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Objective: To explore the risk factors for progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with cardiac valve replacement surgery-associated acute kidney injury (AKI). Methods: A retrospective, nested case-control study was conducted at Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital. The study subjects were patients who underwent cardiac valve replacement surgery from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020, with a baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)>60 ml·min -1 ·(1.73 m 2 ) -1 and postoperative complication of AKI. The patients were followed up for 90 days after discharge from hospital. The endpoint event was defined as progression to CKD 90 days after the occurrence of cardiac valve replacement surgery-associated AKI. The patients were divided into CKD group and non-CKD group based on whether they experienced endpoint event. The baseline clinical data were compared between the two groups. The measurement data with non-normal distribution was represented as M ( Q 1 , Q 3 ). Logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors of endpoint event. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the performance for predicting CKD in cardiac valve replacement surgery-associated AKI patients. Results: A total of 149 cardiac valve replacement surgery-associated AKI patients (86 males and 63 females) were included in the study, aged (59.0±10.2) years. There were 27 patients (18.1%) who progressed to new-onset CKD 90 days after the occurrence of cardiac valve replacement surgery-associated AKI. Compared with non-CKD group, patients in CKD group had older age [66 (58, 70) vs 59 (53, 64) years], lower baseline eGFR [76.3 (65.8, 98.5) vs 92.7 (78.5, 101.6) ml·min -1 ·(1.73 m 2 ) -1 ], higher proportion of preoperative hypertension [51.9% (14/27) vs 27.9% (34/122)] and serum creatinine at discharge [136 (101, 165) vs 86 (65, 104) μmol/L], and the differences were statistically significant (all P <0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis results revealed that older age ( OR =1.063, 95% CI : 1.001-1.129, P =0.047), preoperative hypertension ( OR =3.070, 95% CI : 1.105-8.532, P =0.031) and higher serum creatinine at discharge ( OR =1.026, 95% CI :1.013-1.038, P <0.001) were risk factors for progression to CKD in patients with cardiac valve replacement surgery-associated AKI. The clinical risk model including age, preoperative hypertension, preoperative baseline eGFR, and serum creatinine at discharge produced a moderate performance for predicting progression to CKD in patients with cardiac valve replacement surgery-associated AKI [the area under the curve (AUC)=0.865, 95% CI: 0.790-0.940, P <0.001]. Conclusion: Older age, preoperative hypertension and higher serum creatinine at discharge are risk factors for progression to CKD in patients with cardiac valve replacement surgery-associated AKI.

Temporal interference (TI) as a new neuromodulation technique can be applied to non-invasive deep brain stimulation. In order to verify its effectiveness in the regulation of motor behavior in animals, this paper uses the TI method to focus the envelope electric field to the ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus in the deep brain of mouse to regulate left- and right-turning motor behavior. The focusability of TI in the mouse VPL was analyzed by finite element method, and the focus area and volume were obtained by numerical calculation. A stimulator was used to generate TI current to stimulate the mouse VPL to verify the effectiveness of the TI stimulation method, and the accuracy of the focus location was further determined by c-Fos immunofluorescence experiments. The results showed that the electric field generated by TI stimulation was able to focus on the VPL nuclei when the stimulation current reached 800 μA; the mouse were able to make corresponding left and right turns according to the stimulation position; and the c-Fos positive cell markers in the VPL nuclei increased significantly after stimulation. This study confirms the feasibility of TI in regulating animal motor behavior and provides a non-invasive stimulation method for brain tissue for animal robots.

To explore the feasibility of applying magnetic stimulation technology to the movement control of animal robots, the influence of coil radius, number of turns and other factors on the intensity, depth and focus of magnetic stimulation was simulated and analyzed for robot pigeons. The coil design scheme was proposed. The coil was placed on the head and one of the legs of the pigeon, and the leg electromyography (EMG) was recorded when magnetic stimulation was performed. Results showed that the EMG was significantly strengthened during magnetic stimulation. With the reduction of the output frequency of the magnetic stimulation system, the output current was increased and the EMG was enhanced accordingly. Compared with the brain magnetic stimulation, sciatic nerve stimulation produced a more significant EMG enhancement response. This indicated that the magnetic stimulation system could effectively modulate the functions of brain and peripheral nerves by driving the coil. This study provides theoretical and experimental guidance for the subsequent optimization and improvement of practical coils, and lays a preliminary theoretical and experimental foundation for the implementation of magnetic stimulation motion control of animal robots.

The present study detected the component content in Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum by HPLC fingerprint and the multi-component determination method. HPLC analysis was performed on the Agilent ZORBAX SB-C&#95;(18) column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm). Acetonitrile-0.5% phosphoric acid aqueous solution with gradient elution was employed as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min~(-1) and the column temperature was maintained at 30 ℃. The detection wavelength was 210 nm and the sample volume was 10 μL. The similarity of 18 batches of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum was 0.343-0.779, indicating that there were great differences between different batches of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum. Eighteen common peaks were identified, including eight flavonoids such as liquiritigenin and latifolin. The mass fractions of liquiritigenin, luteolin, naringenin, isoliquiritigenin, formononetin, dalbergin, latifolin, and pinocembrin were in the ranges of 0.134 1%-0.495 2%, 0.028 2%-0.167 0%, 0.016 3%-0.591 3%, 0.053 5%-0.188 0%, 0.142 4%-0.640 1%, 0.068 0%-0.590 7%, 0.003 2%-1.980 7%, and 0.009 6%-0.740 2%, respectively. Eighteen batches of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum were divided into three categories by cluster analysis and eight differential components in Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum were marked by partial least-squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA). The cumulative variance contribution rate was 90.5%. The HPLC fingerprint combined with the multi-component determination method for Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum is easy in operation and accurate in results, with good repeatability and reliability. The quality of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum can be evaluated and analyzed by the PLS-DA model. This study is expected to provide a reference for the quality control and clinical application of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum.

Background: Segmentectomy has gradually become one of the standard surgical methods for small pulmonary nodules with early lung cancer on imaging. This study aimed to investigate the perioperative outcomes of patients who underwent uniport video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) segmentectomy for identifying the intersegmental boundary line (IBL) by the near-infrared fluorescence imaging with intravenous indocyanine green (ICG) method or the modified inflation-deflation (MID) method and assess the feasibility and effectiveness of the ICG fluorescence (ICGF)-based method., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the perioperative data in total 198 consecutive patients who underwent uniport VATS segmentectomy between February 2018 and August 2020. With the guidance of preoperative intelligent/interactive qualitative and quantitative analysis-three dimensional (IQQA-3D), the targeted segment structures could be precisely identified and dissected, and then the IBL was confirmed by ICGF-based method or MID method. Clinical effectiveness and postoperative complications of the two methods were evaluated., Results: An IBL was visible in 98% of patients by the ICGF-based group, even with the low-doses of ICG. The ICGF-based group was significantly associated with the shorter IBL clear presentation time [(23.59±4.47) s vs (1,026.80±318.34) s] (P<0.01) and operative time [(89.3±31.6) min vs (112.9±33.3) min] (P<0.01), compared to the MID group. The incidence of postoperative prolonged air leaks was higher in the MID group than in the ICGF-based group (8.0% vs 26.5%, P=0.025). There were no significant differences in bleeding volume, chest tube duration, postoperative hospital stays, surgical margin width and other postoperative complications (P>0.05)., Conclusions: The ICGF-based method could highly accurately identify the IBL and make anatomical segmentectomy easier and faster, and therefore has the potential to be a feasible and effective technique to facilitate the quality of uniport VATS segmentectomy.

Drying is one of the most common unit operations in the production of traditional Chinese medicine. The drying process of traditional Chinese medicine materials is accompanied by the dynamic reduction of water content. As a key index to determine the end of the drying process, the moisture content of materials plays an important role in improving drying efficiency and saving energy. Recently, the drying process of traditional Chinese medicine is mostly monitored by offline detection, and there are few reports of online moisture detection applications. In this paper, the principle and current application of online inspection technology for the material drying process in different fields were introduced. The significance of online detection technology in drying of traditional Chinese medicine was also analyzed. Meanwhile, the application prospect of online detection technology in the field of drying of traditional Chinese medicine was predicted. In response to urgent transformation and upgrading of the traditional Chinese medicine manufacturing industry, the application of online moisture detection technology is expected to be a key breakthrough in the intelligent upgrading of traditional Chinese medicine drying technology and equipment.

Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum is derived from heartwood of Dalbergia odorifera,which is national Ⅱ level of rare and endangered protective plants in China. Its resources are scarce and its price is high. In order to find substitutes of D. odorifera,the chemical constituents of 70% ethanol extract of heartwood of D. catifolia were systematically studied by using silica gel,Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography,and semi-preparative HPLC. Sixteen neoflavanoids were isolated and identified as eight dalbergiphenols( 1-8),three dalbergiones( 9-11),two dalbergins( 12,13),two benzophenones( 14,15) and one other type neoflavanoids( 16) based on spectroscopic data analyses and/or comparing the spectroscopic data with those in literature. Among them,compounds 3,7 and 11 were isolated from the genus Dalbergia for the first time,and compounds 2,4-6,8,14 and 15 were isolated from the D. latifolia for the first time. Ten neoflavonoids were both discovered from D. latifolia and D. odorifera.

Objective: To study the clinical features and risk factors of pertussis in children., Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data and laboratory markers for immune function of 253 hospitalized children with pertussis. A total of 314 hospitalized children with cough were used as the control group. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect Bordetella pertussis DNA. The clinical data of both groups were collected to analyze the risk factors for pertussis., Results: A total of 23 typical clinical parameters were compared between the pertussis and control groups, and there were significant differences in only 10 clinical parameters between the two groups (P<0.01). As for the complications observed in the two groups, the pertussis group had a significantly lower incidence rate of myocarditis than the control group (P<0.05). The pertussis group had significantly lower levels of serum globulin and IgM than the control group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the pertussis group had a significantly higher proportion of children with a lack of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus immunization or timely immunization and a contact history of suspected pertussis patients (P<0.05). A lack of vaccine immunization or timely immunization and a contact history of suspected pertussis patients were risk factors for pertussis (P<0.05)., Conclusions: The clinical features are not typical in children with pertussis. Quantitative real-time PCR for detecting Bordetella pertussis DNA helps with the early diagnosis of atypical pertussis. Infants/toddlers should be immunized in time and be isolated from suspected pertussis patients to reduce the incidence of pertussis.

A rapid and accurate method was established by psbA-trnH sequence to distinguish Dioscorea nipponica from other species belonging to the same genus.In this study, we collected 144 samples of D. nipponica from 17 different producing areas in China, the psbA-trnH sequenced of 23 nucleotide sequences were downloaded from GenBank, the sequences from Dioscorea genus. DNAMAN 8.0 software was used to show splicing, MEGA 6.0 software was applied for sequence analysis and comparison. The results showed that the genetic relationship between D. nipponica and D. subcalva was the closest, and the genetic relationship with D. zingiberensis was the furthest. It is indicated that the psbA-trnH sequence as a DNA barcode can effectively distinguish between D. nipponica and other plants in the genus of Dioscorea., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

A new sesquiterpenes named glaucochinarol A (1) and a new phenylpropane glycoside named glcacochinaside A (2), together with six known ones, including trichothecolone (3), β-D-(6-O-trans-feruloyl)fructofuranosyl-α-D-O-glucopyranoisde (4), 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), (4R)-p-menth-1-ene-7,8-diol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), naringenin (7), and emodin-8-O-β-glucoside (8) were isolated from smilax glaucochina warb. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR, MS and published data. Compounds 3-8 were isolated from the species for this first time., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Objective: To evaluate the application of MR diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI) texture features in differentiation of malignant from benign nonpalpable breast lesion for patients with microcalcifications-only in mammography., Methods: The clinical and MR-DWI data of 61 patients with microcalcifications, who underwent three-dimensional positioning of breast X-ray wire from October 2012 to December 2015 in Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, were retrospectively analyzed, including 38 patients with malignant lesions and 23 patients with benign lesions. Two radiologists independently drew the regions of interest (ROI) on DWI for image segmentation, and 6 histogram features and 16 grayscale symbiosis matrix (GLCM) texture features were extracted on each ROI. The random forest algorithm was applied to select the features and built the classification model. The leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) was used to validate the classifier, and the performance of the classifier was evaluated by ROC curve., Results: Six features were selected, including histogram features of mean, variance, skewness, entropy, as well as contrast (0°) and correlation (45°) in GLCM. The histogram features of mean, variance, skewness and entropy were significantly different between the benign and malignant breast lesions (all P <0.05). The AUC of the model was 0.76, and the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were 77.05%, 84.21% and 65.21%, respectively., Conclusions: The texture feature analysis of DWI can improve the diagnostic accuracy of differentiating benign and malignant breast nonpalpable lesions with microcalcifications-only in mammography. Histogram features of mean, variance, skewness, entropy of DWI may be used as important imaging markers.

The present study was designed to evaluate the cardioprotective effect of latifolin on pituitrin(Pit) or isoproterenol(ISO)-induced myocardial injury in rats, and further investigate its underlying mechanisms. Rats were administrated sublingually with pituitrin or subcutaneously with isoproterenol to induce acute myocardial ischemia in rats, and lead II electrocardiograph was recorded. In rats with isoproterenol, ELISA assay or colorimetric method was used to detect the content or activity of myocardial injury markers in serum, and the SOD activity and MDA content in myocardium were detected by colorimetric assay; histopathological examination was conducted by HE staining; the frozen section of myocardial tissues was used for DCFH-DA fluorescent staining to detect the content of ROS in myocardium; Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of Nrf2, Keap1, HO-1 and NQO1 in myocardium. Results showed that latifolin significantly inhibited ST-segment changes induced by pituitrin or isoproterenol, and increased heart rate. Further mechanism study showed that latifolin reduced cardiac troponin I(cTnI) level, aspartate transaminase(AST) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activities in serum, increased myocardial superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity and reduced myocardial malondialdehyde(MDA) level, and protected myocardium with less necrosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells and fracture of myocardial fibers. Furthermore, latifolin obviously reduced ROS level in myocardium, inhibited the expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1(Keap1), increased the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2(Nrf2), and promoted the expression of Heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) in myocardial tissues. Our data suggest that latifolin has a potent protective effect against pituitrin or isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury, which may be related to inhibition of oxidative stress by activating Nrf2 signaling pathway., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Sepsis brings great burden to the industry of health care and national economy, and antibiotics used in anti-infective treatment will cause the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, adverse reactions, and reduce the efficacy and quality of life. However, with the deepening of the study of traditional Chinese medicine treatment of sepsis, in reducing the production of drug-resistant bacteria, changing the drug resistance of drug-resistant bacteria, preventing multiple infection, response to inflammatory response and immune damage, treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction and coagulation disorders, TCM is gradually exerting its advantages. In recent years, with the continuous development of clinical research, the curative effect of traditional Chinese medical way is widely recognized, especially Xuebijing injection. In addition, the clinical research of Chinese medicine, acupuncture, acupoint sticking is more and more. Its play an important role to reduce the mortality of patients with sepsis, reduce inflammatory indexes, blood coagulation index. However, the pathophysiology of sepsis is not clear, the illness progress rapidly and the problem of drug-resistant bacteria resistant, our task is still arduous. Looking forward to the emergence of higher quality research, and looking forward to more individualized and refined treatment programs., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for fatty liver, atherosclerosis, hyperviscosily, coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction. In recent years, the incidence of hyperlipidemia was gradually increased and showed younger trend. It has been a research hot point to study the etiology and pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia and develop a new drug reduced blood lipid. It is very important to prepare the animal model of hyperlipidemia for displaying the advantage of traditional Chinese medicine characteristic. However, the success of replicating animal model of hyperlipidemia is one of the key of research in experimental hyperlipidemia. The ideal animal model of hyperlipidemia should be similar to human disease, high repeatability, simple and high generalization. It will affect the reliability of the results and the accuracy of the whole experiment process to copy successfully animal models of hyperlipidemia. This review focused on the recent research progress on copying methods of animal models of experimental hyperlipidemia, which will provide reference and basis for the hypolipidemic developers who choose rationally and effectively replication methods of hyperlipidemia animal models., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents from the heartwood of Dalbergia cochinchinensis., Methods: Isolate and purify compounds by various column chromatographic methods. Spectral analysis were taken to identify the structures., Results: Elev- en compounds were isolated and identified as dibutyl terephthalate (1), medicarpin (2), pterostilbene (3), 6-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxy-4- methoxyphenyl)-benzofuran (4), pterocarpol (5), butyl isobutyl phthalate (6), pterolinus B (7), methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (8), ethyl 4- hydroxybenzoate (9),2-(2'-methoxy-4'-hydroxy)-aryl-3-methyl-6-hydroxy-benzofuran (10) and 6α-hydroxycyclonerolidol (11)., Conclusion: Compounds 1 and 6~10 are isolated from Dalbergia genus for the first time, and compounds 2, 4 and 11 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and glycated albumin(GA) in hyperglycemia patients with liver cirrhosis (LCH)., Methods: One hundred LCH patients were divided into anemia and no-anemia group by Hb 110 g/L. The no-anemia group was further divided into low albumin (serum albumin <30 g/L), and high albumin group (serum albumin 30-<40 g/L). One hundred type 2 diabetes without liver cirrhosis were included as control group (T2DM). HbA1c, GA, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial 2h plasma glucose (2hPG) were collected for statistical analysis., Results: (1) The HbA1c level in LCH with anemia tended lower than that in T2DM subjects [(6.76 ± 2.20)% vs (7.34 ± 1.23)%, P=0.06]; though the level of GA [(19.10 ± 7.47)% vs (16.68 ± 2.90)%, P<0.01] and 2hPG [(12.09 ± 3.39) mmol/L vs (10.84 ± 2.95) mmol/L, P<0.05] were significantly higher than that in T2DM group. (2) No-anemia subjects in LCH group with albumin <30 g/L had obviously higher GA levels than those with albumin 30-<40 g/L and T2DM (albumin ≥ 40 g/L) [(18.79 ± 2.28)% vs (16.71 ± 2.42)% and (16.73 ± 2.96)%, P<0.01]; though the level of HbA1c of three groups above has no significant difference. (3) The level of HbA1c between LCH without anemia group and T2DM group had no significant difference (P>0.05); and the level of GA between LCH without anemia group with albumin 30-<40 g/L and T2DM group had no significant difference (P>0.05). (4) The HbA1c has a positive correlation with FPG and 2hPG in LCH (FPG:r=0.45, P<0.001; 2hPG:r=0.33, P=0.001) and T2DM subjects (FPG: r=0.76, P<0.001; 2hPG: r=0.81, P<0.001). GA also has a positive correlation with FPG and 2hPG in LCH (FPG: r=0.48, P<0.001; 2hPG: r=0.39, P<0.001) and T2DM subjects (FPG: r=0.74, P<0.001; 2hPG: r=0.76, P<0.001)., Conclusion: It is unfavorable to use HbA1c to evaluate the blood glucose level in liver cirrhosis patients with Hb<110 g/L and to use GA in patients with serum albumin <30 g/L.

Objective: To investigate the effect of lonidamine on apoptosis of human breast carcinoma cells MCF-7 and the possible mechanisms., Methods: MTT assay and colony-forming assay were used to evaluate the growth inhibition induced by lonidamine in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. PI/Annexin-V staining was used to detect the apoptotic cells. The ATP levels in the cells were detected using an ATP assay kit. The expression of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), inhibitor of apoptosis protein (cIAP1) and caspase-8 were analyzed with Western blotting., Results: MTT assay and colony-forming assay showed that 50-250 mmol/L lonidamine caused a time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of MCF-7 cell proliferation. Exposure to increased concentrations of lonidamine resulted in significantly increased apoptosis rate in MCF-7 cells. In MCF-7 cells treated with 50, 150 and 250 mmol/L lonidamine for 5 h, the intracellular ATP levels were lowered to 80.67%, 62.78% and 30.73% of the control level, respectively. Western blotting showed that lonidamine up-regulated the expression of GRP78, down-regulated the expression of cIAP1 and promoted caspase-8 activation as the treatment time extended., Conclusion: Lonidamine can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, and these effects are probably mediated by reducing ATP level, inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress response, down-regulating cIAP1, and promoting caspase-8 activation in the cells.

Objective: To observe the clinical significance of nitric oxide (NO) and 8-isoprostane (8-isoPG) changes in exhaled breath condensate ( EBC) of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients after treated by Qingfei Decoction (QD)., Methods: Totally 48 ARDS patients receiving mechanical ventilation were equally assigned to the QD treatment group and the control group by random digit table. EBC specimens were collected by modified Ecoscreen breath condensate collector (German JAEGER Company) on the first day and the fifth day after confirmed diagnosis of ARDS. Concentrations of NO and 8-isoPG in EBC were measured by ELISA. The oxygenation index and APACHE II scores were recorded at the same time., Results: (1) The fatality rate in the QD treatment group was lower than that in the control group (8.3% vs 37.5%, P < 0.05). (2) After treatment NO and 8-isoPG concentrations in EBC were lower in the QD treatment group (34.49 ± 5.67 µmol/L, 30.09 ± 7.89 ng/L) than in the control group (39.78 ± 9.27 µmol/L, 35.65 ± 8.90 ng/L; P < 0.05). (3) After treatment improved oxygenation index value was higher in the QD treatment group than in the control group (120.88 ± 35.16 vs 101.50 ± 37.70, P < 0.05). After treatment APACHEII scores was lower in the QD treatment group than in the control group (6.21 ± 3.51 vs 10. 26 ± 4.33, P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Treatment of ARDS patients by QD was favorable in controlling inflammation, alleviating lung injury, and improving clinical efficacy.

Objective: To explore the clinical features, the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and different inflammatory indices for neonatal septic arthritis., Methods: Clinical presentations, laboratory findings, treatment and prognosis of patients with neonatal septic arthritis hospitalized from October 2009 to December 2013 were analyzed retrospectively., Results: Among 19 cases with septic arthritis in neonates, the sites were hip (n = 8), knee (n = 7) and shoulder (n = 4). And 13 cases had fever. Joint swelling, tenderness, skin temperature and activity limitation were absent in 9 cases. At initial presentations, the positive rates of C-reactive protein (CPR) and procalcitonin (PCT) were 63.2% and 83.3% respectively. And the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). At Day 1 after admission, the positive rates of CRP, PCT and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were 100%, 100% and 41.6% respectively. No difference existed in positive rate between CPR and PCT (P > 0.05). The positive rate of ESR was lower than CPR and PCT and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Radiographic examination showed swelling of joint capsule, joint space widening and swelling of joint soft tissue. All were cured and discharged through intravenous antibiotic therapy. 16 cases were followed-up, except for 1 patient with hip disease due to poor rational dislocation motion. And the others were normal., Conclusion: Neonatal septic arthritis should receive priority attention. With early diagnosis and standard treatment, the prognosis is usually good.

Objective: To investigate the effect of microbial immune enteral nutrition composed of probiotics, deep sea fish oil, glutamine and nutrison on postoperative immune status, insulin resistance and infectious complication morbidity in patients with abdominal infection., Methods: From September 2010 to April 2013 in Shandong Liaocheng City Hospital, 96 patients with upper gastrointestinal perforation were prospectively randomized into the treatment group (microbial immune enteral nutrition, n=48) and the control group(conventional enteral nutrition, n=48). Number of T cell subsets (CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), CD4(+)/CD8(+)) and natural killer (NK) cell, procalcitonin (PCT), fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), insulin resistance index (InHOMA-IR) calculated by the homeostasis model assessment(HOMA) were detected before operation and on days 3 and 7 after operation and compared between the two groups. The incidence of postoperative infectious complication was collected and compared as well., Results: There were no significant differences in immune indexes and insulin resistance-associated indexes between the two groups before operation and on the day 3 after operation(all P>0.05). On postoperative day 7, CD4(+), CD4(+)/CD8(+) and NK cells in treatment group were significantly higher than those in control group [(39.1±4.3)% vs. (30.1±5.7)%, P=0.043; 1.76±0.21 vs. 1.36±0.12, P=0.038; (19.3±4.8)% vs. (13.3±3.2)%, P=0.032], while FINS, lnHOMA-IR and PCT in treatment group were significantly lower than those in control group [(7.3±1.7) mU/L vs. (10.2±2.1) mU/L, P=0.041; 0.60±0.05 vs. 0.88±0.06, P=0.039; (0.12±0.07) μg/L vs. (0.35±0.12) μg/L, P=0.028]. Postoperative infectious complication morbidity was significantly lower in treatment group as compared to control group [18.8%(9/48) vs. 39.6%(19/48), P=0.025]., Conclusion: Microbial immune enteral nutrition composed of probiotics, deep sea fish oil, glutamine and nutrison can improve the immune status, decrease the level of insulin resistance, and reduce the incidence of postoperative infectious complication for patients with abdominal infection due to upper gastrointestinal perforation.

Objective: To observe the effects of Heishunpian total alkaloids on Cassia acutifolia induced mice diarrhea and contraction of isolated intestinal smooth muscle in rats., Methods: The experiment was carried out with Cassia acutifolia induced mice diarrhea model, small intestinal propulsive rate in mice was used to valuate the effect of Heishunpian total alkaloids on diarrhea mice; The effects of Heishunpian total alkaloids on contraction of isolated intestinal smooth muscle in rats and its mechanism were investigated by monitoring amplitude and tension of isolated intestinal smooth muscle in rats; The chemical constituents of Heishunpian total alkaloids were analyzed by HPLC., Results: Heishunpian total alkaloids could significantly slow down intestine propulsive motility in diarrhea mice (P < 0. 05), and reduce amplitude and tension of isolated small intestinal smooth muscle contraction in normal rats in dose-dependent manner. Heishunpian total alkaloids had a certain inhibitory effect on acetylcholine chloride and neostigmine methylsulfate strengthening small intestine smooth muscle movement, however, had no significantly effect on Atropine sulfate inhibiting small intestine smooth muscle movement. By HPLC analysis, benzoylaconitine, benzoylmesaconitine, benzoylhypaconitine were the main chemical constituents of Heishunpian total alkaloids., Conclusion: Heishunpian total alkaloids have a certain role of antidiarrheal and its mechanism may be related to antagonizing muscarinic receptors.

Objective: To investigate the clinical significance of micrometastasis detection in sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) from patients with early cervical carcinoma., Methods: Thirty patients with early cervical carcinoma were studied to identify SLN intraoperatively using methylene blue. One lymph node was removed randomly from palpable SLN and other pelvic lymph nodes (nSLN) in each patient, so 268 lymph nodes were collected and cut into two halves, one half of the lymph node was used to analyze the expression of cytokeratin 19 (CK19) mRNA by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction to determine the presence of micrometastasis, the other half was examined by routine histology with HE staining., Results: 67 SLNs were detected in 28 cases (93.3%). Pelvic lymph nodes of 6 cases were confirmed pathological metastasis. The sensitivity of SLN detection was 66.7%, the accuracy rate was 96.4%, and the false negative rate was 16.7%. Among 268 lymph nodes (including 9 lymph nodes with pathological metastasis) detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, 68 lymph nodes were pathological negative but had micrometastasis, accounting for 26.3% (68/259) in pathologically negative lymph nodes. Among 24 patients with pathological negative lymph nodes, 16 cases had micrometastasis, accounting for 66.7% in those patients. Among 16 patients with micrometastasis, SLN of 3 cases were negative, but nSLN were micrometastasis, so the SLN false-negative rate rose to 18.2%. There were no significant relationships between pelvic lymph nodes micrometastasis and perivascular space involvement, deep stromal invasion and tumor grade (all P > 0.05). The micrometastasis rate of nSLN in patients with SLN micrometastasis was 100%, significantly higher than that in the patients with SLN non-micrometastasis (27.3%, P < 0.01)., Conclusions: Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction is a sensitive method to detect SLN micrometastasis. SLN micrometastasis may be an effective complement to SLN pathology to predict nSLN metastasis. Pelvic lymph nodes micrometastases have no significant relationship with pathological risk factors in cervical cancer and prognosis of patients.

Objective: To investigate the effects of microbiological and immunological enteral nutrition using composition of probiotics, glutamine, fish oil, and peptisorb on patients with gastrointestinal cancer complicated with diabetes mellitus., Methods: From January 2007 to October 2010, 67 patients with gastrointestinal cancer complicated with diabetes mellitus were admitted to the Liaocheng People's Hospital of Shandong Province and were randomized into the treatment group(n=33, enteral nutrition with probiotics, glutamine, and fish oil) and the routine group(n=34, regular enteral nutrition). Fasting blood glucose(FBG), insulin(FINS), number of lymphocytes(including CD3(+)T cell, CD4(+)T cell, CD8(+)T cell, CD4(+)/CD8(+)) and natural killer (NK) cells of the two groups were detected on the day before surgery and postoperative day 3 and 7. Insulin resistance index (InHOMA-IR) was calculated by using the homeostasis model assessment(HOMA). The incidence of nosocomial infections and intestinal function recovery time, and length of hospital stay were collected., Results: On postoperative day 7, FINS[(8.4±3.7) mU/L vs. (13.7±5.4) mU/L, P<0.05] and InHOMA-IR(1.11±0.23 vs. 1.68±0.39, P<0.05) were lower in the treatment group than that in the routine group. The number of CD4(+)[(45.2±5.4)% vs. (38.1±2.9)%, P<0.05], CD4/CD8 (2.05±0.27 vs. 1.58±0.16, P<0.05), and NK cells [(19.5±6.6)% vs. (15.4±5.6)%, P<0.05] were higher in the treatment group. There were no significant differences in nosocomial infection [6.1%(2/33) vs. 17.6%(6/34), P>0.05] and intestinal function recovery time[(69.3±9.5) h vs. (70.1±11.6) h, P>0.05] between the two groups. However, the length of hospital stay [(17±3.8) d vs. (21±4.2) d, P<0.05] was significantly shorter in the treatment group., Conclusion: For patients with gastrointestinal cancer complicated with diabetes mellitus, microbiota enteral nutrition can reduce insulin resistance, improve the immune status, and promote postoperative recovery.

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of the roots of Dendropanax chevalieri., Methods: The constituents were isolated by column chromatography with silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 gel and RP-18. Their structures were elucidated by analysis of spectral data and physicochemical properties., Results: Eight compounds were isolated and identified as palmitic acid (1), dibutylphthalate (2), beta-sitosterol (3), coniferaldehyde (4), scopoletin (5), beta-hydroxypropiovanillone (6), (+)-pinoresinol (7), (+)-syringaresinol (8)., Conclusion: Compounds 1-2, 4-8 are obtained from this genus for the first time.

Background: Surgery is the best treatment for early and middle stage non-small cell lung cancer. The aim of this study is to summarize the experience of bronchial sleeve mortality lobectomy and carinal resection in the treatment of 92 patients with central lung cancer from January, 1996 to May, 2010., Methods: A total of 92 patients with central lung cancer underwent pulmonary resection. Carinal resection and reconstruction were performed in 14 patients, bronchial sleeve resection in 70 patients, and bronchial sleeve combined with pulmonary artery sleeve lobectomy in 8 patients., Results: There was no operative mortality. The average operation time was 2 hours and 43 minutes. Postoperative complications such as pulmonary atelectasis occurred in 6.94% (7/92) of total group, and hoarseness in 4.35% (4/92). The 1, 3 and 5 year survival rates were 80.7%, 59.6% and 31.5%., Conclusions: Bronchial sleeve lobectomy and double sleeve lobectomy are capable of excising pulmonary tumor as much as possible while remaining healthy lung tissues. Carinal resection and reconstruction is helpful to extend the surgical indication, and increase the chance of successful resection.

Objective: To study the technology optimization for extraction and purification of total flavones from root bark of Artocarpus styracifolius., Methods: The optimum extraction conditions were investigated by the contents of the total flavones, using orthogonal test; Static adsorption capacity and desorption rate were employed as examine items for the screening of optimum macroporous resin and optimum technology for the purification of total flavones with selected macroporous were also investigated., Results: The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: using 60% alcohol of seven times than amounts of original material soaking 12 hours,extracting once with hot reflux method at 50 degrees C. HPD-500 type macroporous resin showed better adsorption and desorption property. The optimum purification conditions were as follows: the sample solution was prepared at the concentration of 50.0 mg/mL, subjected to HPD-500 type macroporous resin column chromatography with a load ratio of 22.0 mg total flavones per gram of resin. After standing for 1 hour, the column was eluted with 4 BV water before being eluted with 4 BV 80% alcohol. The purity of the product was 86.4%, which enhanced the content of total flavones by 533%., Conclusion: The optimum conditions for extraction and purification of total flavones from root bark of Artocarpus styractifolius are convenient and practical, and could be used as a reference for industrial production.

Objective: To investigate 4 populations of 80 samples of Vitex trifolia var. simplicifolia collected from Shandong and Jiangxi province and analyze their intraspecies genetic variance., Method: Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) technique was applied for the study., Result: Fifteen specific and stable primers were selected from 100 primers. A total of 129 sites were generated, and 115 of them (89.15%) were polymorphic. The data analyzed by PopGene demonstrated that the average polymorphic site percentage among the four populations was 71.89%. The average Shannon's information index was 0. 220 4. According to cluster analysis and the law of geographic variation, the populations were classified into two large groups: the Shandong group and the Jiangxi group., Conclusion: These results will provide the information for protection and utilization of V. trifolia var. simplicifolia and also further data for the study of genetic variation and species differentiation of V. trifolia var. simplicifolia.

Purpose: To examine the expression of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and their relationship in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) and to evaluate their functions in the development and progression of TSCC., Methods: The expression of NF-kappaB and COX-2 in 50 cases of TSCC was determined using SP immunohistochemical method. Data was statistically analyzed by Chi-square test with SPSS11.0 software package., Results: In the poorly differentiated TSCC group, NF-kappaB an COX-2 positive expression rate was 48% and 68.0%, respectively, significantly higher than that in the moderately- and well-differentiated group (P<0.05); In the TSCC group with lymph node metastasis, NF-kappaB and COX-2 positive expression rate was 42.3% and 61.5%, respectively, significantly higher than that in the group without lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). In the cases with COX-2 negative expression, NF-kappaB positive expression rate was 3.8%(1/26), significantly lower than that in the cases with COX-2 positive expression (P<0.05)., Conclusions: NF-kappaB and COX-2 expressions in the poorly differentiated and lymph node metastasis TSCC cases are higher than those in moderate- and well-differentiated and non- lymph node metastasis cases, NF-kappaB and COX-2 may be involved in the carcinogenesis and development of TSCC.

Objective: To study the clinical and sequence character of the entire mitochondrial genome in five subjects with mitochondrial 12SrRNA T1095C mutation, and to analyze its relationship with the military noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL)., Method: Three hundreds and four soldiers exposed to military noise were selected in Yunan and Beijing, including susceptible (experimental) and tolerance (control) groups. Mitochondrial 12SrRNA T1095C mutation were found in 5 subjects. Then the complete nucleotide sequence of five subjects were sequenced and its clinical character were analyzed., Result: m12SrRNA T1095C mutation were identified in 5 subjects of experimental group,and none were found in control group. There was significant difference between them (P < 0.05). All five soldiers had the history of military noise exposure and showed sensorineural deafness of different degrees. Sequence analysis of the complete mitochondrial genomes showed the distinct sets of mtDNA polymorphism besides T1095C mutation in five subjects., Conclusion: The T1095C mutation in hearing loss subjects with various genetic background and history of military noise exposure, is involved in the pathogenesis of hearing impairment. It indicates that the T1095C mutation do relate well with military noise induced-hearing loss.

Objective: To research the chemical constituents from Daphne tangutica., Methods: Column chromatography with silica gel, ODS-C18, Sephadex LH-20 and re-crystallization were employed to isolate and purify the constituents. According to physical and chemical properties and spectral data to identify the structure of compounds., Results: Eight compounds were isolated and identified as palmitic acid (1), laurostearic acid(2), beta-sitosterol(3), 7-methoxy-8-hydroxycumarin(4), daphnetin(5), genkwanin(6), hydroxygenkwanin(7), p-hydroxybenzoic acid(8)., Conclusion: Compounds 1,2,7 and 8 are isolated from Daphne tangutica for the first time.

Objective: To study the relationship between HPLC fingerprint chromatogram and inhibitory effect on respiratory burst of rat PMN of leaves of crataegus L., Method: HPLC fingerprint peaks of different species of hawthorn leaves were isolated and used for the effective experiment on the respiratory burst of rat PMN. The mathematic models of the relationship between the area and the effect of fingerprint peaks were established. According to the mathematic models, the HPLC fingerprint were change into bioactive fingerprint (include effective fingerprint and potency fingerprint) with the helps of mathematics, chemometrics, computer program simulation and etc., Result: The chromatogram-effect relationship of leaves of crataegus. on respiratory burst of rat PMN was established. According to this relationship, the activities of fourteen samples of leaves of crataegus. were forecasted. It was positive correlation between the expected value and the practical value. And the correlation coefficients was 0.968 (P < 0.01)., Conclusion: An all-around evaluative system, which includes not only chemical identification but also effective evaluation for traditional Chinese medicine was established. It will provide a new idea for study on fingerprint chromatogram of traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective: To construct prokaryotic expression vector of pET15b-PEP-1-SOD1 and investigate whether PEP-1-SOD1 fusion protein could be transduced into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the effects on hypoxia/reoxygenation injury., Methods: The recombinant plasmids pET15b-SOD1 and pET15b-PEP-1-SOD1 were constructed and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) to express SOD1 and PEP-1-SOD1 with an N-terminal His-tag. The purified SOD1 and PEP-1-SOD1 were incubated with HUVECs and the viability (MTT assay) and the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in culture medium were determined in the hypoxia/reoxygenation injury model. The morphological changes were observed under an inverted phase contrast microscope. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in HUVECs was also determined with the method of thiobarbituric acid., Results: PEP-1-SOD1 fusion protein could be transduced into cultured HUVECs in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The intracellular enzymatic activity of PEP-1-SOD1 after 30 min incubation with HUVECs was significantly higher than control group (60.88 U/ml +/- 6.73 U/ml vs. 41.06 U/ml +/- 4.19 U/ml, P < 0.01). The transduced PEP-1-SOD1 protein was enzymatically stable for 24 h within cells. After hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, control HUVECs shrunk, became round-shaped and intercellular space increased, while these morphological changes were not observed in PEP-1-SOD1 transduced HUVECs. PEP-1-SOD1 transduction also markedly increased the viability, decreased LDH leakage into culture media and reduced the content of MDA post hypoxia/reoxygenation., Conclusions: PEP-1-SOD1 fusion protein could be efficiently transduced into HUVECs in a natively active form, and the delivered enzymatically active PEP-1-SOD1 exhibits cellular protection against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in HUVECs. The transduction of SOD1 mediated by cell-penetrating peptide, PEP-1, provides a basis for further research on the prevention of ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo.

Objective: To compare the analytical method of LC-UV and LC-MS determination of major polyphenolic components in leaves of Crataegus L., Methods: By high-performance liquid chromatography method with VWD and MSD, Lichropsher C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm I.D., 5 microm); mobile phase consisted of solvent A (acetonitrile) and solvent B (0.05% formic acid) ; elution profile was: 0-12 min 11% to 17% A in B (linear gradient), 12-30 min 17% to 18% A in B (linear gradient), 30-45 min 18% to 40% A in B (linear gradient), 45-60 min 40% to 100% A in B (linear gradient); flow rate was 1.00 ml/min, flow into MSD and VWD by diffluence, column temperature 30 degrees C and the injection volume 10 microl., Result: The sensitivity of LC-MS was 10 times more than that of LC-UV, so it is preponderance for microanalysis. Additionally, because LC-MS can identify the component by retention time (t(R)) and m/z, it has high selectivity and exclusion for the determined component. However, the method of LC-UV is simple; the cost is lower; the separate effect is better. So it is preponderance to determine the higher content component, which has better separate effect., Conclusion: LC-UV and LC-MS exhibited their own predominance for determination of major polyphenolic components in leaves of Crataegus L. So the detector should be selected according to the determined targets.

The aim of this paper is to develop and validate a rapid and sensitive LC-APCI/MS method for the determination of triptolide (TP) in plasma and to study the pharmacokinetic properties of TP in Beagle dogs. Sample preparation consisted of liquid-liquid extraction of interests. with ethyl acetate from dog plasma. The analytes and internal standard prednisolone were well separated on a Zorbax Extend-C18 analytical column. Plasma TP was detected by selected-ion monitoring (SIM) of LC-APCI/MS as its deprotonated molecular ions [M - H] - at m/z 358.9. Pharmacokinetic studies were undertaken in dogs following an iv dose of 0.05 mg x kg(-1) of TP or an ig dose of 0.05, 0.08, 0.1 mg x kg(-1), separately. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS software. Calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 1 - 200 ng x mL(-1) of TP with the within- and between-batch precisions less than 10%. The within and between-batch accuracy was 95.0% to 105.0%. Recovery of LC-MS method for TP in plasma was over 75%. The T1/2beta was (2.5 +/- 0.8) h after intravenous administration of TP at the dose of 0.05 mg x kg(-1). There were no significant differences in T(max), T1/2 alpha and T1/2 beta among the three ig dosage groups. AUC and C(max) increased proportionally with doses. The absolute bioavailability of TP after ig administration of 0.05 mg x kg(-1) was (75 +/- 17)%. The LC-MS method for determination of triptolide in dog plasma was sensitive and rapid. It was showed that the elimination of triptolide was rapid. The absolute bioavailability of triptolide given orally was high.

Objective: To study the possible mechanism of Al neurotoxicity, we evaluated the oxidative function injury of mitochondria in the primary cultured neurons that were exposed to various concentrations of AlCl3., Methods: Neurons from newborn SD rats were primarily cultured. Then they were exposed to AlCl3 of 0 micromol/L, 50 micromol/L, 100 micromol/L, and 500 micromol/L. The neuron death rate, mitochondria enzyme activity, mitochondria reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) were tested then., Results: When the concentration of AlCl3 increased (0 micromol/L, 50 micromol/L, 100 micromol/L, 500 micromol/L), the death rate increased (10.53%, 11.99%, 12.03%, 25.00%), mitochondria enzyme activity decreased (0.56, 0.47, 0.42, 0.32), ROS increased (17.12, 19.71, 29.67, 45.46) and MMP decreased(8.03, 8.02, 4.69, 3.01)., Conclusion: Al exposure could cause mitochondria oxidative function injury in the primarily cultured rats, which may be the one of the possible mechanism of Al toxicity.

Protoplasts of Swertia mussotii irradiated by ultra-violet light (UV) 260 microW/cm(2) were fused with protoplasts of Daucus carota var. sativa using the PEG method. Analysis of 5S rDNA spacer sequences and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) showed the presence and combination of nuclear DNA from both parents. All hybrids mainly contained genomes of D. carota (receptor) RAPD bands, and a few donor RAPD bands of S. mussotii. There is no obvious relationship between the nuclear DNA composition was not affected by UV-dosage. SSR analysis of chloroplast DNA of the hybrid clones further revealed that cpDNAs of the parents were integrated and recombined in the hybrids randomly.

Experiments were performed on 6 adult cats. Brainstem neurons that project to the phrenic nucleus were retrogradely labeled by microinjection of WGA-HRP into the spinal phrenic nucleus. The brainstem sections were double processed for HRP histochemical staining with TMB-DAB method and 5-HT immunohistochemical staining with anti-5-HT primary antibody and FITC conjugated immunofluorescent secondary antibody. HRP-5-HT double-labeled neurons were observed mainly in the nucleus raphe pallidus. A few double-labeled neurons were also observed in nucleus raphe obscurus and nucleus raphe magnus. 5-HT immunopositive terminal fibers were observed in the vicinity of HRP single-labeled neurons (phrenic premotor neurons) located in the nucleus ambiguus and ventrolateral solitary tract nucleus. The results indicate that the 5-HTergic neurons in the nucleus raphe pallidus send axonal projections to the phrenic nucleus, and that the brainstem phrenic premotor neurons also receive 5-HTergic axonal projections.

The emptying of intracellular calcium store generates a putative signal that induces the opening of the store-operated calcium channel (SOC) at the level of the cell membrane, also known as the capacitative calcium entry (CCE), or the calcium release-activated calcium channel (CRAC), which allows entry of calcium into the cells from the extracellular space. Drosophila transient receptor potential (trp) and trp-like(trpl) genes have been identified and reported to code cation channels(TRP and TRPL). The mechanism of coupling between store depletion and channel opening is unknown. Three fundamental mechanisms have been proposed for transmitting the signal from intracellular stores to the plasma membrane: (1) a diffusible message; (2) protein-protein interactions; and (3) vesicle secretion. This review focuses primarily on the recent studies on the TRP homologues, the possible mechanisms and electrophysiological phenotypes of capacitative calcium entry.

Objective: To provide scientific basis for developing and utilizing Pueraria stems., Method: The contents of total flavonoid were determined by means of UV spectrophotometry. The isoflavones in stems and roots of nine species of genus Pueraria were analyzed by TLC., Results: The stems and roots are similar in chemical composition., Conclusion: Pueraria stems as a potential resource could be used as a substitute for Pueraria roots.

Using ELISA to analyse 192 patients with hepatitis E (HE) on their clinical and epidemiologyic characteristics, in Tianjin Area. Result showed that 20 percent of the total patients diagnosed as viral hepatitis diseases belonged to HE. The majority of HE patients was middle-aged male with .78.6 percent of them infected through alimentary canal. Five of them (2.6%) had a history of recent blood transfusion. The clinical picture of HE was similar to HA, showing only the increase of ALT and Bil, but no chronic process. The levels of ALT and Bil in super-infection were lower than those seen in simple HE (P < 0.01). Data showed that Hepatitis E in Tianjin Area was sporadic and the virus might be transmitted through blood transfusion. Blood screening program for HE virus was discussed. The author advanced the idea that HEV and other virus might restrain from each other.