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Based on data mining technology, the rules of acupoint selection of acupuncture-moxibustion for scrofula in ancient times were analyzed. The relevant articles of acupuncture and moxibustion for scrofula were searched in the Chinese Medical Code , and the original article, acupoint name, acupoint characteristic, and acupoint meridian tropism, etc. were screened and extracted. The Microsoft Excel 2019 was used to establish a acupoint prescription database, and the frequency of acupoints as well as their meridian tropism and characteristics were analyzed. The SPSS21.0 was applied to perform cluster analysis of acupuncture prescriptions; the SPSS Modeler 18.0 was used to perform the association rules analysis of the neck and the chest-armpit acupoints, respectively. As a result, 314 acupuncture prescriptions were extracted, including 236 single-acupoint prescriptions and 78 multiple-acupoints prescriptions (53 for neck and 25 for chest-armpit). A total of 54 acupoints were involved, with a total frequency of 530. The top 3 commonly-used acupoints were Tianjing (TE 10), Zulinqi (GB 41) and Taichong (LR 3); the most commonly-used meridians were hand shaoyang meridian, foot shaoyang meridian, hand yangming meridian and foot yangming meridian; the most commonly-used special acupoints were he -sea points and shu- stream points. The cluster analysis obtained 6 clusters, and the association rule analysis obtained that the core prescriptions of the neck were Quchi (LI 11), Jianyu (LI 15), Tianjing (TE 10) and Jianjing (GB 21), while the core prescriptions of the chest-armpit were Daling (PC 7), Yanglingquan (GB 34), Danzhong (CV 17), Jianjing (GB 21), Waiguan (TE 5), Zhigou (TE 6), Yuanye (GB 22) and Zhangmen (LR 13). The core prescriptions obtained from association rule analysis by difference areas were basically consistent with those by cluster analysis of total prescriptions.

Through analyzing the indication distribution of the different acupoints located at the upper limbs recorded in Science of Acupoints and Science of Meridians and Acupoints , the industry planning teaching materials of traditional Chinese medicine, it is discovered that the acupoints located at the upper arms are commonly selected for the treatment of scrofula and goiter, while the acupoints below the elbow at the hand meridians and those at the lower limbs of the foot meridians which running through the neck, do not have the similar indications. Based on a further analysis on the literature at ancient and modern times, it is believed that the acupoints located on the lateral side of the upper arms, especially those at the large intestine meridian of hand- yangming perhaps have the specific effect in treatment of scrofula and goiter.

Immunological function and lymphocytic subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBWC) from 39 patients with scrofula were investigated before and after treatment with musk-moxa-string therapy. The results showed that the percentage of CD3+, CD4+ cells and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ cells were markedly decreased in the patients than normal control (P less than 0.001). On the contrary, the numbers of B lymphocytes and DR+ cells were increased. But the response of PBWC to phytohemagglutin in (PHA) stimulation markedly decreased in the patients than the normal control. After treatment with musk-moxa-string therapy, the percentage of CD3+, CD4+ cells and the ratio of CD4/CD8 were increased (P less than 0.001) and blastogenic response to mitogen stimulation with PHA recovered to normal. Meanwhile, the symptoms was improved and swell lymph node disappeared or was reduced markedly in size and the ulcer was healed completely. These findings suggest that the effect of musk-moxa-string therapy is caused by the enhancement of immunological capacity of the patients.

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Ypsilandra thibetica belongs to the family Liliaceae. Its whole plant has the medicinal functions of heat-clearing and detoxifying, relieving congestion and other effects, and is used as the folk medicine to cure scrofula, dysuria embolism and other symptoms. Previous chemical studies revealed that its major and active ingredient is steroidal saponin. Up to now, more than fifty steroidal saponins, mainly composed of spirostan and furostanol types, have been described. Pharmacological and clinical studies have demonstrated that Y. thibetica has anti-tumor, uterine contractions, hemostatic and antibacterial activities, in particular for the treatment of a variety of gynecological hemorrhagic diseases. In an effort to provide references for the advanced research and development of this species, this paper summarized the research progress on its pharmacognosy, including botany and authentication, its isolated secondary metabolites, biological activities and pharmacological applications. In addition, some advantages of this species which could be potentially used as a substitute for Paridis Rhizoma, one of ingredients of the well-known drug "Yunnan Baiyao", together with the future prospect are also briefly included.

Objective: Most of Endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB) of children is caused by the bronchial erosion from the scrofula close to the bronchus. Due to its complicated mechanism, pediatricians have limited knowledge on the endobronchial tuberculosis, which makes the misdiagnosis rate high. This work explored the clinical features and diagnostic methods of endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB), to improve the understanding of this disease., Method: A total of 102 cases with endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB) were investigated by analyzing clinical and bronchoscopic features, imaging manifestation, PPD results and etiological examination; 71 cases were male, 33 were female, the youngest was 4 months old, and the oldest was 10 years old. The patients were treated in the fourth ward of the Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University., Result: Of the 102 cases, 71 (69.6 percent) were infants and young children. (1) Age and clinical presentation: Infants and young children were more common, the main clinical manifestations were fever and cough, physical examination may find decreased breath sounds, wet and dry rale and wheezing. (2) In 81 cases who received CT there was bronchial obstruction, in 43 cases there were simultaneous manifestations of primary pulmonary tuberculosis (mediastinal and hilar lymph node enlargement and/or pulmonary consolidation), 21 cases had only manifestations of primary tuberculo. (3) The results of PPD: the positive rate was 95%. (4) Bronchoscopic feature: presence of mucosal swelling, caseous necrosis, bronchial stenosis/extrabronchial compression, granulomatous lesions and lymph node bronchial fistula. (5) Bacteriologic results: 21 patients were bacteriologically positive., Conclusion: Bronchial tuberculosis was more common in infants and young children, their major clinical manifestations were fever, cough, common findings on lung imaging was mediastinal and hilar lymph node enlargement and/or pulmonary consolidation, bronchial obstruction should be considered manifestations of bronchial tuberculosis, positive PPD should support the clinical diagnosis. Diagnosis can be confirmed by positive bacteriological tests.

Verses on Acu-moxibustion Treatment have played an important role in the pervasion and spread of indications of acupoints. Abundant verses are widely cited in different versions of the textbook Acupuncturology for university and college students in China. Some contents about clinical indications of acupoints are even listed in partial verses. However, one important issue should be noted that the source of some indications of acupoints summarized in these verses needs being investigated, and the indications of some acupoints have been seldom mentioned in literature. For example, Sizhukong (TE 23) is used to treat toothache, Diwuhui (GB 42) used to treat tinnitus, Shangqiu (SP 5) used to treat jaundice, Chongmen (SP 12) selected to treat metrorrhagia, metrostaxis and abnormal vaginal discharge, Sanjiaoshu (BL 22) chosen to treat dysentery, etc. These descriptions (indications of these acupoints) need being verified in clinical practice, and thus should be used cautiously. Moreover, the verse is a type of barriers of literature in which some errors may occur in the course of spread from generation to generation and are also inherited in verses. For instance, Fubai (GB 10) is employed to treat scrofula, Yanggang (BL 48) employed to treat jaundice, Yishe (BL 49) used to treat vomiting and difficulty in swallowing, Shiguan (KI 18) taken to treat sterility, Yamen (GV 15) taken to treat epilepsy, etc. Therefore, the editors of teaching materials for acu-moxibustion should take a very cautious attitude when using such kinds of contents in verses.

To supply an additional differential diagnostic method for pathological diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and nontuberculous mycobacteria infections in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples by triplex-PCR. Three pairs of oligonucleotide primer were used in triplex-PCR. A 383 bp DNA fragment encoding part of the 65 kD mycobacterial surface antigen, a 123 bp fragment corresponding to a specific Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex sequence which was the insertion sequence 6110 (IS6110) and a 268 bp fragment for human beta-globin were amplified by triplex-PCR respectively. The sensitivity of the triplex-PCR-electrophoresis for the mycobacteria DNA was 0.6 picogram. The specific bands of 383 bp and 123 bp among the amplified DNA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. bovis BCG and M. simiae were present in the agarose gel. By contrast, only a band of 383 bp was found among the nontuberculosis mycobacteria which contained M. avium, M. chelonae, M. scrofulaceum, M. xenopi, M. kansasii, M. intracellulare and M. smegmatis. Compared with the standard strains, there was an additional 268 bp band in simulated clinic samples infected by mycobacteria, 209 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples of the patients diagnosed as scrofula by clinic doctor at first visit were examined by triplex polymerase chain reaction. Among them, 193 tissue samples of the patients pathologically diagnosed as scrofula, tuberculous granulomatous tissue or tuberculous granulomatous inflammation were positive: the specific hands of 383 bp, 123 bp and 268 bp were present in the agarose gel and this tallied with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection. Of 16 tissue samples of the patients pathologically diagnosed as suspicious scrofula, 15 samples were same positive results and this tallied with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection, too; 1 sample could find the specific bands of 383 bp and 268 bp which were present in the agarose gel and this tallied with nontuberculous mycobacteria infection. The results showed that the triplex-PCR could detect and identify the DNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and nontuberculous mycobacteria except M. simiae. It is a valuable detecting method which has high sensitivity and specificity.

Artabotrys hexapetalus (annonaceae) is distributed in southern China. As a Chinese folk herb medicine, its root and fruits are used to treat malaria and scrofula, respectively. Two new flavonol glycosides, artabotryside-A (1), -B (2), three known flavonoids: taxifolin (3), 7-O-glucoluteolin (4), apigenin-7-O-apiosyl(1-->2) glycoside (5), and two organic acid: succinic (6) and fumaric acid (7) have been isolated from the leaves of A. hexapetalus. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated as quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside (1) and kaempferol-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside (2), respectively, on the basis of spectral analysis. The compounds 3 through 7 were found from A. hexapetalus for the first time.