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Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Oil-water separation is important in waste-water treatment. Taking the advantage of the special wettability of Zein, an oil-water separation nanofibrous membrane with excellent separation efficiency and flux was prepared. To enhance the mechanical properties of Zein, Zein was electrospun with ES-11 alkyd soluble nylon (PA), which has excellent mechanical properties. The prepared Zein/PA fibrous membrane can realize on-demand oil-water separation, and substantially enhance the mechanical properties. The results show that the tensile stress and strain of the fibrous membrane reach 3.31 MPa and 64.79% when the proportion of PA reaches 35%. The separation efficiencies of different oil-water mixtures are above 98.5%, up to 99.6%, and the separation fluxes are up to 14 107 L/(m²·h). After 10 separation cycles, the separation efficiency and flux of the fibrous membrane keep as high as 98.7% and 13 287 L/(m²·h). The efficiency and flux of oil-water separation under acid, alkali and salt environments do not decrease significantly, indicating that the fibrous membrane has good resistance to acid, alkali and salt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Taking the traditional fermented watermelon soybean paste from Henan as the research object, the volatile components of the paste were analyzed by HS-GC-MS. The effects of equilibrium temperature, equilibrium time, vibration frequency and the amount of sodium chloride on the volatile compounds were investigated by single factor experiments. The results showed that the optimal conditions were as follows: equilibrium temperature, 90 °C ; equilibrium time, 50 min; vibration frequency, 6 times per second; no sodium chloride added. Under these conditions, 10 classes and 82 kinds of volatile compounds were identified in naturally fermented watermelon soybean paste, including 12 alcohols, 10 esters, 14 olefins, 6 aldehydes, 8 ketones, 4 ethers, 1 acid, 10 alkanes, 7 nitrogen-containing compounds and 10 other compounds. The relative contents of alkenes, aldehydes and alcohols were relatively high, accounting for 23.848%, 22.537% and 19.743%, respectively. The sum of these three kinds accounted for 66.12% of the total volatile components, followed by esters and ketones (accounting for 11.945% and 6.839%, respectively). It can be concluded that the top three kinds of compounds play a vital role in the characteristic flavor of Henan traditional watermelon soybean paste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the effects of the addition of different amounts of salt (0%, 1%, 2% and 3%) at five stages of processing: raw shrimp, blanching, marination, soaking for 2 h and soaking at 4 ℃ for 24 h, on the quality and volatile flavor compounds of marinated crayfish were investigated. The results showed that L* values increased and then decreased as the processing stages proceeded, while a* and b* values both continued to increase. But salt addition had little effect on the color difference. Additionally, moisture content decreased and then increased, and was affected little by salt addition. For 1%, 2% and 3% salt addition, hardness, elasticity, chewiness and adhesion showed an initial increasing and subsequent decreasing trend. Without salt addition, hardness and chewiness continued to increase. For each group, elasticity and cohesiveness increased and then did not show any significant change. The electronic nose results could be roughly divided into four parts, raw shrimp and blanching, marination, soaking for 2 h, and soaking at 4 ℃ for 24 h. There were also some differences between the less and more salt addition groups. The electronic tongue results showed that as salt addition increased or the processing stages proceeded, saltiness, astringency, and umami taste increased, and other taste attributes changed little. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) analysis showed that salt addition and marination had a positive effect on the volatile flavor of crayfish. However, excessive salt addition and too long processing time were detrimental to volatile flavors. In conclusion, the addition of salt and processing stages can affect the quality and flavor of marinated crayfish.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Condiment is the property of China Condiment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chemical Engineering (China) / Huaxue Gongcheng is the property of Hualu Engineering Science & Technology Co Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pretreatment has been one of the most important procedures to convert the lignocellulosic biomass into the sugarbased chemicals. The dense structure of lignocellulosic biomass can be destroyed to reduce the biological resistance. This study aims to investigate the influence of pretreatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse, the compositions of solid residue, and pretreatment liquid. The 0.025 mol/L metal salts (FeCl3, CrCl3, AlCl3, CuCl2, FeCl2, ZnCl2, MnCl2, MgCl2, CaCl2, NaCl, LiCl, and Na2CO3 ) were selected to enhance the ethanol/H2O. The pretreatment was conducted at 160 °C for 10 min. Compared with the raw sugarcane bagasse, the glucan content in the metal salt-enhanced ethanol pretreated samples increased from 45.5% to 77.2%. The sugars in the pretreatment solution were mainly xylose. There was the low content of glucose, indicating that the metal salts was effectively removed the hemicellulose and lignin during ethanol/H2O pretreatment. In the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated samples, the efficiency of metal salts on enzymatic hydrolysis was ranked in the descending order of: trivalent metal salt (FeCl3, CrCl3 and AlCl3 ), divalent metal salt (CuCl2, FeCl2, ZnCl2, MnCl2, MgCl2 and CaCl2 ), and monovalent metal salt (NaCl, LiCl and Na2CO3 ). Furthermore, the surface morphology and structure in the native sugarcane bagasse and pretreated solids were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric. SEM images showed that the morphological structure of bagasse changed more violently with the increase of metal hydrochloric acid degree, ranging from the original smooth surface to the rough, where many irregularly shaped fine particles appeared, even a large number of cracks and pores. XRD analysis showed that the crystallinity of bagasse raw materials was 51.9%. Furthermore, the crystallinity was improved differently in the various metal salts after pretreatment. Among them, the most crystallinity was found after trivalent metal chloride-enhanced ethanol pretreatment, which were FeCl3 (64.5%), CrCl3 (65.1%) and AlCl3 (64.4%). While the crystallinity of MgCl2 and NaCl only increased to 57.5% and 55.8%, respectively. FT-IR analysis showed that there was the weak or even disappeared characteristic absorption peaks at 1 730 cm-1 of the carbonyl group in hemicellulose, and the characteristic absorption peaks at 1 600 and 1 510 cm-1 of the benzene ring in lignin after ethanol pretreatment enhanced by trivalent metal salts (AlCl3, CrCl3, FeCl3 ), compared with the raw materials. Therefore, the trivalent metal salts (AlCl3, CrCl3, FeCl3 ) during ethanol pretreatment were greatly removed the lignin and hemicellulose in bagasse. TG analysis showed that the maximum weight loss peaks of the metal salt CrCl3, AlCl3, FeCl3, MgCl2 and NaCl enhanced ethanol/H2O pretreatment samples appeared at 334, 346, 360, 360 and 365 °C, respectively, and the maximum weight loss rates were -1.86, -1.72, -1.59, -1.17 and -1.16% /°C, respectively. There was the decrease in the peak temperature of maximum weight loss decreased, whereas, the maximum weight loss rate increased with the increase of metal hydrochloric acid. As such, the acidic metal salt enhanced ethanol/H2O pretreatment can effectively destroy the bagasse structure suitable for the degradation of biomass. These characterization datasets were in better agreement with the previous enzymatic hydrolysis of trivalent metal salt-enhanced ethanol/H2O pretreatment. These findings can provide the valuable insights to utilize the lignocellulosic biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effect of ultrasound assisted NaCl soaking on the structure and digestive characteristics of black beans, the scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction and other methods were used to analyze the mechanism of NaCl on the structure of black beans. And the thermal properties, water absorption, and swelling rate were used to clarify the changes in the properties of the black beans during the ripening process, and the in vitro digestive properties of starch were analyzed. The results showed that ultrasound-assisted NaCl soaking decreased the densification of black bean powder particles and made the gap between particles larger while reducing the damage to the starch crystallization region. With the increase of NaCl concentration, the swelling rate of black bean particles increased by 28%, 48%, and 56% compared to water soaking, and the hardness significantly decreased. The gelatinization degree increased to 40%, 43%, and 45%, and the hydrolysis rate of black bean starch decreased to 19.05%, 17.93%, and 17.48%, respectively. This indicated that sodium ions could inhibit starch digestion, the NaCl soaking treatment in this study would provide a theoretical basis for the development of low GI functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: An analysis method for simultaneous determination of 59 kinds of chemical drugs illegally added in herbal tea by micro-QuEChERS method combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC-MS/MS) was established. Method: The samples were extracted by ultrasonic extraction from acetonitrile solution for 5 min and salted out with sodium chloride (NaCl) and anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). Supernatant was purified with C18 sorbent and separated on a ACQUITY HSS T3 column (100 mmx2.1mm, 1.8 μm) by gradient elution using a mixture of 0.01% formic acid and acetonitrile:methanol (8:2) as the mobile phase. Then the analytes were quantified by UHPLC-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) via positive and negative electrospray ionization quantified by external standard method. Result: The coefficient of determination of the standard calibration curves for the 59 analytes were all above 0.9990. The limit of detection (LOD, S/N≥3) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ, S/N≥10) were 5.0-10.0 and 10.0-25 μg/L. At three spiked of 25.0, 50.0 and 100.0 μg/L, the average recoveries of 59 analytes were 60.3%-128.8% (n=6) with the relative standard deviations in the range of 1.0%-13.7%. Conclusion: The method developed was simple, sensitive, and had good purification effect. It could be applied for the rapid determination of 59 chemical drugs illegally added in herbal tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the association between genetic variations in the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) gene and BP responses to sodium and potassium intake. Methods A total of 514 subjects from 124 families were recruited in Meixian County, Shaanxi Province, in 2004, resulting in the establishment of a “salt-sensitive hypertension study cohort”. The subjects followed a dietary regimen which involved a normal diet for 3 days, a low-salt diet for 7 days, a high-salt diet for 7 days, and a high-salt potassium-supplemented diet for 7 days. BP measurement was conducted at different intervention periods, and peripheral blood samples were collected. Additionally, eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the GLP-1R gene were genotyped using the MassARRAY detection platform. Results The GLP-1R gene SNP rs9462472 exhibited a significant association with systolic BP, diastolic BP, and mean arterial pressure response to high-salt intervention. Similarly, SNP rs2268637 showed a significant association with systolic BP response to high-salt intervention. Furthermore, SNP rs2268637 was significantly associated with systolic BP and mean arterial pressure responses to high-salt plus potassium supplementation intervention. Conclusion Our findings indicate a significant association of genetic variations in the GLP-1R gene with BP responses to sodium and potassium intake. This suggests that the GLP-1R gene plays a role in the regulation of BP salt sensitivity and potassium sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Advances in New & Renewable Energy is the property of Editorial Office of Advances in New & Renewable Energy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Condiment is the property of China Condiment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To determine the correlation between dominant microorganisms and physicochemical characteristics of pickle brine. Analysis of the correlation between physicochemical properties and microbial communities was revealed, while the microbial community structure was investigated using high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that: The total acid content of pickle brine was 3.00-18.90 g/kg, the pH value was 3.27-4.71, the salt content was 11.00¬15.50 g/100g, and 7 kinds of organic acids including oxalic acid, malic acid, succinic acid and lactic acid were de¬tected. The dominant microbial phylums include Firmicutes and Ascomycota, accounting for more than 99.00% of the to¬tal. The dominant bacterial genera were Lactobacillus and Pediococcus. The dominant fungal were Pichia, Kazachstania and Debaryomyces. The correlation analysis showed that Lactobacillus had a significant positive correlation with lactic acid (P<0.05) and acetic acid (P<0.01), and Pediococcus had a significant positive correlation with malic acid (P<0.01). In summary, Lactobacillus spp. and Pediococcus were the dominant microorganisms in the pickle brine. This provided a reference for the selection and breeding of efficient fermentation strains of pickle brine and industrialization of pickles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biological contact oxidation coupled with biological activated carbon process is proposed to solve the difficulties in achieving stable and high energy consumption treatment high salt sewage in refining and chemical enterprises. Salt-tolerant bacteria are successfully acclimated by gradually increasing the influent salt content, and then the biological contact oxidation unit is activated. The biofilm in the pool is well attached, and the denitrification and carbon removal effect is remarkable. The effluent COD can be stably controlled below 90 mg/L, and total nitrogen is below 15 mg/L. The results of flora analysis reveals in the high-salt sewage environment, significant alterations in the number and diversity of flora in the contact oxidation unit biofilm compared to the inoculated sludge. The predominant functional bacteria identified are Thiovirga, Thauera, Flavobacterium, Gemnobacter, Hydrogenophaga, etc. In the biological activated carbon unit, the organic combination of salt resistant and efficient bacterial agents with activated carbon has improved the resistance to influent COD fluctuations. A biofilm is formed on the surface of the activated carbon. The system operates stably. The effluent COD can be stably controlled below 60 mg/L, ammonia nitrogen is below 2 mg/L, and total nitrogen is below 15 mg/L. The entire process is centered around biodegradation, with a short process flow and low operating costs. This study provides technical support for the standard treatment of high salt sewage in refining and chemical enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To investigate the effect of Bushen formulae （BHF） on bone metabolism and its possible mechanism in ovariectomized rats with high salt intake. METHODS: According to the random number table method, 80 SPF-grade Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham group, ovariectomy （OVX） group, medium-high-salt diet （MSD） group, high-salt diet（ HSD） group, BHF group, BHF with normal saline（ BHF+NS） group, BHF+MSD group, and BHF+ HSD group, with 10 rats in each group. After modeling, different diets and BHF formula interventions were administered, and the concentrations of sodium chloride added to MSD group and HSD group were 2%（ w/w） and 8%（ w/w）, respective-ly. The dose of BHF was 7. 8 g·kg-1·d-1, once a day, and the treatment lasted for 12 weeks. Bone density, bone microarchitecture, bone parameters, bone metabolism biomarkers, bone histopathological changes, the expression of epithelial sodium channel α（ ENaCα）, Na-Cl cotransporter（ NCC）, and voltage-gated chloride channel 3（ ClC-3） proteins in bone tissue were detected in each group. RESULTS: Compared with sham group, the rats in OVX group had reduced bone density and destroyed bone microstructure. Compared with OVX group, the bone microstructure in MSD and HSD groups was more significantly damaged, while the levels of bone formation markers, bone glycoprotein（ BGP） and type I procollagen N-terminal peptide （PINP）, were significantly increased in HSD group （P<0. 05）. Moreover, the levels of bone resorption markers, such as amino-terminal cross-linked telopeptides of type I collagen （NTX）, carboxy-terminal crosslinked telopeptides of type I collagen （CTX） and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase （TRACP）, were significantly increased（ P<0. 05）, indicating that bone metabolism was in high-conversion state. High-salt diet accelerated the structural destruction of bone trabeculae, and Western blot results showed that high-salt diet caused decreases in the protein expression levels of ENaCα and ClC-3 and an increase in the protein expression level of NCC in femoral tissues （P<0. 05）. After BHF intervention, the expression of relevant ion channels caused by high salt could be regulated to different degrees. CONCLUSION: Bushen formulae could differentially regulate the expression of relevant ion channels ENaCα, ClC-3, and NCC induced by high salt to different degrees, which has certain ameliorative and therapeutic effects on the imbalance of bone metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The waste salt with high organic content was studied by heat treatment. By analyzing the inorganic and organic components of the waste salt, the pyrolysis process of the waste salt and the pyrolysis products of the waste salt in different atmosphere and temperature were investigated, the best pyrolysis process of waste salt of Taymycin was determined as follows: nitrogen atmosphere, temperature at 500 °C, then activated carbon was obtained, the total specific surface area is 2 270 m²/g, the micropore specific surface area is 1 000 m²/g, the mesoporous average pore diameter is 6.50 nm, the micropore average pore diameter is 0.55 nm. The waste salt with high organic content was heat-treated to realize the resource utilization of the waste salt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The study aimed to investigate the effects of inoculating dark septal endophytes (DSE) on the growth, photosynthetic capacity, chlorophyll fluorescence and ion absorption of Pinus bungeana subjected salt stress. [Method] The trial included NaCl stress (0%, 0.1%,0.2%,0.3%) and inoculation treatment: Paraphoma radicina (Pr), Phialophora mustea (Pm), Alternaria tenuissima (At), Acrocalymma vagum (Av) and unvaccinated control (CK). The infection rate, plant biomass, photosynthetic capacity, chlorophyll fluorescence, K+ and Na+ content were measured after 30 days of NaCl treatment. [Result] The infection rate of Pr, Pm, At, and Av was highest at NaCl stress level of 0.3%,0.2%,0.1%,0.2%, respectively. Compared to seedlings subjected to 0% NaCl stress, those exposed to 0.3% NaCl stress exhibited significant increases in shoot, root and total biomass. Inoculation treatments led to elevated total chlorophyll content, enhanced photosynthetic parameters, increased TRo/RC, ETo/RC ratios, as well as decreased ABS/RC, DIo/RC in chlorophyll fluorescence. Notably, under 0.3% NaCl stress, Pm, At and Av treatments significantly reduced shoot Na content in P. bungeana, by 34.0%,26.6% and 26.3%, respectively. Furthermore, Pm and Av treatments considerably decreased root Na content, by 24.4% and 26.6% respectively. At 0.2% NaCl stress, Pr, Pm, At, Av significantly increased K+ content by 42.9%, 58.99%, 56.96% and 55.92% respectively, consequently elevating the K+/Na ratio. [Conclusion] Moderate NaCl stress was found to enhance the infection rate of DSE. The DSE inoculation was observed to mitigate the impact of NaCl stress on the photosynthesis, regulate K and Na ion content, and thereby alleviate NaCl-induced damage while sustaining growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Brining is of great significant for extending the shelf life and maintaining the quality of aquatic products, but the freezing and thawing process of brined aquatic products needs to be explored based on changes in the thermal properties of the raw materials. Yellow-fin tuna slices were immersed in NaCl solutions with mass volume fractions of 0.00% (CK), 1.44%, 2.88%, 5.75%, and 11.50% for a duration of 2 h to study the effects of brining on the density, specific heat capacity under different temperatures, and refrigerated tempering and radio frequency (RF) tempering were used to thaw brined tuna. Additionally, both conventional refrigerated and radio frequency (RF) tempering methods were employed. The results showed that with the mass fraction of salt in the brine solution increasing, the density of the fish firstly decreased and then increased, while specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity gradually decreased, and the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor increased progressively. The tempering rates of both refrigerated and RF tempering decreased with the increasing of salt levels in the brine solution, with RF tempering significantly outpacing refrigerated tempering in terms of speed. Refrigerated brining exhibited superior uniformity compared to RF tempering, although the uniformity of RF tempering improved as the salt level in the brine solution increased. These findings laid foundation for exploring RF tempering processes of brined yellow-fin tuna, and was helpful for improving uniformity and enhancing tempering quality in further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics (2097-2806) is the property of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To obtain high-performance energetic materials, 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole was utilized as a raw material to synthesize 3-hydrazinyl-5-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazolium dihydrochloride(compound 1)through diazotization and reduction reactions. A novel energetic ionic salt, 3-hydrazinyl-5-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazolium dinitrate(compound 2), was prepared by the metathesis reaction of compound 1 with silver nitrate. The structure of compound 2 was characterized using various techniques including FTIR, NMR, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Thermal decomposition of compound 2 was studied by DSC and TG. The contribution of hydrogen bonding to the intermolecular interactions in the crystal of compound 2 was calculated using Crystal Explorer software. The detonation and safety properties of compound 2 were also investigated. The results show that compound 2 belongs to monoclinic crystal system with space group P2/n and cell parameters a=6.9296Å,b=9.9082Å,c=13.3696Å,α=90.00°,β=103.51(2)°,γ=90.00°,V=892.54(11)Å3. It exhibits excellent thermal stability with a thermal decomposition temperature of 189.7°C. Furthermore, compound 2 demonstrates outstanding detonation performance and low sensitivity, with detonation velocity and pressure values of 8673m/s and 32.5GPa, respectively. The friction sensitivity and impact sensitivity are 112N and 25J, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock and poultry manure is often used as organic fertilizer in the farmland surrounding large-scale farms, which is an effective method for recycling manure in agricultural settings. However, the salt content of livestock and poultry manure has not received sufficient attention in terms of the risk of salinization of agricultural land. Before applying livestock and poultry manure to fields, it is crucial to determine its total salt content or water-soluble salt content for salt analysis and management of saline-alkaline land. Unfortunately, there is a lack of standards and methods for determining the total salt content of livestock manure both domestically and internationally. Given the absence of standardized detection methods, the non-uniformity of determination methods, and the loss of potential salt residue, we conducted experimental research by gravimetric method. This study aimed to determine the total salt content in livestock and poultry manure and validate the feasibility, with the goal of providing a more accurate and reliable means of assessing the quality of livestock and poultry manure for agricultural production. Firstly, we conducted a completely randomized trial to optimize the sample-to-water ratio, oscillation parameters, leaching method, and leachate uptake. Subsequently, an orthogonal experimental design was used to evaluate three key parameters, including oscillation frequency, centrifugation time, and leachate uptake. Nine treatment combinations were formed to optimize the conditions for manure leachate extraction. Finally, a spiked recovery test was performed to assess the precision and accuracy of the method. The results indicated that the optimal conditions for determining the total salt or water-soluble salt content in livestock manure, with solid manure as the primary source, were as follows: a ratio of 1:5 for sample-to-water, oscillation at 150 r/min for 3 minutes, centrifugation at 4 000 r/min for 8 minutes, and leachate uptake of 20-50 mL. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that centrifugation can effectively replace the existing air suction filtration method for obtaining leachate. There was a significant correlation observed between the turbidity of the leachate from livestock and poultry manure and the centrifugation parameters, as well as the results of total salt determination. Leachate uptake volume had the greatest influence on the total salt content in the leachate from livestock and poultry manure, oscillation frequency took the second place, and centrifugation time had the weakest effect. According to the gravimetric method, we determined the total salt content of six different livestock manure samples under these optimized parameter conditions. The measured results exhibited relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 3.7% to 13.8% and recovery rates ranging from 89.0% to 106.1%, meeting the requirements of analytical quality control in the laboratory. The established gravimetric method for determining the total salt content in livestock manure offers advantages such as low reagent usage, cost savings, high accuracy and precision, and practicality. It can be applied on a large scale to test the total salt content in livestock manure, thereby improving efficiency. This study provides a scientific foundation for the research and development a technology of salt reduction, and contributes to the sustainable development of integrated crop-livestock agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is one of the important grain crops in the world and is sensitive to salt stress. The increasingly serious salinization of paddy soils is becoming a potential risk to the safe production of rice. Salt stress can cause osmotic stress, ion toxicity and oxidative stress in rice plant, ultimately leading to a decrease in rice quality and yield. Due to the ability of rice roots to absorb salt and secrete organic acids as well as the growth characteristics of water holding in the early stage and drainage in rice paddies in the later stage, rice is also an excellent crop for improving saline soil. Therefore, cultivating new rice varieties of salt tolerant and improving rice salt tolerance can effectively enhance the production potential of saline farmland, which is important to food security in China and the world. In recent years, quantitative genetics and molecular marker technology have been continuously developed. Through genetic, biochemical and molecular biology methods, a large number of salt-tolerant related QTLs and genes have been excavated, which is of great benefit to analyze the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance in rice and improve the breeding efficiency of salt-tolerant rice through molecular marker-assisted selection, gene editing and other molecular means. Nevertheless, many cloned genes related to salt tolerance are difficult to be applied in rice breeding currently as most of them are obtained through reverse genetics methods and exhibit salt tolerance only under overexpression conditions, or these genes are recessive genes. The study summarized the recent progress in the identification and mining of salt-tolerant genes in rice, and reviewed the research progress on molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance in rice from four aspects: osmotic regulation of organic matter, regulation of ion absorption and transport, regulation of reactive oxygen removal by antioxidant system and regulation of hormone. The challenges of future researches on salt tolerance of rice were also discussed in order to provide some suggestions for molecular breeding of salt tolerance of rice in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the iodine nutrition status of pregnant women in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture (hereinafter referred to as Aba prefecture), and to provide scientific basis for the adjustment of prevention and treatment policy of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) for pregnant women in ethnic areas. Methods In 2022, five towns or streets were selected as monitoring sites in 13 counties (cities) under the jurisdiction of Aba prefecture, and at each site 20 pregnant women were randomly selected for survey on the iodine content of random urine samples and edible salt at home. The coverage rate of iodized salt, the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt, and the urinary iodine level of pregnant women in different regions, different ethnic groups, different age groups, and different gestational periods were analyzed. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between urinary iodine and salt iodine, and χ² test was used to compare the rates. Results A total of 1 302 salt samples were collected in 13 counties of Aba prefecture in 2022. The median of salt iodine was 27.00 mg/kg, and the coverage rate of iodized salt, the qualified rate of iodized salt, and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt were 99.85%, 97.54%, and 97.39%, respectively. Among pregnant women in different areas, there were significant differences in the coverage rate of iodized salt (χ²=24.077, P < 0.020), the qualified rate of iodized salt (χ²=53.825, P < 0.001), the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt (χ²=48.449, P < 0.001), and the median of iodized salt (Z=20.675, P < 0.001). Among pregnant women of different ethnic groups, there were no significant differences in iodized salt coverage rate (χ²=1.728, P=0.631), qualified rate of iodized salt (χ²=0.851, P=0.361), consumption rate of qualified iodized salt (χ²=1.812, P=0.401), and the median of iodized salt (Z=2.060, P=0.380). Among pregnant women of different ages, there were significant differences in the qualified rate of iodized salt (χ²=6.914, P=0.016) and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt (χ²=5.939, P=0.023), but there was no significant difference in the coverage rate of iodized salt (χ²=0.241, P=0.623) and the median of iodized salt (Z=-0.382, P=0.703). Among women at different gestational periods, there was significant difference in the median of salt iodine (Z=13.381, P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in the coverage rate of iodized salt (χ²=0.486, P=0.784), the qualified rate of iodized salt (χ²=0.714, P=0.713), and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt (χ²=0.447, P=0.813). A total of 1 302 urine samples of pregnant women were collected, and the median of urinary iodine was 174.5 μg/L. There was significant difference in urinary iodine of pregnant women in different regions (H=133.345, P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in urinary iodine levels among different ethnic groups (H=5.436, P=0.143), age groups (H=0.183, P=0.913), and different gestational periods (H=2.937, P=0.302). There was no correlation between salt iodine content and urinary iodine level in pregnant women (rs=0.198, P=0.659). Conclusion The iodine nutrition level of pregnant women in Aba prefecture is generally appropriate, but there is still a risk of iodine deficiency in remote grassland counties. In the future, it is suggested that a special investigation and study on the iodine supplement rate of pregnant women in minority areas be carried out to dynamically grasp the iodine nutrition status during pregnancy. If necessary, it is suggested to promote special iodized salt for pregnant women and accurately guide pregnant women to supplement iodine scientifically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide reference for the selection of saline-alkali tolerant legume forage plants for the ecological restoration of salinized soil, the seeds of Sesbania cannabina, Crotalaria pallida, Minnan forage (India) Vigna unguiculata, Indonesian Vigna rabiata, Senna tora, Acalypha supera, and Chamaecrista mimosoides were taken as the materials, and different concentrations of NaCl solution and Na2SO4 solution [0(CK), 50, 100, 150 mmol/L] were used for the stress treatment. The daily germination number of each legume forage seed was counted, and the cumulative germination rate, germination rate, relative germination rate and relative salt damage rate were calculated. The results showed that low concentration of salt solution (50 mmol • L_1) could promote the initial germination time of Sesbania cannabina and Crotalaria pallida seeds, while high concentration of salt solution (150 mmol • L_1) could delay the initial germination time of Crotalaria pallida, Senna tora, Chamaecrista mimosoides and Acalypha supera, and inhibit the seed germination. According to the membership function formula, under the stress of NaCl, the salt tolerance of seven forage seeds was as follows: Minnan forage (India) Vigna unguiculataCrotalaria pallidal Indonesian Vigna rabiataZ>Sesbania cannabina Senna tora Z>Chamaecrista mimosoides Z>Acalypha supera. Under the stress of Na2 SO4, the salt tolerance of seven forage seeds was as follows: Minnan forage (India) Vigna unguicu- lata > Sesbania cannabina > Senna tora > Crotalaria pallida > Chamaecrista mimosoides > Indonesian Vigna rabiata Z>Acalypha supera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate physiological characteristics of salt-tolerance rice HD96-1 at seedling stage, indica rice HD96-1(strong salt-tolerant)and 93-11(weak salt-tolerant)were used as experimental materials in this study. Three NaCl concentrations(0, 60, 120 mmol·L-1)was set to treat 3-leaf rice seedlings for 7 d. The growth, physiological and biochemical indexes of two rice cultivars were measured and analyzed. The results were as follows:(1)The plant height and the pseudostem width of two cultivars decreased, and the root-shoot ratio increased under salt stress; compared with 93-11, the decrease of plant height and pseudostem width of HD96-1 was lower, and the increase of root-shoot ratio was higher under salt stress; in addition, the dry weight of aboveground and root of HD96-1 increased under salt stress, while that of 93-11 decreased.(2)The malonaldehyde(MDA), superoxide anion(O2-)and hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)contents in rice seedlings increased after salt stress, of which the increase of HD96-1 was lower than that of 93-11.(3)The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD), catalase(CAT)and ascorbate peroxidase(APX), the contents of ascorbic acid(AsA), glutathione(GSH), proline, soluble sugar and soluble protein in rice seedlings were increased under salt stress, of which the increase of HD96-1 was higher than that of 93-11. In conclusion, the physiological mechanisms of two rice seedlings responding to salt stress are similar, but the difference is that HD96-1 with strong salt-tolerance is stronger antioxidant and osmotic regulation ability than 93-11 in response to salt stress, so that growth and development of HD96-1 are less inhibited than 93-11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerium oxide nanoparticles(CeO2NPS)have been shown to improve the salt tolerance of plant due to the potential to eliminate free radicals and the antioxidation properties. However, the effects and mechanisms of seed priming with CeO2NPS on pepper plant are unclear. To reveal impacts of CeO2NPS seed priming on the germination and seedling growth of peeper plants under salt stress, using the Maoshu 360 variety of pepper(Capsicum annuum)as material, a total of seven concentrations of treatments(0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 mmol·L-1)and a control of un-treatment were carried out to investigate effects of CeO2NPS seed priming on seed germination rate, seedling biomass, and physiological and biochemical indexes under salt stress. The results were as follows:(1)In the seed priming with 0.5 mmol·L-1 CeO2NPS, soluble protein, content of proline, activity of catalase(CAT), content of ascorbic acid(AsA)and ratio of AsA/DHA significantly increased and levels of the superoxide anion(O2-)significantly decreased. There was no loss of viability for the seeds primed with cerium oxide nanoparticles. Indeed their germination rate and germination potential were enhanced under salt stress, and their germination index, and vigor index were improved under salt stress.(2)Under salt stress, seedlings from seeds primed with 0.4 mmol·L-1 CeO2NPS showed the highest fresh weight, dry weight, and root length; additionally, soluble protein content, AsA content and AsA/DHA ratio were also improved. In conclusion, seed priming with CeO2NPS can not only enhance seed germination under salt stress by decreasing seed water potential, accelerating storage substances metabolism and improving antioxidant capacity but also promote seedling growth through boosting protein synthesis and ascorbic acid-glutathione cycle(AsA-GSH). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The velocity of sheet flow on slopes is one of the key hydrodynamic parameters, and the velocity profile of sheet flow is important for understanding the soil erosion mechanism. The measurements of the slope sheet flow velocity were conducted under various underlying surfaces roughness through the tracing methods with the salt tracer and heat tracer, respectively, to investigate the influence of the underlying surface on the vertical velocity distribution of the sheet flow. The velocities of sheet flow were measured at three slope lengths (2, 3, and 4 m) under three slope gradients (5°, 10°, and 20°) and three flow rates (2, 5, and 8 L/min) on the slopes with various underlying surface roughness of polymethyl methacrylate, 80-mesh sandpaper (0.16 mm), and 24-mesh sandpaper (0.53 mm), respectively. The measurements were conducted in the water flumes with fixed bed, and the internal size of the flume was 5 m long, 0.2 m wide, and 0.2 m deep. The centroid velocity was adopted as the sheet flow velocity, and hydraulic parameters such as water depth, Reynolds number, Froude number, and Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient were also calculated to provide the background information of the experimental water flows. The results showed that the roughness of the underlying surface and the water depth both have significant effects on the velocity profile of the sheet flow (P<0.05). On the smooth underlying surface of polymethyl methacrylate, the boundary layer was fully developed to achieve a turbulent flow. The combined tracing method by using the salt and thermal tracers can be used to characterize the velocity profile of sheet flows when the water depth was 2-4 times of the bed roughness height and the flow was laminar; however, when the water depth were within or well beyond the roughness height, or when the flow was turbulent under the high velocity conditions, the combined tracing method failed to characterize the vertical velocity distribution of the sheet flow. A significant linear correlation was observed between the flow velocities measured by the two tracers, respectively, under the three experimental underlying surfaces (polymethyl methacrylate, 80-mesh sandpaper, and 24-mesh sandpaper), with the slopes of fitted lines of 1.015, 1.094, and 1.078, and the coefficients of determination R2 of 0.892, 0.824, and 0.760, respectively. As the roughness of underlying surface increased, the velocity difference between the two tracers increased as the results of the degree of turbulence of the sheet flow increased, which in turn affected deference in the water flow velocity measured by salt and thermal tracers, respectively. The results can provide a reference for further understanding of the dynamic processes of sheet flow on the slopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic salt was used instead of conventional amine as waterborne epoxy resin curing agent to modify the emulsified asphalt. The high and low temperature stability, adhesion and compatibility stability were analyzed, and the micro-surface mixture was studied, meanwhile the performance was compared with that of conventional amine epoxy resin curing agent. The results show that ionic salt cured epoxy resin has good mechanical and heat resistance. With the increase of epoxy resin content, the needle penetration, softening point and adhesion of modified asphalt were improved, and the modification effect of ionic salt-cured epoxy resin was more obvious, ductility decreased significantly, meanwhile ionic salt epoxy resin had good compatibility with emulsified asphalt. The water stability and high temperature deformation resistance of the micro-surface mixture were enhanced, and the effect on the micro-surface mixture of the epoxy emulsified asphalt cured by ion salt was more obvious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai University / Shanghai Daxue Xuebao is the property of Journal of Shanghai University (Natural Sciences) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to investigate the effects of NaCl on the physicochemical and gel properties of myofibrillar protein (PeMP) from the body wall of Phascolosoma esculenta Chen et. Yeh, the determination and observation results of solubility of total PeMP, solubility of different types of proteins from PeMP, ultraviolet absorption spectrum, endogenous fluorescence spectrum, Zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), sulfhydryl group contents, surface hydrophobicity, denaturation temperature and gel structure were analyzed. The results showed that the solubility of PeMP increased, the contents of paramyosin and myosin increased significantly, with the increase of NaCl concentration. The maximum absorption wavelength (AJ of the ultraviolet absorption spectrum of PeMP, of the corresponding second derivative spectrum of ultraviolet absorption spectrum of PeMP and of the endogenous fluorescence spectrum of PeMP was redshifted, respectively. The Zeta potential of PeMP increased. FTIR analysis showed that the secondary structure of PeMP changed, the β-sheet increased, while the α-helix decreased gradually. The contents of total and non-protein sulfhydryl groups decreased in PeMP, but the contents of typing sulfhydryl group increased, and the surface hydropho-bicity of PeMP increased. The denaturation temperature of PeMP decreased. Protein molecules of PeMP gel were more tightly packed. These results will lay a foundation for the improvement of the gel of body wall from P. esculenta and the preparation of high-quality 'earth bamboo shoot jelly' products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In order to explore the growth and physiological and biochemical responses of the peach self-rooted rootstock under NaCl stress and determine the salinity tolerance threshold, the cutting seedlings of one-year-old 5 rootstocks were treated with different NaCl contents (0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% NaCl). The results showed that, with the increase of NaCl content, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased. With the increase of NaCl content, the activity of peroxidase (POD) increased first and then decreased in Li 1 and Li 3, while decreased first and then increased in Li 5 and GF677, and showed increasing trend in RA. With the increase of NaCl content, the activity of catalase (CAT) showed increasing trend in Li 1, Li 3 and RA, showed decreasing trend in Li 5, and increased first and then decreased in GF677. The content of Pro increased in Li and RA, decreased first and then increased in Li 3 and Li 5, and increased first and then decreased in GF677. The content of soluble sugar increased in Li 3 and Li 5, increased first and then decreased in Li 1 and RA, and decreased first and then increased in GF677. The correlation analysis showed that Na+ content was positively related to NaCl content in media, while K+ content was negative correlation with NaCl content. The Na+/K+ was the highest in Li 1, while was the lowest in GF677. Under NaCl stress, the chlorophyll synthesis of 5 peach rootstocks was significantly inhibited. Fluorescence kinetic parameters and light energy absorption, capture and transfer parameters were reduced, and the curve of OJIP changed with the decrease of J, I, P phases and ΔK<0. Considering net photosynthetic rate (Pn) as a tolerance index, the salt tolerance thresholds of Li 1, Li 3, Li 5, RA and GF677 were 0.37%, 0.43%, 0.38%, 0.46% and 0.49% NaCl, respectively. According to comprehensive membership function, salt tolerance coefficient index and salt tolerance thresholds resistance, the salt tolerance showed GF677>RA>Li 3> Li 5>Li 1.In summary, self rooting stocks of peach adapted to salt stress mainly through active oxygen scavenging and osmotic adjustment mechanisms, rootstocks with high salt tolerance could better stabilize the photosynthetic reaction center and alleviate the damage of salt stress to their photosynthetic system, which provided theoretical support for revealing the mechanism of salt tolerance and screening the varieties of peach rootstock with high salt tolerant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Seed germination period is the most sensitive period to salt alkali stress. An accurate, simple, and efficient evaluation system for salt alkali tolerance during seed germination is of great value for screening salt alkali tolerant rapeseed germplasm. This study used 166 Brassica napus varieties, backbone parents, and hybrid combinations as experimental materials. A set of rapeseed hydroponic germination equipment was constructed by hole tray, medical gauze, square containers, etc. Based on this system, a mixture of 1.0% NaCl and 0.10% Na2CO3 was selected to simulate salt alkali mixed stress. The salt alkali tolerance at germination stage of all tested materials was identified and evaluated. Results showed that high salt alkali stress can inhibit the germination of rapeseed seeds, and there is extensive genetic variation in salt alkali tolerance during germination among different materials. According to their germination status, 166 tested rapeseed resources can be classified into 4 levels of salt alkali tolerance. Among them, 11 salt alkali tolerant rapeseed resources were selected with 3rd resistance level, mainly including varieties such as Huayouza 62, Huayouza 158, 67shangd20yu 11, 67shangd20yu 16, backbone parents, and hybrid combinations. This provides identification techniques and elite resources for genetic research and breeding improvement of salt alkali tolerance in rapeseed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the salt tolerance of different Brassica juncea germplasm resources, this study used Na-Cl solutions with concentrations of 0, 150 mmol/L, 200 mmol/L, and 250 mmol/L to treat 479 B. juncea germplasm resources from different countries under salt stress, and measured germination rate, root length, bud length, and fresh weight; Comprehensive evaluation of the salt tolerance of the test materials was conducted using principal component analysis, membership function, multiple linear regression analysis, and cluster analysis. The results showed that under the treatment of 200 mmol/L NaCl solution, 479 materials could be effectively classified into 4 categories: (1) 12 salt tolerant varieties; (2) 75 moderate salt tolerant varieties; (3) 313 salt tolerant varieties; and (4) 79 salt sensitive varieties. A multiple linear regression equation was established for the identification of salt tolerance in B. juncea, y= 0.537x1+0.310x2+0.089x3+0.064x4. The selected salt tolerant materials lay the foundation for cultivating new salt tolerant B. juncea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of arginine low-sodium salt on pork quality were investigated by analyzing the effects of different arginine low-sodium salt additions (arginine replacing 30% NaCl) on the textural characteristics, colour difference, water holding capacity, cooking loss, pH, moisture content, myofibril fragmentation index (MFI), protein degradation and ul- trastructure of pork. The results showed that the use of 4% arginine low-sodium salt significantly improved the elasticity (increased by 60.0%) and chewiness (increased by 48.3%) of pork (H<0.05), and improved the colour of pork (a' increased from 2.9 to 6.3) (H<0.05) compared to pork cured with 3% pure NaCl. It increased the pH from 5.71 to 6.11, decreased the cooking loss of pork from 32.12 g/( 100 g) to 23.98 g/( 100 g), but there was no significant change in water holding capacity (P<0.05). The addition of 4% low sodium arginine increased the pork myogenic fibre fragmentation index from 44.73 to 71.40 (P<0.05). Ultrastructural results showed that the I-band, A-band and M-line of myogenic fibres underwent different degrees of degradation. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis profiles showed that actin was significantly degraded to small-molecule components when arginine low sodium salt was added at 2.5%-3.5%. Conclusion: arginine low- sodium salt had the effect of improving the texture, color and tenderness of the pork, which was helpful for improving the quality of pork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's most fabulous cotton-producing area is Xinjiang. In Xinjiang, soil salinization and water shortage are now the two key challenges limiting agricultural productivity and sustainable growth. Water wastage and secondary soil salinization in the area are still being made worse by irrational irrigation during the growth period and salt leaching during the off-growing period. A breakthrough in solving these problems is the development of sensible irrigation and salt-leaching techniques throughout the growing period to preserve water efficiently, cut expenses, and guarantee cotton crop yields. Following calibration of the model parameters and validation using field experiment data from 2020 and 2021, respectively, the optimal scheduling of cotton field irrigation and salt leaching was investigated to clarify the applicability of the Aquacrop model to the growth and production of simulated cotton fields under membrane and subsurface drip irrigation in northern Xinjiang. Then the calibrated model was used to reveal the effects of three irrigation levels (100%ETc (D1), 80%ETc (D2), and 60%ETc (D3)), three salt leaching amounts (0 (Q1), 120 mm (Q2), and 240 mm (Q3)), three irrigation frequencies (5 (F1), 7 (F2), and 10 d/time (F3)) and three types of precipitation year (rainy years(H1), normal years (H2), and dry years (H3)) on cotton yield and irrigation water productivity. The results showed that canopy cover, aboveground biomass NRMSE (Normalized root mean square error)İ20.998%, d (Index of agreement)ı0.967, and R² (Coefficient of determination)ı0.914 for all treatments in 2021, and yield RMSE, NRMSE, d, and R² were 0.389 t/hm², 6.797%, 0.836, and 0.754, respectively, and the model simulated well overall. Model simulations based on 58 years of meteorological data showed that the effects of irrigation level, salt leaching quota, and precipitation year type on cotton yield and irrigation water productivity were statistically significant, and irrigation frequency effect was not significant; in the cotton planting area with average soil salinity ranging from 12 to 18 g/kg, accounting for yield, irrigation water productivity, and actual production, the total irrigation and salt leaching quota of 80% ETc+120 mm (D2Q2) was recommended for rainy years, and the total irrigation and salt-leaching quota of 100% ETc+120 mm (D3Q2) was recommended for both normal and dry years; it was suggested that the irrigation frequency be increased to 10 d/time to reduce the frequency of irrigation and save costs. The optimal irrigation and salt leaching strategy proposed in this study was limited by model function and evaluation perspective. It was based on water conservation and optimal yield in cotton fields and did not consider the desalination conditions of membrane and subsurface drip irrigation. To develop more rigorous and convincing irrigation and salt leaching strategies, the Aquacrop model must be coupled with other water and salt transport models to improve the model's functionality and comprehensively assess soil desalination and cotton field production conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】Sesuvium portulacastrum, a typical coastal and mangrove associate plant, is capable of retaining sand and protecting banks. It can grow normally in seawater and has a strong salt tolerance. Na+ /H+ exchange (NHX) plays a key role in salt tolerance and plant growth with development. In order to understand the role of NHX in salt tolerance of S. portulacastrum, the NHX genes were identified and analyzed. 【Method】In this study, the S. portulacastrum NHX genes were identified by using informatic method through its full length transcriptome data. Their physicochemical properties, conserved motifs and evolutionary relationships were analyzed, and the expression patterns of NHX genes under s alt stress were studied by quantative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).【Result】The results showed that 12 SpNHX genes were identified from S. portulacastrum and named as SpNHX1 to SpNHX12. The number of amino acids ranged from 276 to 554, with the molecular weight ranged from 31.22 to 61.21 kD, isoelectric point from 5.55 to 8.64, and instability ind ex from 32.14 to 50.54. All the proteins were hydrophobic. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SpNHX proteins can be divided into two subgroups. Similar conserved motifs composition was found in each subgroup. Multiple sequence alignment results showed that all SpNHX proteins had Na+ /H+ exchange conserved domains. RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR results showed that SpNHX genes were induced to different degrees under salt stress, and SpNHX1, SpNHX9, SpNHX10, SpNHX11 and SpNHX12 were significantly up-regulated under salt stress. 【Conclusion】This study clarified the expression patterns of NHXs in S. portulacastrum under high salt stress, indicating that SpNHX1, SpNHX9, SpNHX10, SpNHX11 and SpNHX12 may be involved in the response of S. portulacastrum to salt stress, which provided a theoretical basis for further research on the role of NHX in the process of salt tolerance of S. portulacastrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt stress is one of the important abiotic stresses affecting plant growth and development, and it seriously restricts agricultural production and economic development. The utilization of salinized farmland has been a worldwide problem. It is of great theoretical significance and application value to study the mechanism of plant salt tolerance and cultivate new varieties of salt-tolerant plants to make full use of salinized farmland. At present, a growing number of genes involved in salt stress response have been discovered and revealed. When plants exposed to high-salt environment conditions, many proteins in plant cells are involved in salt stress response. The receptor-like kinases and components of the cell wall respond to salt stress. The glycosyl inositol phosphorylceramide on the cell membrane acts as a Na+ receptor and binds to Na+, then it causes changes in cell surface to generate calcium signals to activate downstream regulatory pathways. The plasma membrane potassium channel proteins and Na+ /H+ antiporter mediate Na+ influx and exclusion, and the tonoplast Na+ /H+ antiporter compartments the excess Na+ in the cytoplasm into the vacuole. In addition, transcription factors also participate in the transcriptional regulation of plant adaptation to salt stress, and play important roles in the regulation of plant salt tolerance. In this study, the molecular mechanisms of salt-tolerant genes reported in recent years were reviewed based on their localization in plant cells, their functions in improving plant salt tolerance were summarized, and application potential of salt-tolerant genes were prospected, with an aim to provide references for plant salt-tolerance molecular breeding and scientific basis for salinized farmland improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]