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Diamond plays a significant role in the fields of mechanics, optics, thermology and electronics (such as semiconductors) with its excellent properties. However, the surface quality of diamond affects its application in these areas. Therefore, obtaining high-quality surfaces through efficient polishing technology has always been a focus of diamond research. The main diamond polishing technologies include mechanical polishing, thermochemical polishing, laser polishing and chemical mechanical polishing, among which chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) has the advantages of low equipment operating costs, simple process, and minimal surface damage after polishing. Based on the analysis and comparison of the above polishing methods, this paper focuses on the field of CMP and makes a detailed comparison and analysis of its development history. Although the early CMP technology had certain limitations in process and polishing efficiency, it lays the foundation for the innovation and optimization of the subsequent technology; the application of H2 O2 and its mixtures not only enhances the chemical reaction activity in the process of CMP and improves the material removal rate, but also effectively reduces the surface roughness and improves the surface quality of diamond; the photocatalytic assisted chemical mechanical polishing can enable diamond to achieve a high surface quality, but the equipment is relatively complicated and cannot meet the demand of mass production, which needs further research and optimization. In addition, this paper also predicts the future development of chemical mechanical polishing to provide reference for researchers in related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The aims of this study are to examine the relationship between gully slope slumping erosion and topographic factors, and to provide a theoretical reference for the mechanism of gully slope slumping erosion and erosion disaster monitoring in bare sandstone area. Methods Based on in-situ monitoring and 3D laser scanning technology, the characteristics of slumping erosion and the variation of topographic factors were analyzed. [Results (1) The amount of slumping erosion was significantly correlated with temperature and wind speed, and the correlation coefficients were 0.867 and 0.917. (2) The topographic factor values showed an increasing trend in general, the surface roughness and surface undulations fluctuated more obviously on the slope, and the fluctuations changed slowly in the middle and lower slopes, and the gully density had no obvious regularity. (3) The amount of slumping erosion was significantly correlated with surface roughness and surface fluctuation, and the relationship was polynomial regression, there was no significant correlation with gully density. There was a certain correlation among the topographic factors, and the surface roughness and surface undulations showed a significant positive correlation, and the correlation coefficient was 0.89. [Conclusion] The erosion amount of gully slope in bare sandstone area can be characterized by the numerical fluctuation of surface roughness and surface fluctuation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Machine Tool & Hydraulics is the property of Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (GMERI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Machine Tool & Hydraulics is the property of Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (GMERI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Investigating the shear characteristics of the contact surface between tunnel surrounding rock and lining under different normal stresses and roughness conditions has significant theoretical and engineering importance for further research on the interaction between tunnel surrounding rock and lining, as well as the stability of rock mass. To consider roughness conditions, fractal theory was adopted to generate five different contact surfaces by changing the fractal dimension D and fractal roughness G in the fractal formula. Based on the two-dimensional particle flow code (PFC2D ), a numerical shear model of the contact surface with dimensions of 150 mm x 150 mm was established. Numerical shear tests were carried out for the same contact surface under different normal stresses and for different contact surfaces under the same normal stress. In order to verify the reliability of the numerical simulation, shear stress-shear displacement curves obtained from a typical numerical shear test were compared with those obtained from the laboratory shear test. The research results showed that: (1) The cracks generated by shear failure in the numerical model were mainly concentrated at the middle contact surface, with stress after failure mainly concentrated at points with the greatest contact surface roughness. The failure cracks could be divided into shear cracks and tensile cracks, with tensile cracks being predominant. (2) Shear stress-shear displacement curves exhibited three stages: climbing, cutting and sliding, with obvious peak strength and residual strength. Normal displacement increased with increasing shear displacement, resulting in dilatancy effect. (3) With the increase of normal stress, the number of shear and tensile cracks increased, failure phenomena became more pronounced. Peak strength and residual strength increased, and the dilatancy effect decreased. (4) With increasing roughness undulation, i. e., an increase in fractal dimension D or a decrease in fractal roughness G, the number of failure cracks increased, especially tensile cracks, as well as peak strength and residual strength. The dilatancy effect also intensified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrological similarity is an index to measure the similarity degree of two basins, which is often used to identify and select similar basins. Traditional research usually only discriminates whether there is similarity between basins, but pays little attention to the spatial and temporal characteristics of hydrological similarity of basins. In order to explore the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of hydrological similarity in the Fenhe River Basin, this paper set the calculation time scale based on the different meteorological elements of the year, month and day, set the sub-watershed scale according to the different river grades of the first, second and third levels nested in the Fenhe River basin, and carried out principal component analysis on 5 meteorological elements and 17 underlying surface indicators in the study area. Finally, the hydrological similarity evaluation system of Fenhe River Basin was established with the average annual precipitation, average annual temperature, topographic humidity index, topsoil PH, average elevation and surface roughness as the characteristic indexes, and the coefficient of variation method was used to determine the hydrological similarity weight coefficient of the basin, and the temporal and spatial characteristics of the hydrological similarity of the main and tributary basins of Fenhe River were quantitatively studied. The results show that: 1 the hydrological similarity between the first-level Fen River basin and the Fen River basin is greater than 0.750 on the scale of year, month and day. Under the three time scales, the hydrological similarity between the main stream of Fanwang River and Fenhe River basin is the highest, which is 0.908, 0.927, 0.910 in order. At the annual scale, the hydrological similarity between the main stream of Dachuan River and Fenhe River basin is the lowest, which is 0.773. On the monthly scale, the hydrological similarity between Changyuan River and Fenhe River basin is the lowest, 0.818. On the daily scale, the hydrological similarity between ZhongMafang River and Fenhe River basin is the lowest, which is 0.791. 2 At different sub-watershed scales, the hydrological similarity gradually decreases with the decrease of the river series of Fen River's nested tributaries. The hydrological similarity of the first to third tributaries of Lanhe River, Changyuan River, Wenyu River and Fanwang River with respect to Fenhe River basin is 0.845, 0.814, 0.736, 0.800, 0.891, 0.794, 0.811, 0.772, 0.722, 0.908, 0.738, 0.725. 3 Hydrological similarity is positively correlated with the characteristic indexes. The coefficient of determination of terrain moisture index, topsoil PH and hydrological similarity regression equation are 0.573 3 and 0.894 6, respectively, showing a significant and high correlation, while the other characteristic indexes are weakly correlated with hydrological similarity. The research results are of great significance for hydrological forecasting and parameter transplantation in areas without data in Fenhe River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of soluble ions on the morphology and crystal growth of calcium sulfate hemihydrate whiskers are very significant. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the basic theory of regulating whiskers, this paper summarises the progress of research on the effects of different types and concentrations of soluble cations in desulfurization gypsum on the whisker preparation. The low concentration of Na+ has a small effect on the calcium sulfate hemihydrate whiskers and barely affects the morphology and surface smoothness of the whiskers. The content of K+ is suitable to be 3% (mass fraction) or below, and the higher content has a detrimental effect on the growth of calcium sulfate hemihydrate whiskers. Mg2+ makes the whisker surface more homogeneous and crystalline. And the trace amount of selective adsorption of Al3+ has no effect on the whisker length-to-diameter ratio. Similar to K+, Fe3+ also has the optimal concentration, which is lower than 2 mmol / L. Unlike the cations mentioned above, Cu2+ is not from the raw material, but is an additional ion introduced in the doping of the appropriate amount of Cu2+ is conducive to the formation of whiskers with a smooth and uniform surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient cutting of float glass can be achieved by using 532 nm nanosecond laser with the bottom-up spiral scanning method. Due to the obvious thermal effect when the nanosecond laser acts on the glass, it will cause glass edge chipping, white spots on the side wall surface, surface micro cracks and voids and other defect behaviors. Focusing on this problem, the single-factor experimental method was used to explore 532 nm laser hole cutting defect behavior. The results show that the laser pulse frequency is the key factor affecting the defect shape. Improper pulse frequency and pulse energy will seriously increase the glass edge chipping and the surface roughness of hole wall, and also produce uneven regional white spots. Increasing the scanning speed will reduce the surface roughness of hole wall. Smaller spiral overlap rate will cause the corrugated surface morphology of glass hole wall. When the hole wall quality is poor, the micro cracks and voids are more obvious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct-injection SBS modified asphalt has advantages such as easy quality control, low cost, and minimal pollution. It can address the issue of unstable quality in conventional wet-process SBS modified asphalt and has been gradually widely applied in recent years. This study investigated the aging resistance performance of direct-injection SBS modified asphalt at different dosages through short-term aging. By conducting temperature scanning tests, mid-temperature fatigue performance tests, low-temperature rheological property tests, and atomic force microscope tests on the aged direct-injection modified asphalt, the aging resistance performance of the SBS modified asphalt was studied from macroscopic to microscopic scales. The macroscopic experimental results indicated that the direct-injection SBS modified asphalt exhibited an increase in elastic components and fatigue life after short-term aging. During the aging process, the Guolu direct-injection SBS modified asphalt showed a secondary development phenomenon. The microscopic test results revealed that, after short-term aging, both conventional wet-process SBS modified asphalt and Liaohe direct-injection SBS modified asphalt exhibited reduced roughness due to changes in the content of the four components and the degradation of SBS. In contrast, the Guolu direct-injection SBS modified asphalt exhibited increased surface roughness due to further swelling development, consistent with the conclusions drawn from the macroscopic tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Electromachining & Mould is the property of Electromachining & Mould Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Machine Tool & Hydraulics is the property of Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (GMERI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lubrication Engineering (0254-0150) is the property of Editorial Office of LUBRICATION ENGINEERING and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science) is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: When the traditional abrasive flow machining (AFM) technology is used to process workpieces with complex shapes and inner walls of the tunnels, the machining quality of the workpiece surface tends to be uneven in each directions. To address this, the vibration assistance is added to traditional abrasive flow machining, forming a wavy machining track on the workpiece surface. This technique generates interwoven scratch textures, reduces the roughness value of the workpiece surface in all directions, and improves the surface quality and material removal efficiency converging the surface roughness. Methods: By rotating a cam to drive a connecting rod, vibration is induced in a round tube, altering the flow field distribution characteristics of the fluid abrasive and the mode of abrasive phase movement. This enables a new relative movement between the fluid abrasive and the workpiece surface. The principle of vibration-assisted machining and the scratching effect of abrasive particles on the workpiece surface were analyzed. At the same time, different frequencies and amplitudes were achieved by varying the motor speed and adjusting the long and short half-axes of the elliptical cam. A test platform for vibration-assisted abrasive flow machining was built to study the effects of abrasive flow rate, amplitude, and frequency on workpiece surface roughness and topography. Results: (1) After 2, 4, and 6 processing cycles without vibration, the surface roughness of the Cu-1 workpiece was reduced to 0.187, 0.123, and 0.112 μm, respectively. After 2, 4 and 6 processing cycles with vibration, the surface roughness of the Cu-4 workpiece decreased from an initial 0.230 μm to 0.139, 0.114, and 0.106 μm, respectively. The surface roughness of the workpiece polished with vibration was lower than that without vibration. At the same time, under non-vibration conditions, the transverse fringes of the original surface of Cu-1 after machining remained visible, although its surface roughness were significantly reduced. When Cu-4 was processed for 6 times under vibration condition, the transverse stripes on the original Cu-4 surface were almost completely removed, and some fine circular scratches appeared, resulting in a relatively ideal machining surface. (2) The cam speed directly corresponded to vibration frequency, higher cam speeds resulted in higher frequencies. When the Cu-2 workpiece was machined at a cam speed of 150 r/min, its surface roughness decreased slowly and steadily. At the cam speed of 225 r/min, the Cu-3 workpiece was experienced a longer micro-cutting length between abrasive particles and the workpiece, resulting in lower surface roughness compared to those of Cu-2. When Cu-4, polished at a higher cam speed, these appeared a significant reduction in surface roughness, decreasing to 0.166, 0.130. and 0.106 μm in the order of Cu-2 > Cu-3 > Cu-4. Higher cam speeds produced more scratches on the workpiece surface under the same flow rate, leading to longer arc scratches and smaller curvature radii. (3) When Cu-3, Cu-7 and Cu-8 workpieces were processed for the same times with three different cam sizes, the surface roughness of Cu-3 slowly reduced to 0.130 μm with L76 cam. The Cu-7 was machined with L47 cam at lower amplitude and relatively stable vibration, had lower surface roughness of 0.111 μm, which was lower than that of Cu-3. The Cu-8 was machined with L102 cam, the connecting rod swings greatly, the vibration was extremely unstable, and the surface roughness of the workpiece changed little. The L76 cam had the larger and more intense amplitude on Cu-3, and the curvature radius of the scratch formed by the machining was larger, and the direction angle of the scratches formed by the abrasive particles on the Cu-3 surface was closer to the original direction angle of scratches of the workpiece. The vibration amplitude of the L47 cam was small, and the scratch amplitude on the Cu-7 workpiece was smaller, and the cutting condition was more stable and the surface roughness was lower. However, the machining of Cu-8 by L102 cam destroyed the surface morphology of the workpiece. (4) The abrasive flow rates for the Cu-3, Cu-6 and Cu-5 workpieces were 38, 28, and 19 mm/s, respectively. After processing, the surface roughness were 0.130, 0.156, and 0.178μm, respectively. Under the same vibration machining conditions, the higher the abrasive flow rate, the lower the workpiece surface roughness, and the relationship between the surface roughness of each workpiece after machining was Cu-5 > Cu-6 >Cu-3. Moreover, there were scratches on the workpiece surface with a certain angle from the original scratches, and the relationship between the curvature radius of the scratch on the surface of the workpiece was Cu-3 > Cu-6 > Cu-5. Conclusions: Compared with traditional abrasive flow machining, vibration-assisted abrasive flow machining extends the cutting path of abrasive particles on the workpiece surface, forming cross scratches and reducing the surface roughness of the workpiece. The higher the vibration frequency, the longer the micro-cutting length between abrasive particles and the workpiece surface, the lower the surface roughness of the workpiece. With the increase of abrasive flow rate, the cutting effect of the abrasive particles on the workpiece surface is enhanced, leading to greater reductions in surface roughness.

[Objective] The extensive development of biological soil crusts driven by the project of “Grain for Green” on the Loess Plateau can significantly inhibit soil erosion, but the characteristics of soil erosion resistance and the response mechanism with the growth and development of biological soil crusts are still unclear. [Methods] Algal crusts, moss crusts, and natural succession crusts were cultivated for 176 days to systematically study the effects of different developmental stages and types of biological soil crusts on loessial soil erosion resistance. [Results] (1)The coverage, thickness, biomass, chlorophyll and roughness of the biological soil crusts increased significantly with growth time, and the moss crusts were higher at the beginning of cultivation and the natural succession crusts were highest at the end of cultivation. (2) With the development of biological soil crusts, the cohesion increased as a power function, which increased by 39.8%~60.3% compared with the initial period; the mass loss rate decreased exponentially, which decreased by 45.6%~57.3% compared with the initial period; and the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) was more complex, but the Ks was lowest at the end of cultivation (0.08~0.12 mm/min). (3) Soil cohesion increased as a power function with the increase of coverage, thickness, chlorophyll, biomass and roughness, and the mass loss rate decreased exponentially with the increase of coverage, thickness, chlorophyll, biomass and roughness. (4) The comprehensive index of soil erosion resistance (Cser) constructed based on soil properties can effectively show the effect of biological soil crusts development on soil erosion resistance. And the Cser can be expressed as a power function of coverage (Cov), thickness (T) and biomass (B) (Cser=0.279 Cov0.194T0.188B0.119, R2=0.73, p

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The forming of overhanging structures has always been a machining difficulty in SLM. The forming defects of overhanging structures mainly include warping deformation, adhering slag, and internal lack of unfusion, which seriously affect the overall forming quality of the parts. This experiment selected 0° (horizontal), 20 0, 30 °, 40 0, and 50 0 to prepare overhang structures with different tilt angles. The deformation, internal structural defects, suspension surface roughness, and mechanical properties of SLM formed Ti6A14V titanium alloy overhang structures under different tilt angles were studied. The research results indicate that the warping deformation of the formed horizontal overhang structure occurs on both sides of the formed part. As the inclination angle increases, the warping deformation and slag hanging are severe at 20°, and. the deformation amount and overhang surface roughness of the formed sample show a decreasing trend. The number of internal unfused pores and pores in the formed sample decreases, and the fracture morphology of the overhang structure shows ductile dimple characteristics, The tensile strength is highest at 40°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lubrication Engineering (0254-0150) is the property of Editorial Office of LUBRICATION ENGINEERING and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Diamond & Abrasives Engineering is the property of Zhengzhou Research Institute for Abrasives & Grinding and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Diamond & Abrasives Engineering is the property of Zhengzhou Research Institute for Abrasives & Grinding and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Machine Tool & Hydraulics is the property of Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (GMERI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The present study aimed to identify the natural ventilation potential in Guangdong Province by employing the concept of roughness length from the perspective of aerodynamics. A ventilation index was derived using numerically simulated average horizontal wind field data in winter and summer, and the weighted combination of near-surface temperature and roughness length. It was found that the distribution of inter-city ventilation corridors is affected by seasonal thermal differences, with significantly better ventilation capacity in winter compared to summer. The ventilation evaluation results were categorized into four grades, and potential ventilation corridors were identified for winter and summer in Guangdong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Soil & Water Conservation (1009-2242) is the property of Institute of Soil & Water Conservation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Lubrication Engineering (0254-0150) is the property of Editorial Office of LUBRICATION ENGINEERING and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lubrication Engineering (0254-0150) is the property of Editorial Office of LUBRICATION ENGINEERING and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bearing is the property of Bearing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to develop optical films that can be applied to window films and high-brightness films, self-produced A masterbatch, B masterbatch and film-grade polyester were used to prepare biaxially oriented polyester (BOPET) films by extrusion casting machine and tensile test machine. The microstructure, roughness, optical properties, friction coefficient and mechanical properties of BOPET films were studied by polarizing microscope, line roughness meter, non-contact 3D surface profiler, transmission fog shadowgraph, gloss meter, friction coefficient meter and material tensile machine. The results show that the opening agent is a spherical structure, the size is in the submicron level, showing a monodisperse state. When the content of the opening agent (B masterbatch) is 0.012 5%, the roughness of the film surface Ra≤23 μm, Sa≤17 μm, haze, transmittance, clarity, gloss can reach 0.88%, 90.8%, 99.6% and 136 GU, respectively. The static friction coefficient/dynamic friction coefficient is 0.36/0.30. The anti-bonding effect is good and the mechanical properties are excellent. The prepared BOPET film is a kind of low fog and high definition BOPET film with good comprehensive properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Micronanoelectronic Technology is the property of Micronanoelectronic Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bearing is the property of Bearing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)