the sulfur content between 12.60% and 51.91%.

The content of magnetic iron is one of the basic analyses in ultra-low-grade magnetite exploration. In order to accurately determine the content of magnetic iron, quantitative separation of magnetic iron is very important. There is no standard method for the analysis of magnetic iron in iron ore, and the reproducibility of common artificial magnetic separation is poor due to the human factors and the difficulty of guaranteeing effective magnetic field intensity. A new magnetic separation device (electromagnetic separation device) was developed by using 50 mL burette, electromagnet and a three-phase asynchronous motor. Magnetic iron and nonmagnetic iron in ultra-low-grade magnetite was quantitatively separated by optimizing the working conditions. Determination of magnetic iron was proposed by combining the potassium bichromate titrimetric method with a magnetic separation technique. When the current was 2.5 A, the motion frequency of the magnetic tube was 40 times/min, and the time of magnetic separation was 5 min. The relative error was lower than 1.0% for the reference material. For the practical samples, the analysis results completed by the proposed method were in agreement with those determined by artificial magnetic separation with the RSD of the proposed method being lower than 1.0%, which was an improvement over the precision of artificial magnetic separation. For the new method, the magnetic field intensity was effectively controlled, the parameters for the separation of magnetic iron were quantized, and the measurement accuracy was improved for magnetic iron.

Acid digestion (aqua regia, tetracid), as a conventional method, is usually used for dissolving Ag-Pb deposit to detect Pb. However, samples containing 40%-80% of barite are difficult to dissolve completely, possibly causing low results for Pb. Additionally, determination results can also be affected due to the formation of double salt precipitation from BaSO4 reacting with Pb. In this paper, a novel method for dissolving Ag-Pb ores by Na2O2 and determination of Pb by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) combining with high salt nebulizer was proposed. Experimental conditions such as sample volume and multiple dilutions were optimized. The detection limit was 0.013%, RSD was 1.1%-1.6% and recovery was 97.9%-102.9%. The samples were decomposed completely by alkali fusion with Na2O2. The addition of BaCl2 can eliminate the influence of sulfate on Pb for barite-bearing sample. However, there is no effect for non-barium-barite samples. This method solves the problems of both difficult and complete decomposing for Ag-Pb ores with high content barite and the influence of BaSO4 in the quantification of Pb.

A High-speed digital sampling technology suitable for periodical impulse radar signal is proposed in this paper. One bit high-speed quantize is constructed by differential comparator in FPGA. Time-interleaved digital sampling and buffer encoding are used to one bit stream based on the internal multi-phase clock of FPGA, to achieve sampling rate higher than 1 GHz. High speed digital sampling is realized by the accumulation of one bit sampling data with different comparison levels. An 8 bit, 1.6 GHz ADC based on the proposed method is realized on XC2V3000 Xilinx’s FPGA, which is successfully applied in GPR. The proposed method has the advantages of low cost and power consumption as compared with real sampling, and exhibits higher efficiency as compared with equivalent sampling.

Objective In recent years, real-time, accurate, and markerless recognition of sports motions has been a hot issue. The related researches on machine learning or deep learning recognition of specific sports or target motions were systemetically reviewed based on computer vision data input and a reference was provided for the application of markerless motion capture technology in the field of sports science. Methods The documents published from January 2000 to June 2020 in 6 databases were collected, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, and CNKI through Boolean logic operations. 23 research articles were included after screening, and the first author/year of publication, movement type/target action, subject information, camera parameters, image feature extraction technology, action recognition algorithm, action recognition quality evaluation method, image data training and verification methods, action recognition accuracy performance, and other key information were extracted. Results 39% of the studies use machine learning algorithms based on support vector machines, and 35% of the studies use deep learning algorithms based on convolutional neural networks. Classification accuracy, confusion matrix, and displacement error are the action recognition quality evaluation methods used in most studies. Conclusion Field camera settings based on computer vision, image feature extraction, and motion recognition algorithm model development need to be combined with specific sports, application scenarios, and accuracy requirements for multi-dimensional comprehensive measurement. With the development of deep learning recognition algorithms and wearable wireless sensing equipment, the accuracy, real-time, and robustness of unmarked motion capture will be further improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome editing technology has been successfully used in agricultural breeding, it is urgent to establish accurate identification and quantification technology based on molecular characteristics of genome-edited products. In this study, SP1 gene-edited rice was used as materials to develop an editing site-specific PCR method by designing universal primer pair upstream and downstream of the editing sites, and gene editing site-specific Taq-Man probes targeting at the editing sites. The results demonstrated that this method accurately identified specific genome-edited products with a detection sensitivity of 5-10 copies. The quantitative detection of genome-edited products was performed by both real-time PCR (qPCR) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Since thousands of independent droplets of ddPCR might eliminate the competitive consumption of universal primers by wild-type DNA, the quantitative results of ddPCR showed higher quantitative accuracy than those of qPCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular characterization lays a foundation for safety assessment and subsequent monitoring of transgenic plants. Due to the target-specific nature, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods cannot comprehensively detect unintended gene insertions, let alone detect unknown GM events. More and more newly developed crops by new plant breeding technology challenged classical PCR-based methods. Next-generation sequencing is expected overcome these limitations, providing rapid and comprehensive molecular feature data. This article summarized complex mechanism of T-DNA integration, limitations of traditional molecular identification methods, and application of high-throughput sequencing methods in safety evaluation of genetically modified molecular characteristics. It also discussed challenges encountered and application strategies, which might provide alternatives for safety evaluation of genetic modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allopolyploid Brassica napus contains a large number of homologous and redundant genes. It is difficulty to identify novel genes related to important agronomic traits by traditional T - DNA insertional, physical and chemical mutagenesis methods. In this study, a genome -wide inflorescence lhRNAi library of B. napus was constructed by the rolling circle amplification (RCA) -mediated lhRNAi construction technology. Subsequently, the inflorescence lhRNAi library was transformed into B. napus to produce 763 To transgenic plants. A total of 74 trans-genic lines exhibited visible mutant phenotypes, including petal reduction in the number, stamen degeneration shrinkage,stigma distortion and exposure, dead or closed buds and male sterility. These results demonstrated the construction method of lhRNAi library which were successfully applied to rapeseed and provided an important research platform for gene functions related to rape flower inflorescence development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to diagnose the incipient fault of a rolling bearing, an approach for incipient fault diagnosis using the component-envelope detection method is presented in this paper. SVD is first used to reconstruct the one-dimensional sampling time sequence into high dimensions space. Then subspace containing fault feature information can be found. An inverse transformation is performed to change this subspace into component signal. With envelope analysis, the envelope spectrum of the component signal is obtained. Through the envelope spectrum, the incipient fault feature of rolling bearing can be detected obviously. Both simulation and engineering experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: To investigate the education effect of case-based learning (CBL) pattern on clinical internship of conservative dentistry and endodontics. METHODS: Forty-one undergraduates were randomly assigned into CBL group and traditional teaching group. After clinical internship in the department of conservative dentistry and endodontics for 11 weeks, each student in the 2 groups underwent comprehensive examinations including medical record writing, case analysis, academic knowledge, professional skills and the ability of winning the trust of the patients. The scores were compared between the 2 groups using SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the 2 groups with regard to the scores of academic knowledge and profession skills (P>0.05). However, the results of medical record writing, case analysis and the ability of winning the trust of the patients showed significant difference between the 2 groups(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Proper application of CBL in clinical internship of conservative dentistry and endodontics contributes to improve students' ability of clinical thinking, synthetical analysis and adaptability to different patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the need of monitoring the crack damage located at bolt hole of metallic bolted-joint structure, a kind of damage monitoring smart washer with rosette eddy current sensor was proposed. The influences of washer electromagnetic properties on monitoring capability were analyzed based on constructed semi-analytic model, and experiment of 2A12-T4 aluminum alloy under constant loading spectrum was carried out to validate analysis results. Semi-analytic model results show that amplitude ratio variation of smart washer increases with washer relative permeability, while decreases with washer conductivity. The result of fatigue crack monitoring experiment of 2A12-T4 aluminum alloy under constant loading spectrum verifies the damage monitoring capability of smart washer with aluminum alloy and stainless steel materials. However, monitoring curve of smart washer with stainless steel material is smoother than that with aluminum alloy material, which indicates that the smart washer with steel stainless material has a better monitoring capability. The first channel of smart washer is capable of monitoring on accumulated damage and the other three channels are capable of quantitative monitoring on fatigue crack, with monitoring precision of 1 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simulation experiment of short term supplementation of UV-B was conducted to study the changes of chlorophyll fluorescence coefficients of alpine plant Saussurea superba under three typical weather conditions (sunny, cloudy, and shady) in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. When the weather changed from sunny to shady , the maximal quantum efficiency of PS E photochemistry ( Fv/Fm) after 3 minutes of dark adaptation increased significantly, the actual photochemical efficiency of PS II (ΦPS II ) and photochemical quenching (qP) also increased, but the non-photochemical quenching ( NPQ) decreased, demonstrating that PAR was the main factor affecting the PS E photochemical efficiency of S. superba. After the short term supplementation of UV-B, the Fv/Fm and NPQ under the three typical weather conditions had a slight decrease but the ΦPS II and qP had a slight increase, while the photosynthetic gas exchange had less change. The increasing trend of net photosynthetic rate Pn and ΦPS II under enhanced UV-B radiation could be related to the existence of more UV-A component, and also, benefited from the increased leaf thickness. UV-B radiation had potential negative effects on leaf photosynthetic components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the main companion species Saussurea superba in an alpine Kobresia humilis meadow on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as test material, a UV-B exclusion experiment with UV-B excluding and UV-B transmitting filters was performed to study the effects of strong solar UV-B on the photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigments, and UV-B-absorbing compounds of S. superba, aimed to examine the adaptation capability of alpine plants to strong solar UV-B radiation. The removal of UV-B components from natural sunlight increased the net photosynthetic rate (P<0.05) and PS II photochemistry efficiency of S. superba. The relatively increased leaf thickness under ambient UV-B could compensate the photo-oxidation of photosynthetic pigments, an inherent characteristic of alpine plants growing in intense UV-B. Short-term removal of UV-B radiation had no obvious effects on the UV-B absorbing compounds, suggesting that these compounds in epidermal layer of S. superba could hardly be affected by the environment. It was concluded that the increase of photosynthetic pigment contents due to the enhancement of leaf thickness was a specious phenomenon, but the strong solar UV-B radiation on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau still had a potential negative impact on the photo-physiological processes in alpine plant S. superba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A computing model for a series of discrete time data needed by the motion control of generating wave machine was presented, which can precisely simulate the irregular sea wave described by the wave spectrum. The control system for generating irregular wave was developed based on the open system multi-axis motion controller with the servo motor driver and PC, which successfully solve the high precise servo position control and the multi motor synchronous control problem by using digital PID and velocity feed-forward technology. The servo motor can get perfect motion characteristic by smoothing the series of discrete time data of points through the spline approximation. The control model can adjust the position output by the way of comparing the actual feedback spectrum with the target spectrum to get the simulated wave precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at adjusting the feedrate automatically to achieve maximum productivity in machining of consecutive small line blocks with high speed, this paper presented a novel mathematical model, and based on it, proposed an algorithm to seek the approximate optimal feedrate by evaluating the toolpath ahead. The simulation result demonstrates that the machine using the proposed model and algorithm can go fast where possible and slow down just enough where needed, and the productivity can be improved dramatically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To establish septic myocardial inhibition rat model by echocardiography., Methods: Twenty adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into control group and model group according to the random number table method, with 10 rats in each group. The rat model of septic myocardial inhibition was reproduced by intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide, while the control group was given the same volume of saline. The left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVDd), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVDs), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), right ventricular end-diastolic diameter (RVDd), right ventricular end-systolic diameter (RVDs), heart rate (HR), positive pulmonary artery flow rate and aortic flow rate were measured at 8 hours after model establishment by echocardiography. Then the rats were sacrificed to harvest serum and myocardial tissue. The levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor-ΚB (NF-ΚB), interleukin-1 (IL-1), cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and B-type brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-1 and NF-ΚB in myocardium were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). The pathological changes of myocardium were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining under light microscope., Results: Compared with control group, myocardial inhibition was obviously observed in model group, manifesting as enlargement of overall shape of heart, and prominent increase of HR (bpm: 449.0±21.1 vs. 356.7±23.3, P < 0.01); left ventricular and right ventricular functions were affected, LVDd, LVDs, LVEDV, LVESV were enlarged [LVDd (mm): 10.03±0.95 vs. 7.04±0.71, LVDs (mm): 5.95±0.71 vs. 3.07±0.05, LVEDV (mL): 2.11±0.53 vs. 0.81±0.21, LVESV (mL): 0.51±0.16 vs. 0.07±0.01, all P < 0.05], LVEF was significantly decreased (0.760±0.046 vs. 0.901±0.025, P < 0.01), RVDd was significantly increased (mm: 4.48±0.58 vs. 3.22±0.20, P < 0.05), and positive pulmonary artery velocity was significantly decreased (cm/s: 64.2±9.3 vs. 89.0±0.8, P < 0.05). Compared with control group, the levels of serum NF-ΚB, TNF-α, IL-1, BNP and cTnI in model group were significantly increased [NF-ΚB (ng/L): 103.84±6.55 vs. 57.29±41.34, TNF-α (ng/L): 1 198.32±164.07 vs. 835.45±24.01, IL-1 (ng/L): 1 089.90±221.96 vs. 746.19±165.83, BNP (ng/L): 1 097.36±293.84 vs. 454.71±197.79, cTnI (ng/L): 6 938.59±1 400.21 vs. 3 731.90±1 349.31, all P < 0.01], the mRNA expressions of TNF-α, NF-ΚB and IL-1 in myocardial tissue were significantly increased (2 -ΔΔCT : 1.50±0.42 vs. 0.71±0.40, 1.10±0.17 vs. 0.63±0.06, 1.77±0.67 vs. 0.10±0.03, all P < 0.05). It was shown by HE staining that the structure of myocardial tissue in control group was distinct, the arrangement of myocardial fibers was neat, and transverse was clear; the structure of myocardial tissue in model group was loose, blurred, and the cells were swollen, with obvious pathological changes., Conclusions: Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography, expression of inflammatory factors, myocardial markers and pathological changes. It was verified that intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg endotoxin could successfully prepare a rat model of septic myocardial inhibition.

Objective To compare the prenatal diagnostic value and image quality of magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)with fast imaging employing steady state acquisition(FIESTA)or single shot fast spin echo(SSFSE)sequence,in order to provide references for sequence selection of prenatal diagnosis.Methods The MRI data of 121 patients with suspected placental invasion were retrospectively analyzed. The ability of FIESTA in displaying MRI signs associated with placental invasion and its image quality were assessed and compared with SSFSE. Based on the records of cesarean section and pathological finding,the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive values,and negative predictive values of these two sequences were calculated.Results The image quality was significantly higher in FIESTA than in SSFSE(χ 2 =29.74,P=0.000). FIESTA had significantly higher ability to display focal interruptions in the myometrial wall than SSFSE(χ 2 =6.750,P=0.006);in addition,the ability to display abnormal vessel in the placenta(χ 2 =8.471,P=0.020),placental heterogeneity(χ 2 =13.885,P=0.000),hypointense intraplacental bands(χ 2 =4.267,P=0.035)were also significantly higher in SSFSE than in FIESTA,while the efficiency for displaying uterine bulging(χ 2 =0.250,P=0.625),uterine recess(χ 2 =0.167,P=0.687),uterine penetration and parametrium implantation(χ 2 =0.800,P=0.375),and protrusion of the placenta into the cervix(χ 2 =0.081,P=0.776)were not significantly different between these two sequences. Both sequences had a specificity of 100% in displaying uterine penetration and parametrium implantation,uterine recess,and protrusion of the placenta into the cervix. Conclusions FIESTA has better ability in displaying the contour and demarcation of placenta and uterine,whereas SSFSE is more efficient in displaying the changes of intraplacental signals. FIESTA can be used to observe the relationship between the placenta and the surrounding structures and whether the surrounding tissue is implanted,and the changes of placental signals can be observed in SSFSE. The combination of these two sequences can improve the prenatal diagnosis of placenta invasion.

Objective: To assess the predictive value of early phrase echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers in patients with severe sepsis., Methods: A retrospective analysis of severe septic patients (patients with acute coronary syndrome and end stage renal disease were excluded) in department of intensive care unit of Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital from January 2013 to December 2017 was conducted. The acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), myoglobin (MYO), creatine kinase (CK), MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB) within 6 hours after admission, and bedside echocardiography indexes [left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), the ratio of the peak blood flow velocity in the early stage of the mitral valve and the peak blood flow rate of the mitral valve (E/A ratio)] within 6 hours after diagnosis were recorded. The differences of indexes between patients with decreased contractile function (LVEF < 0.50) group and normal group, and the difference between dead group and survival group within 28-day were compared. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Logistic regression analysis were conducted to assess the early detected prognostic value in severe sepsis patients., Results: (1) A total of 316 patients were enrolled in the survey period. Decreased cardiac systolic function (LVEF < 0.50) was found in 89 cases (28.2%), and cardiac diastolic function impaired (E/A ratio < 1) in 269 cases (85.1%); while 79 cases (25.0%) had both systolic function and diastolic function impairment. (2) NT-proBNP and cTnI were statistically different between cardiac systolic function impaired group and normal group. Further Logistic regression analysis showed that only NT-proBNP was significantly correlated with LVEF [β=-1.311, odds ratio (OR) = 0.269, P < 0.001]. (3) Eighty-two of 316 cases were died in 28-day, and the 28-day mortality rate was 25.9%. Compared with the survival group, the ratio of E/A < 1, APACHE II score, NT-proBNP, cTnI, MYO, CK and CK-MB were significantly increased in death group. The ROC curve analysis showed that the above indexes had diagnosed value for prognosis in severe sepsis patient, among which NT-proBNP and cTnI had higher predictive value [the area under ROC curve (AUC) were 0.920 and 0.901 respectively, both P < 0.001]. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that APACHE II score (β= 0.282, OR = 1.326, P < 0.001) and NT-proBNP (β= 0.402, OR = 1.261, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for prognosis in patients with severe sepsis., Conclusions: The LVEF values measured by echocardiography in early phrase were unrelated to 28-day prognosis. APACHE II score, E/A ratio, NT-proBNP, cTnI, MYO, CK and CK-MB were related to 28-day prognosis. APACHE II scores and NT-proBNP were independent prognostic factors in severe sepsis patient.

The study is aimed to explore the metabolism rule of Lonicera japonica by investigating the primary and secondary metabolism process in different growth periods. HPLC and other methods were used to measure metabolism indexes of leaves collected in last ten days of every month. The results suggested that the maximum (78.59%) and minimum (60.83%) of water content were found in March and December. The content of total sugar reached a high level from December to February and the maximum (275.8 mg•g⁻¹) appeared in October, while it reduced significantly at other time. The change of chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, galuteolin, caffeic acid were basically consistent and the highest content of them synchronously appeared (42.79, 2.01, 7.13, 0.16 mg•g⁻¹) in March. The content of primary and secondary metabolite in L. japonica leaves reached a high level from March to May, and the main related elements with effective components were K, Mg, P, aspartate, threonine, proline, valine, cysteine, isoleucine and phenylalanine., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Phyllosilicate belongs to hydrated silica, which is a principal form of hydrous minerals on the martian surface. It’s also an indicator in comparing different sediments and degree of aqueous alteration. Therefore, it’s essential to establish its recognition model for studying the geologic evolution of the Mars. Short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral bands and thermal infrared (TIR) spectral bands have distinct spectral response to the mineral groups and ions, so they have distinctive advantages in detecting minerals. However the method of combining SWIR and TIR to recognize phyllosilicate is rarely studied. Based on the USGS spectral library, facing Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars(CRISM) and Thermal Emission Imaging System(THEMIS),we conducted the research on the mechanism of the spectral response of phyllosilicate, and established the SWIR and TIR identification model respectively, then combined the SWIR and TIR spectral features to build the combined recognition model of phyllosilicate with Fisher discriminant analysis. The results of cross validation show that the identification accuracy of combined model is the highest, which can correctly classify 90.6% of the mineral samples and improve the identification precision of phyllosilicate effectively.

In this research, 97 pieces of rock in Xingcheng, Liaoning Province, China were collected to measure the spectral reflectance in 350~2 500 nm, chemical content, and complex dielectric constant of some samples. The absorption depths were calculated by using continuum- removal method. With correlation analysis method, two kinds of correlation curves were obtained based on the theory of spectral characteristics of chemical contents and the principle of dielectric constant. One described the relationship between chemical content and spectral absorption depth, and the other one represented the correlation of complex dielectric constant and reflectance. By summarizing curves morphological characteristics, several conclusions were drawn as follows: (1)There was a strong correlation between the chemical content (SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, K2O, MgO, burnt-loss) and spectral absorption depth in 1 900~2 500 nm, furthermore, at around 1 900, 2 200, 2 300 nm and other identifying characteristic bands, local extreme maximum / minimum values appeared. At Fe3+ characteristic band (400~550 nm), correlation coefficient reached -0.406 between Fe2O3 content and absorption in igneous rock samples collection. Exploring the relationship between rock spectral absorption features and its chemical contents had a positive effect on metallogenic prediction and lithology identification with remote sensing image. (2) Reflectance and complex dielectric constant were negatively correlated totally, compared with the imaginary part; the real part had a better relation reached -0.753 at around 1 900 nm. Curves showed that there were great correlations around 1 900 and 2 200 nm, so, our study adopted different models to simulate response relationships. Dielectric constant of media is one of the basic physical properties, and now most analyses of existing research between electromagnetic characteristics and dielectric constant are studied in microwave band, however, our research is conducted in visible and near infrared range. The conclusions will be useful for further exploration on dielectric characteristics and spectral features of rocks.

On-line element content detection in iron and steel industry is one of the key techniques to ensure the quality in iron and steel metallurgy. Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has been applied to on-line components detection in molten steel. We have built LIBS system for components detection of molten steel in laboratory. The system consists of a Q-switched Nd∶YAG laser (repetition rate 10 Hz, wavelength 1 064 nm, pulse length 10 ns, pulse energy about 120 mJ), high frequency induction furnace (temperature 1 600 ℃), spectrometer (wavelength range 186～310 nm, spectral resolution 0.1 nm), laser focusing and spectral signal collecting system. Multi-elements were detected in molten steel with the application of deep-UV detector coating and solarization resistant fibers. According to the calibration curves of C, S, Mn and Cr, the limit of detections are 169, 15, 58.9 and 210 μg·g-1 respectively. The R-squares of calibration curves of C, S, Mn, and Cr are better than 0.96 by using appropriate analytical lines and reference lines. At the same time, through the comparison of different elements, we find the best calibration curve of different element need different delay conditions.

The research on the distribution and component of olivine is one of great significance to evaluate the geologic evolution of igneous planetary bodies such as the Moon. In this paper, the Sinus Iidium, as the survey region, was explored by Chang’s serial satellite. Here we present an olivine survey of the Sinus Iridium by using Spectral Feature Fitting (SFF) method based on the M3 data. The exposures of olivine were located in the northern crater wall and at the foot of Montes Jura, which were associated with plagioclase and little anorthosite. The stratigraphic units of the located formation were the interior crater slopes and debris ejected from the impact-formed Iridium crater, and the geological age was relatively older. The Mg number of the lunar olivine samples was dependent variables, and the band center of the lunar olivine spectrums were independent, which derived from the fitting analysis using Modified Gaussian Model (MGM). The quantitative inversion models of Mg number (Fo#) of the lunar olivine is established with multiple linear regression analysis. On this basis, the Mg number of the olivine rich point in the Sinus Iridium are calculated with quantitative inversion models of Mg number (Fo#). The result shows that, the Fo# of olivine in the Sinus Iridium are relatively high. The mean value of Fo# is Fo~80.84. As mantle olivine would be expected to be quite Mg-rich, it is suggested that at the vast majority of the olivine detected in the Sinus Iridium come from upper mantle of the Moon.

Objective: To provide the reference for germplasm identification and breeding of Lonicera japonica., Methods: Morphological taxonomy was used to observe, describe and preliminary classify different strains of Lonicera japonica. HPLC was used to determine the content of 5-caffeoylquinic acid,chlorogenic acid,cryptochlorogenic acid,luteolin,3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid in the buds and leaves; SPSS 17. 0 was used to analyze the data., Results: The differences between different strains of Lonicera japonica were on four aspects( leaf color, leaf shape,bud size and color). The buds of strain YTQL-01 and ITA-01 contained higher content of 5-caffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. There was no significant correlation between appearance and internal quality of different Lonicera japonica strains., Conclusions: Genetic diversity exists between different strains of Lonicera japonica according to appearance and internal quality.

Objective: To discuss the differences of inflammatory parameters such as procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), endotoxin, white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil ratio (Neut%) in blood of septic patients caused by bacterial bloodstream infection, and their correlation with the severity of disease., Methods: 292 septic patients with positive blood culture were enrolled in Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from February 2012 to March 2015, and their gender, age, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHEII) score, bacterial species and other general information were retrospectively collected. The differences in inflammatory parameters (PCT, CRP, endotoxin, WBC, Neut%) in septic patients caused by bacterial bloodstream infection were compared, their correlations with APACHEII scores within 24 hours were analyzed, and their diagnostic efficacies were also analyzed., Results: (1) It was shown by Pearson correlation coefficients that positively statistical correlation was found between PCT (r=0.638), CRP (r=0.620), endotoxin (r=0.284), WBC (r=0.209) and APACHE II score (all P=0.000) in bacterial bloodstream infective patients (n=292), and positively statistical correlation was found between PCT (r=0.626), CRP (r=0.616), Neut% (r=0.297) and APACHE II score (all P<0.01 ) in Gram positive bacterial (G+) group (n=86), and positively statistical correlation was shown between PCT (r=0.631), CRP (r=0.616), endotoxin (r=0.301), WBC (r=0.226 ) and APACHE II score (all P<0.01) in Gram negative bacterial (G-) group (n=206). (2) It was shown that PCT and CRP of both G+/G- bacterial severe sepsis and septic shock subgroup were significantly higher than those of sepsis subgroup, respectively [G+ group: PCT (μg/L):0.92 (0.38, 4.75) vs. 0.43 (0.22, 1.00), CRP (mg/L): 118.45±62.60 vs. 57.97±32.41; G- group: PCT (μg/L):6.92 (1.94, 25.90) vs. 1.28 (0.27, 4.12), CRP (mg/L): 130.99±60.18 vs. 49.18±26.87, all P<0.01], and the endotoxin and WBC in G- bacterial severe sepsis and septic shock subgroup were significantly higher than those of sepsis subgroup [endotoxin (ng/L): 19.40 (9.62, 33.87) vs. 10.00 (5.00, 18.52), WBC (×10(9)/L): 12.13±6.72 vs. 9.61±5.01, both P<0.01]. The PCT and endotoxin in G- bacterial severe sepsis and septic shock subgroup were significantly higher than those in G+ severe sepsis and septic shock subgroup [PCT (μg/L): 6.92 (1.94, 25.90) vs. 0.92 (0.38, 4.75), endotoxin (ng/L): 19.40 (9.62, 33.87) vs. 2.56 (1.11, 4.01), both P<0.01]. (3) The diagnostic efficacy of inflammatory parameters for severe sepsis and septic shock subgroup were: PCT area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC)=0.683, the cut-off point=0.55 μg/L, sensitivity 63.2%, specificity 69.0%; CRP AUC=0.802, the cut-off point=92.25 mg/L, sensitivity 73.7%, specificity 86.2%; WBC AUC=0.614, the cut-off point=7.35×10(9)/L, sensitivity 75.4%, specificity 48.3%; Neut% AUC=0.622, the cut-off point=0.882, sensitivity 43.9%, specificity 79.3% in G+ group. At the same time, it was shown that PCT AUC=0.780, the cut-off point=6.80 μg/L, sensitivity 51.0%, specificity 93.9%; CRP AUC=0.907, the cut-off point=90.10 mg/L, sensitivity 73.2%, specificity 95.9%; endotoxin AUC=0.694, the cut-off point=17.54 ng/L, sensitivity 57.3%, specificity 75.5%; WBC AUC=0.611, the cut-off point=10.54×10(9)/L, sensitivity 54.1%, specificity 69.4%; Neut% AUC=0.621, the cut-off point=0.843, sensitivity 65.6%, specificity 61.2% in G- group., Conclusions: The plasma PCT and CRP have the best correlation between inflammatory parameters and severity of disease in bloodstream infective sepsis patients. CRP has the best diagnostic effect in severe sepsis/septic shock patients with bloodstream infection.

Objective: The biological characteristics and pollen morphology of different Chaenomeles species in the flowering stage were studied,in order to provide a theoretical basis to discriminate the germplasm resources and new cultivars selection., Methods: Field research and scanning electron were used for the research of the biological characteristics and pollen morphology of Chaenomeles species., Results: The differences were significant both in the size of petal and the quantity of stamen in different kinds of Chaenomeles species. The pollen of Chaenomeles speciosa and Chaenomeles japonica were perprolate, and the ratio of the length between poles and diameter of the equator was more than two. The ratio of Chaenomeles sinensis, Chaenomeles cathayensis and Chaenomeles thibeticae ranged from 1.87 to 1.93 and they were prolate. The characteristics,such as the length between poles of pollen grain,diameter of the equator, the ratio of the length between poles and diameter of the equator, surface ornamentation and tectum perforation, had close genetic relationship with Chaenomeles species., Conclusion: Biological characteristics and pollen morphology could be the value reference to identify different kinds of Chaenomeles species.

The present paper presents an auto-focus laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) remote measuring system. This system contains a Schwarzschild telescope, which consists of a convex mirror and a concave mirror. The two spherical mirrors are coaxially placed. The convex mirror is mounted on a motorized linear translation stage. With this motorized linear translation stage, the convex mirror can move along the optical axis to change the spacing between the convex mirror and the concave mirror. Therefore the focal length can be adjusted to focus the laser on samples at different distances and collect the plasma spectra. The advantages of the telescope system include, firstly, the light path of laser focusing and spectra signal collection is the same, which make it easier for mounting and collimation; secondly, the light path of the telescope uses total reflection type, which is fit for the detection in ultra-violate region; finally, the telescope consists of only two spherical mirrors which are relatively easier to manufacture. Within the translation range of the motorized linear translation stage, the focal length of the telescope in this paper can be adjusted from 1.5 to 3.6 m. The diameter of the focusing spot varies from 0.5 to 1.0 mm. Utilizing this telescope system, LIBS experiments were conducted using copper sample. And the characteristic lines of Cu element (Cu I 223.01 nm, Cu I 224.43 nm) obtained are used for the auto focusing. By investigating the relation of the area of spectral lines covered and the spacing between the mirrors, the optimal laser focusing location was obtained. The LIBS experiment results show that the system functions well, fulfilling the demand of remote ablation of sample and LIBS spectral measuring, and the telescope is able to auto-focus the laser on samples at different position to perform remote LIBS experiment.

Objective: To investigate the short term predictive value of hemodynamic parameters during fluid resuscitation in patients with septic shock., Methods: Data of 76 patients with septic shock admitted to Department of Critical Care Medicine of Beijing Shijitan Hospital from January 2013 to October 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. The hemodynamic parameters were monitored by pulse indicator continuous cardiac output ( PiCCO ), including mean arterial pressure ( MAP ), stroke volume index ( SVI ), cardiac index ( CI ), global ejection fraction ( GEF ), global end diastolic volume index ( GEDVI ), intrathoracic blood volume index ( ITBVI ), extravascular lung water index ( EVLWI ), systemic vascular resistance index ( SVRI ), and pulmonary vascular permeability index ( PVPI ). They were recorded before and 6 hours after fluid resuscitation. According to the prognosis on the 7th day, the patients were divided into survival group ( n = 42 ) and death group ( n = 34 ). The PiCCO records between two groups were compared and a receiver operating characteristic ( ROC ) curve for predicting the outcome was plotted to find the cut-off point value for each PiCCO record before and 6 hours after fluid resuscitation.The factors for predicting 7-day prognosis of patients with septic shock were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis., Results: (1) Compared with those before fluid resuscitation, EVLWI and PVPI were significantly decreased at 6 hours after fluid resuscitation in the survival group [ EVLWI ( mL/kg ): 7.33±1.72 vs. 9.07±2.81, PVPI: 1.39±0.34 vs. 1.74±0.50, both P<0.01 ] but they were significantly increased in the death group [ EVLWI ( mL/kg ): 12.62±3.58 vs. 8.97±2.74, PVPI: 2.36±0.81 vs. 1.73±0.60, both P<0.01 ], and MAP in the death group decreased after fluid resuscitation [ MAP ( mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa ): 70.53±12.12 vs. 77.06±13.48, P<0.01 ]. (2)ROC curve showed that the area under ROC curve ( AUC ) of EVLWI at 6 hours after fluid resuscitation was 0.914, cut-off value was 9.50 mL/kg, the sensitivity was 82.4% and the specificity was 88.1%. The AUC of PVPI was 0.890, when cut-off value was 1.75, the sensitivity was 73.5%, and the specificity was 92.9%. (3) It was shown by multivariate logistic regression analysis that only EVLWI at 6 hours after fluid resuscitation was an independent predictor for 7-day prognosis of septic patient [ odds ratio ( OR ) = 0.546, 95% confidence interval ( 95%CI ) = 0.852-0.976, P = 0.006 ]., Conclusions: PiCCO monitoring indicators such as EVLWI, PVPI and MAP have certain prognostic value for septic patients, but only EVLWI at 6 hours after fluid resuscitation is an independent prognostic factor for short term prognosis.

Objective: To investigate the effect of non invasive cardiac output monitoring (NICO) system in pig model with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and to provide experimental basis for clinical application., Methods: Eleven anaesthetized and ventilated ARDS male pig models were induced by intravenously infusing 0.2 mL/kg oleic acid. Lung recruitment was condocted by pressure control ventilation on pigs with ARDS. The optimal positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was determined by optimal dead space fraction [the ratio of dead space to tidal volume (VD/VT)]. Cardiac output (CO) was determined by NICO, the respiratory function was monitored, and the VD/VT, dynamic compliance (Cdyn), oxygenation index (PaO₂/FiO₂), the volume of alveolar ventilation (Valv) and arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO₂) were recorded before infusing oleic acid, after stabilization of ARDS model and at optimal PEEP level, and the intrapulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) was calculated. CO was also determined by application of pulse indicated continuous cardiac output (PiCCO), and the linear regression analysis between CO determined by NICO and CO determined by PiCCO was conducted., Results: Seven experimental ARDS pigs model were successfully established. The optimal PEEP identified by the lowest VD/VT method was (15.71 ± 1.80) cmH₂O (1 cmH₂O = 0.098 kPa). Compared with before infusing oleic acid, VD/VT and Qs/Qt after stabilization of ARDS model were significantly increased [VD/VT: (72.29 ± 8.58)% vs. (56.00 ± 11.06)%, Qs/Qt: (21.04 ± 15.05)% vs. (2.00 ± 1.32)%, both P<0.05], and SaO₂and Valv were significantly decreased [SaO₂: 0.888 ± 0.108 vs. 0.999 ± 0.053, Valv (mL): 92.06 ± 35.22 vs. 146.11 ± 45.43, both P<0.05]. VD/VT, Qs/Qt, SaO₂and Cdyn at optimal PEEP level were improved to the levels before infusing oleic acid [(61.07 ± 9.30)%, (3.21 ± 6.10)%, 0.989 ± 0.025, (117.14 ± 41.14)mL]. Cdyn and PaO₂/FiO₂after stabilization of ARDS model were significantly lowered compared with those before infusing oleic acid [Cdyn (mL/cmH₂O): 14.43 ± 5.50 vs. 38.14 ± 6.72, PaO₂/FiO₂(mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa): 78.71 ± 23.22 vs. 564.37 ± 158.85, both P < 0.05]. Cdyn and PaO₂/FiO₂at optimal PEEP level [(19.71 ± 4.86)%, (375.49 ± 141.30) mmHg] were elevated compared with the levels after stabilization of ARDS model (both P <0 .05), but still lower than those before infusing oleic acid (both P < 0.05). Compared with the levels after stabilization of ARDS model, CO at optimal PEEP level showed obvious decrease from (4.18 ± 2.46) L/min to (3.95 ± 2.69) L/min without significant difference (P > 0.05). There was linear correlation between CO determined by NICO and CO determined by PiCCO (r²=0.925, P < 0.001)., Conclusions: NICO technique provides a useful and accurate non invasive estimation of CO and respiratory function.VD/VT provided by NICO can titrate the optimal PEEP in patients with ARDS.

Taking four wheat varieties developed by Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, as test materials, with the measurement of content of photosynthetic pigments, leaf area, fresh and dry mass of flag leaf, the PS II photochemistry efficiency of abaxial and adaxial surface of flag leaf and its adaptation to strong solar radiation during the period of heading stage in Xiangride region were investigated with the pulse-modulated in-vivo chlorophyll fluorescence technique. The results indicated that flag leaf angle mainly grew in horizontal state in Gaoyuan 314, Gaoyuan 363 and Gaoyuan 584, and mainly in vertical state in Gaoyuan 913 because of its smaller leaf area and larger width. Photosynthetic pigments were different among the 4 varieties, and positively correlated with intrinsic PS II photochemistry efficiencies (Fv/Fm). In clear days, especially at noon, the photosynthetic photoinhibition was more serious in abaxial surface of flag leaf due to directly facing the solar radiation, but it could recover after reduction of sunlight intensity in the afternoon, which meant that no inactive damage happened in PS II reaction centers. There were significant differences of PS II actual and maximum photochemical efficiencies at the actinic light intensity (ΦPS II and Fv'/Fm') between abaxial and adaxial surface, and their relative variation trends were on the contrary. The photochemical and non-photochemical quenching coefficients (qP and NPQ) had a similar tendency in both abaxial and adaxial surfaces. Although ΦPS II and qP were lower in adaxial surface of flag leaf, the Fv'/Fm' was significantly higher, which indicated that the potential PS II capture efficiency of excited energy was higher. The results demonstrated that process of photochemical and non-photochemical quenching could effectively dissipate excited energy caused by strong solar radiation, and there were higher adaptation capacities in wheat varieties natively cultivated in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau area.

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is strongly time related. Time-resolved LIBS measurement is an important technique for the research on laser induced plasma evolution and self-absorption of the emission lines. Concerning the temporal characteristics of LIBS spectrum, a method is proposed in the present paper which can achieve micros-scale time-resolved LIBS measurement by using general ms-scale detector. By setting different integration delay time of the ms-scale spectrum detector, a series of spectrum are recorded. And the integration delay time interval should be longer than the worst temporal precision. After baseline correction and spectrum fitting, the intensity of the character line was obtained. Calculating this intensity with differential method at a certain time interval and then the difference value is the time-resolved line intensity. Setting the plasma duration time as X-axis and the time-resolved line intensity as Y-axis, the evolution curve of the character line intensity can be plotted. Character line with overlap-free and smooth background should be a priority to be chosen for analysis. Using spectrometer with ms-scale integration time and a control system with temporal accuracy is 0.021 micros, experiments carried out. The results validate that this method can be used to characterize the evolution of LIBS characteristic lines and can reduce the cost of the time-resolved LIBS measurement system. This method makes high time-resolved LIBS spectrum measurement possible with cheaper system.

Objective: To observe the effect of Huatuo Zaizao extractum (HTZZ) on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) neurogenesis in rats induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and its mechanism., Method: Totally 55 healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the sham operation group, the MCAO model group and HTZZ high, middle and low dose groups (5, 2.5, 1.25 g x kg(-1)), with 11 rats in each group, and orally administered with drugs. The focal cerebral ischemia model was established by performing a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO, 90 min) followed by a seven-day reperfusion (once a day). The neurogenesis and expressions of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) were detected by the immunofluorescent staining. The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was adopted to determine the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)., Result: MCAO (90 min) followed by a seven-day reperfusion resulted in the significant increase in the number of penumbra cortex newborn neurons (BrdU(+) -NeuN(+)), which was accompanied by the growth of ERK and CREB phosphorylation and VEGF and BDNF levels. HTZZ could promote the generation of newborn neurons (BrdU(+)-NeuN(+)) and the ERK and CREB phosphorylation and increase VEGF and BDNF levels at the ischemic side., Conclusion: HTZZ could promote the neurogenesis, which may be the interventional targets of effective traditional Chinese medicine Huatuo Zaizao extractum in promoting the self-repair function of the cerebral ischemic areas.

Objective: To investigate the expression of different inflammatory variables, such as procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and endotoxin in septic patients with bacterial bloodstream infection, in order to assess the value of these variables in early diagnosis., Methods: The clinical data of 132 bacterial bloodstream infection patients with clinical diagnosis of sepsis in intensive care unit (ICU) of Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University from February 2012 to May 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were divided into Gram-negative (G(-)) bacterial bloodstream infection group (n=98) and Gram-positive (G(+)) bacterial bloodstream infection group (n=34) according to the result of blood culture. The inflammatory variables including white blood cell (WBC) count, percentage of neutrophils (N), CRP, PCT and level of endotoxin in blood of both groups within 6 hours of bloodstream infection were compared, and their correlation was analyzed. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of inflammatory variables for the diagnosis of bloodstream infection was plotted, and their diagnostic value for bloodstream infection was evaluated according to area under ROC curve (AUC), and finally the sensitivity and specificity of inflammatory variables for bloodstream infection were assessed based on the best diagnostic cut-off points., Results: (1) The levels of the variables, including PCT, CRP, and endotoxin content in the G(-) bacterial bloodstream infection group were significantly higher than that of G(+) bacterial bloodstream infection group [PCT: 5.11 (0.99, 18.00) μg/L vs. 1.00 (0.36, 2.73) μg/L, Z=49.647, P=0.000; CRP: 111.5±57.4 mg/L vs. 75.9±56.6 mg/L, t=9.947, P=0.000; endotoxin: 18.00 (8.75, 28.00) ng/L vs. 5.00 (5.00, 6.25) ng/L, Z=52.333, P=0.000]. There was no significant difference in WBC and N between two groups. (2) The results of the correlation coefficient of the inflammatory variables showed: in G(-) bacterial bloodstream infection group positive correlation was found between PCT and CRP (r=0.671, P=0.000), PCT and endotoxin (r=0.916, P=0.000), CRP and endotoxin (r=0.687, P=0.004). On the other hand, in G(+) bacterial bloodstream infection group, correlation was shown between PCT and CRP (r=0.620, P=0.000), PCT and endotoxin (r=0.487, P=0.010), PCT and WBC (r=0.537, P=0.001), PCT and N (r=0.432, P=0.011), CRP and endotoxin (r=0.674, P=0.000), endotoxin and WBC (r=0.197, P=0.024). In all of bloodstream infection patients positive correlation was found between PCT and CRP (r=0.538, P=0.000), PCT and endotoxin (r=0.740, P=0.000), PCT and WBC (r=0.259, P=0.003), CRP and endotoxin (r=0.579, P=0.000), endotoxin and WBC (r=0.197, P=0.024). (3) The ROC curve in patients with the diagnosis of sepsis due to bloodstream infection showed that: in the G(-) bacterial bloodstream infection group, AUC for PCT was 0.825, sensitivity of 71.4% and specificity of 96.2% with the best cut-off value >2.455 μg/L; AUC for CRP was 0.761, sensitivity of 64.3% and specificity of 80.8% with the best cut-off value >79.45 mg/L; AUC for endotoxin was 0.797, sensitivity of 61.2% and specificity of 94.2% with the best cut-off value >15.5 ng/L. In the G(+) bacterial bloodstream infection group, AUC for PCT was 0.619, sensitivity of 41.2% and specificity of 82.7% with the best cut-off value >1.585 μg/L; AUC for CRP was 0.533, sensitivity of 32.4% and specificity of 82.7% with the best cut-off value >95.25 mg/L., Conclusions: The concentrations of PCT, CRP, and endotoxin in patients with G(-) bacterial bloodstream infection were significantly higher than those of G(+) bacterial bloodstream infection group. They are valuable for the early diagnosis of bloodstream infection, and judgment of its severity, and it is more valuable with the combination of PCT, CRP, and endotoxin concentration determinations.

The spectral absorption features are very similar between some minerals, especially hydrothermal alteration minerals related to mineralization, and they are also influenced by other factors such as spectral mixture. As a result, many of the spectral identification approaches for the minerals with similar spectral absorption features are prone to confusion and misjudgment. Therefore, to solve the phenomenon of "same mineral has different spectrums, and same spectrum belongs to different minerals", this paper proposes an accurate approach to hyperspectral mineral identification based on naive bayesian classification model. By testing and analyzing muscovite and kaolinite, the two typical alteration minerals, and comparing this approach with spectral angle matching, binary encoding and spectral feature fitting, the three popular spectral identification approaches, the results show that this approach can make more obvious differences among different minerals having similar spectrums, and has higher classification accuracy, since it is based on the position of absorption feature, absorption depth and the slope of continuum.

Objective: To investigate the role of triggering receptors expressed on myeloid-1(TREM-1) in innate response to Porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg) in mice macrophages and its potential role in periodontitis development., Methods: Peritoneal macrophages from mice were harvested, separated and cultured, then challenged with viable Pg. Transcription and protein expression in macrophages were assessed with real time PCR and flow cytometry respectively.LP-17 peptide (10, 100 and 1000 µg/L) was utilized to block TREM-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected by enzyme linked absorbent analysis., Results: At 2 h after Pg challenge, transcription of TREM-1 was significantly up-regulated after Pg challenge[(7.99 ± 1.11) fold vs blank]. At 24 h after bacteria infection, increased TREM-1 expression was demonstrated by flow cytometry, with mean fluorescent intensity increasing from (7.05 ± 1.85) in blank group to (13.17 ± 2.33) in experimental group. Proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IL-6) production was significantly decreased after blocking TREM-1 by LP-17 peptide(100 and 1000 µg/L)., Conclusions: TREM-1 enhanced innate immune response to Pg in macrophages, which may facilitate periodontitis development.

Purpose: To investigate the education effect of case-based learning (CBL) pattern on clinical internship of conservative dentistry and endodontics., Methods: Forty-one undergraduates were randomly assigned into CBL group and traditional teaching group. After clinical internship in the department of conservative dentistry and endodontics for 11 weeks, each student in the 2 groups underwent comprehensive examinations including medical record writing, case analysis, academic knowledge, professional skills and the ability of winning the trust of the patients. The scores were compared between the 2 groups using SPSS 13.0 software package., Results: There was no significant difference between the 2 groups with regard to the scores of academic knowledge and profession skills (P>0.05). However, the results of medical record writing, case analysis and the ability of winning the trust of the patients showed significant difference between the 2 groups(P<0.05)., Conclusions: Proper application of CBL in clinical internship of conservative dentistry and endodontics contributes to improve students' ability of clinical thinking, synthetical analysis and adaptability to different patients.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is one of the most promising technologies to be applied to metallurgical composition online monitoring in these days. In order to study the spectral characters of LIBS spectrum and to investigate the quantitative analysis method of material composition under vacuum and high temperature environment, a LIBS measurement system was designed and set up which can be used for conducting experiments with high-temperature or molten samples in different vacuum environment. The system consists of a Q-switched Nd : YAG laser used as the light source, lens with different focus lengths used for laser focusing and spectrum signal collecting, a spectrometer used for detecting the signal of LIBS spectrums, and a vacuum system for holding and heating the samples while supplying a vacuum environment. The vacuum was achieved and maintained by a vacuum pump and an electric induction furnace was used for heating the system. The induction coil was integrated to the vacuum system by attaching to a ceramic sealing flange. The system was installed and testified, and the results indicate that the vacuum of the system can reach 1X 10(-4) Pa without heating, while the heating temperature could be about 1 600 degreeC, the system can be used for melting metal samples such as steel and aluminum and get the LIBS spectrum of the samples at the same time. Utilizing this system, LIBS experiments were conducted using standard steel samples under different vacuum or high-temperature conditions. Results of comparison between LIBS spectrums of solid steel samples under different vacuum were achieved, and so are the spectrums of molten and solid steel samples under vacuum environment. Through data processing and theoretical analyzing of these spectrums, the initial results of those experiments are in good agreement with the results that are presently reported, which indicates that the whole system functions well and is available for molten metal LIBS experiment under vacuum environment.

In order to test the start-up and maintain method for short-cut advanced nitrogen removal process at low temperature, this study used a pilot-scale SBR process with a working volume of 7.0 m3 to treat domestic wastewater. Real-time control strategy based on blower frequency (BF) and pH was applied to control the pilot-scale SBR process. Results showed that short-cut nitrification process achieved within 50 days at low temperature (11-16 degrees C), and the nitrite accumulation rate (NAR) of SBR process increased from 19.8% to 90%. Short-cut nitrification process in pilot-scale SBR was maintained for as long as 550 days in the temperature range of 9-28 degrees C, and NAR was maintained above 95%. Meanwhile, the total nitrogen (TN) in effluent was 3 mg x L(-1) and the TN removal efficiency was above 95%. Therefore, it is feasible to start-up and maintain the short-cut advanced nitrogen removal process under low temperature condition in the SBR process.