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Copyright of Chinese Journal of Inorganic Analytical Chemistry / Zhongguo Wuji Fenxi Huaxue is the property of Beijing Research Institute of Mining & Metallurgy Technology Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cotton is an important cash crop in Xinjiang, accounting for 90.2% of China's total production in 2022. However, natural factors such as drought, high soil salinity, and the constraints of perennial shallow tillage soil management practices limit the yield and efficiency of cotton production and sustainable agricultural development. Deep vertical rotary tillage facilitates the breaking up of soil solidification and promotes the salt leached by irrigation water. In order to investigate the improvement effect of deep vertical rotary tillage on heavily saline cotton fields in Southern Xinjiang of China, this study conducted a 2 a (2021-2022) field experiment with three deep vertical rotary tillage depths (DT20: deep vertical rotary tillage 20 cm, DT40: deep vertical rotary tillage 40 cm, DT60: deep vertical rotary tillage 60 cm), and alternate with conventional tillage (five-share plowing 20 cm CT20), and CT20 was set to be the two consecutive years of conventional tillage. Original soil samples from 0-60 cm were collected to determine the water-stable aggregates. Soil moisture, salinity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium were defermined by samples under the drip irrigation tapes, wide rows and narrow rows of each treatment on the 3rd day after each irrigation. Cotton root samples were collected at 105 days after sowing in 2021 and at 103 days in 2022. The effects of different depths of deep vertical rotary tillage on soil physical properties, soil nutrient content, cotton root length density, boll weight, dry matter mass accumulation and seed cotton yield were investigated, and the effect of crop yield was quantified by structural equation modeling. The results showed that: 1) deep vertical rotary tillage was able to loosen the soil in the tillage layer to optimize the soil structure. DT60 treatment was able to significantly reduce the soil bulk density, the content of coarse aggregates (>2 mm), and silt and clay particle (<0.053 mm) in the tillage depth layer compared with DT20 and CT20 treatment, which led to a significant reduction in mean weight diameter and mean geometric diameter, and increased total soil porosity and the content of micro-aggregates (<0.25～ 0.053 mm), while DT60 treatment was unable to further improve the soil structure in the deep soil layer compared with DT40 treatment. 2) DT40 and DT60 treatments were able to significantly increase soil moisture from 0-40 cm soil layer and reduce soil salinity and pH value, whereas DT20 treatment was only able to reduce soil salinity from 0-20 cm soil layer, whereas DT60 treatment was able to significantly reduce soil salinity and pH value from 0-60 cm soil layer compared with DT40 treatment. The reduction of soil salinity promoted the accumulation of soil organic carbon in the 0-40 cm soil layer and soil total nitrogen in the 0-60 cm soil layer, but DT60 treatment was unable to significantly increase soil organic carbon and soil total nitrogen in the 0-20 cm soil layer compared with the DT40 treatment. 3) The analysis of the structural equation modeling showed that soil salinity was an indirect factor affecting the seed cotton yield, and the accumulation of cotton’s dry matter and the weight of cotton bolls were the direct factored. The reduction of soil salinity favors soil nutrient accumulation and cotton root growth, promoted nutrient transport and accumulation to the plant organ, and increased cotton dry matter accumulation and seed cotton yield. Therefore, DT60 treatment had the best effect of soil salinity reduction, and thus the effect of yield increase. Comprehensive analysis showed that the depth of 60 cm on deep vertical rotary tillage with conventional tillage alternating can realize the synergy of improving and increasing the yield and efficiency of the severe saline cotton fields in the Southern Xinjiang of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Rural Water & Hydropower is the property of China Rural Water & Hydropower Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Bioprocess Engineering is the property of Chinese Journal of Bioprocess Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Rural Water & Hydropower is the property of China Rural Water & Hydropower Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】 Saline-alkali soils are important reserve cultivated land resources in China. They are mainly distributed in arid and semi-arid areas in the north, but the shortage of fresh water resources restricts the exploitation of saline-alkali land for agricultural production. There is a shortage of agricultural freshwater resources while the utilization of saline groundwater and brackish water is low. Research on the safety and efficient utilization of saline and brackish water is of hence great significance to agricultural production and saline soil improvement. 【Method】 We provide a comprehensive overview of agricultural development practices concerning use of saline and brackish water, including approaches such as directly using brackish water for irrigation and alternate irrigation using saline and freshwater. We elucidate the adverse effect of inappropriate utilization of brackish water on soil and crop health. Furthermore, we review the contemporary advanced technologies for brackish water treatment and underscores the supportive role of agronomic practices like mulching and soil fertilization in promoting the safe utilization of saline and brackish water. 【Result】 The study synthesizes the impact of different irrigation methods on soil salt content, organic matter, nutrient levels, aggregate structure, and crop yields. 【Conclusion】 In regions amenable to saline water and brackish water irrigation, a holistic assessment of factors such as soil type and crop variety should help to manage irrigation decisions. We conclude by outlining research prospects in the future, which encompass tailored development and utilization of saline water and brackish water, understanding rhizosphere adaptations in water-constrained environments, and the application of intelligent irrigation technologies to enhance sustainability.

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】 Soil salinity is a common abiotic stress most crops experience during their growth. Understanding its spatiotemporal variation and the underlying reasons is impetus to improve agricultural management. We propose a model in this paper to classify soil salinity and analyze the underlying mechanisms. The model is applied to the North of Yellow River in Northern Shandong Plain. 【Method】 The model is based on the two - level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. A comprehensive evaluation index system is constructed using soil environment factors, groundwater environmental factors, and physical geographical factors. It considered eight indexes: proportion of land areas affected by salinized soil, degree of soil salinity, soil salt content, lithology of unsaturated zone, depth of groundwater table, groundwater salinity, evaporation-prescription ratio, and topography and landform. The degree of soil quality was divided into excellent, good, moderate, poor, and very poor grades. 【Result】 The areas of soil classified as very poor, poor, moderate, good and excellent based on soil salinization were 5 277.49 km2, 6 564.76 km2, 4 383.79 km2, 5 995.52 km2, and 4 919.29 km2, respectively. Based on their genesis and salinization, the salinized soils in the region can be divided to three areas consisting of eight sub-areas. 【Conclusion】 Soil salinity in the North of Yellow River in Northern Shandong Plain varies in its severity and space. The results presented in this paper can aid in improving soil management practices to promote a healthy agricultural and rural economy in the region.

Copyright of Arid Zone Research / Ganhanqu Yanjiu is the property of Arid Zone Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Ecology & Rural Environment is the property of Journal of Ecology & Rural Environment Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the Northern Song Dynasty, the establishment of Field Siltation Division contributed to the flourishing of agricultural water conservation. The Field Siltation Division was a temporary institution set up during the Xining Reform, whose rise and fall accompanied the rise and fall of Wang Anshi’s political career. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the siltation method was developed based on the experience of previous generations, and the siltation activities played a positive role in improving the salinization of lands and increasing the national taxes. The setting up of Field Siltation Division and the implementation of siltation law in the Northern Song Dynasty still have important significance for the management of Yellow River floods and the utilization of Yellow River water resources today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation is the property of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Seashore saline soil is a kind of soil formed after the sediments flowing into the sea with surface runoff or shallow sea sediments lifted up by wind and waves, flocculated and deposited in the intertidal zone under the action of tides and ocean currents, and finally exposed to the sea surface as the result of continuously silting up. The seashore saline soil in Guangdong Province is rich in resources, mainly distributed in Zhanjiang, Zhuhai, Jiangmen, Shantou and other places, and has an extremely important strategic position in the coastal economic development. Seashore saline soil is one of the main types of low and medium yielding fields, and the soils are characterized by high salt content and salinization. Due to the high nutrient content, rich soil organic matter and high potential fertility, they can become good fields through appropriate improvement measures. The management strategies of seashore saline soil utilization include isolating seawater from invading farmland again through engineering measures; improving drainage and irrigation conditions, applying rainwater dewatering and desalination technology, using artificial dewatering and desalination technology, planting combined wtih dewatering and desalination technology and other measures to drain and reduce salt. The sustainable utilization of seashore saline soil can be realized through soil improvement, scientific fertilization, root strengthening cultivation, selection of rice varieties resistant to salt or aquatic crop rotation and other technical measures. The seashore saline soil is an important reserve resource for the future development of arable land in Guangdong Province, and the full development and utilization of seashore saline soil is of great significance in increasing the sown area of grain, expanding arable land resources and ensuring food security. Based on the current situation of seashore saline soils in Guangdong, it is proposed to attach great imporntance to the special investigation of eashore saline soil resources, strengthen financial investment, promote scientific research, and establish long-term positioning observation stations for comprehensive management.

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Seashore saline soil is a kind of soil formed after the sediments flowing into the sea with surface runoff or shallow sea sediments lifted up by wind and waves, flocculated and deposited in the intertidal zone under the action of tides and ocean currents, and finally exposed to the sea surface as the result of continuously silting up. The seashore saline soil in Guangdong Province is rich in resources, mainly distributed in Zhanjiang, Zhuhai, Jiangmen, Shantou and other places, and has an extremely important strategic position in the coastal economic development. Seashore saline soil is one of the main types of low and medium yielding fields, and the soils are characterized by high salt content and salinization. Due to the high nutrient content, rich soil organic matter and high potential fertility, they can become good fields through appropriate improvement measures. The management strategies of seashore saline soil utilization include isolating seawater from invading farmland again through engineering measures; improving drainage and irrigation conditions, applying rainwater dewatering and desalination technology, using artificial dewatering and desalination technology, planting combined with dewatering and desalination technology and other measures to drain and reduce salt. The sustainable utilization of seashore saline soil can be realized through soil improvement, scientific fertilization, root strengthening cultivation, selection of rice varieties resistant to salt or aquatic crop rotation and other technical measures. The seashore saline soil is an important reserve resource for the future development of arable land in Guangdong Province, and the full development and utilization of seashore saline soil is of great significance in increasing the sown area of grain, expanding arable land resources and ensuring food security . Based on the current situation of seashore saline soils in Guangdong, it is proposed to attach great imporntance to the special investigation of eashore saline soil resources, strengthen financial investment, promote scientific research, and establish long-term positioning observation stations for comprehensive management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinization in frozen soil has posed a serious threat to the emergence and growth of crops in the next growing period. It is of great importance for the accurate detection of the content and composition of soil salt during the freeze-thaw period. Fortunately, the spectral data can be used to monitor the soil salinity during the crop growing period, particularly for the soil under an unfrozen state. However, the monitoring models under the unfrozen state cannot suitable for the frozen soil, due to the variation in the soil reflectance during freezing. In this study, an inversion model was established for the soil water-soluble salt ions in the frozen state using hyperspectral technology. A systematic analysis was made to compare the accuracy of the model in the frozen and unfrozen states. The soil samples were first collected with different salinity gradients from the Jiefangzha Irrigation Area of Hetao Irrigation District in the Inner Mongolia of China. The contents of major water-soluble salt ions (i.e., HCO3-, Cl-, CO32-, SO42-, K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) were then measured in the unfrozen soil. The hyperspectral reflectance of soil samples was also measured by the ASD FieldSpec 3 instrument. Secondly, the soil samples were then frozen at -15°C for 12h. After that, the above-mentioned hyperspectral reflectance and ion contents were measured once again after freezing. The raw spectral data was also processed using standard normal variable (SNV) for the subsequent model construction, in order to make the hyperspectral curves smoother. Thirdly, two-thirds of the soil samples were used for the modeling (n = 78), while one-third for the validation (n = 39). The concentration gradient method was utilized to ensure the statistical characteristics of the modeling and the validation sets resembled that of the whole sample set. At the same time, the sensitive spectral intervals of each water-soluble salt ion were selected using variable importance in projection (VIP). The hyperspectral inversion model was formulated for the major water-soluble salt ions content with the sensitive spectral bands using partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector regression (SVR), and extreme learning machine (ELM). Finally, the performances of these models were evaluated by the determination coefficient of calibration sets (RC 2), determination coefficient of prediction sets (RP 2), root mean square error (SRMSE), and residual predictive deviation (SRPD). The results showed that the VIP hyperspectral monitoring model managed to invert the most content of the water-soluble salt ions in the frozen soil, but the inversion accuracy of different ions varied greatly. Among them, the prediction accuracies of Cl-and K+ were extremely high with an RPD of above 2.5. There was a reasonably good prediction accuracy of SO42-, Ca2+, and Na+ (2.0

Copyright of Remote Sensing for Natural Resources is the property of Remote Sensing for Natural Resources Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Clayey aquitards are widespread in the coastal plain and they are capable to preserve paleo-saltwater. Its salinity distribution and transport process play an important role on the evolution of aquifer groundwater, yet they have attracted little attention. In this paper, undisturbed clayey samples in seven boreholes along the Jiangsu coastal plain were collected and porewater was extracted by squeezing. Based on the natural tracers Cl- and Br- profiles and numerical simulation, porewater salinity characterization and transport mechanism were analyzed. The results showed that two trends of porewater Cl- variations are observed: one is that Cl- peak value is near surface and decreases with depth; the other one is that the Cl- peak value is at depth of 25 m and decreases towards both ends. Porewater has a Cl- range of 486.2-38 036.7 mg/L and Cl/Br of 72-360(average: 241). The relations between Cl- and Cl/Br ratios and the profile signature indicate that saline porewater is of marine origin, and from the Holocene transgression seawater. Subsequently, they were diluted by freshwater. Aquitard porewater 1-D transport model suggests that the transgression and regression events are dominant for the salinity evolution. Holocene seawater is still trapped in the sediment whereas Pleistocene seawater has been flushed out. In aquitard, diffusion is dominant for solute transport with the vertical velocity of 0.43-15.8 mm/yr and influenced by advection in higher permeability sand layers. The redistribution of paleo-saltwater, in particular, in the condition of groundwater over-extraction, would be the important saline source for aquifer groundwater.

Soil salinization has greatly threatened agricultural productivity and land resources in arid desert regions. The field soil improvement needs to meet the large-scale production requirements fully. Soil salinization can affect 20% of the irrigated land on a global scale, leading to a noticeable reduction in crop growth and yield. One of these regions include the Xinjiang province, China, which is located in the inland arid desert regions of Central Asia. The desert covers an area of 4.3×105 km². The saline–alkali land area is 3.02×104 km², accounting for 37.72% of the total cultivated land, with the annual increase of saline–alkali land accounts for 0.26%. It is a high demand to mitigate soil salinity. The impact of soil salinization can be reduced to involve water conservancy, farm management (deep-ripping, backfilling of guest soil), chemical amendments (gypsum), and biological measures (cultivation of salt–tolerant crops). The water conservancy measures include the subsurface pipe (Pa) and vertical shaft (Sa) drainage. Specifically, the Pa approach uses the surface fresh water to leach the salt from the saline–alkali soil, whereby the water enters Pa buried in the soil and flows into a drainage ditch. The Sa drainage approach uses the subsurface wells to pump out groundwater in order to effectively lower the groundwater level and discharge saline water out of the planting area. The purpose of Sa is to regulate the distribution and balance of the soil water and salt in the planting area. Previous empirical studies on soil salinization was focused mainly on the water and salt transport, physical and chemical properties of saline–alkaline soil, and technical parameters or salinization improvement. However, the Pa and Sa drainage approaches are still in the exploratory stage for the improvement of saline–alkali lands due mainly due to the secondary soil salinization. In addition, the previous studies did not provide sufficient evidence on the effect of the combined Pa and Sa drainage measures. Moreover, previous studies have focused on the 0-100 cm soil layer depths rather than the groundwater recharge on the soil salinity. In this study, a soil improvement was conducted in the five-year growing season field to evaluate the agricultural soil ecosystem under Pa and Sa drainage approaches. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the desalination and drainage effect of the drip irrigation and leaching that combined with Pa and Sa in the process of improving saline-alkali soil conditions, including the soil desalination rate, drainage flow, salt discharge, and groundwater level. This study shows that saline-alkali soils were improved to assess the effects of the combined Pa and Sa drainage measures on the agricultural soil ecosystem. The average annual decline of groundwater level from 2016 to 2020 was 1.1 m. More importantly, the seed cotton yield increased by 21%. It infers that the value of saline–alkali soil can be improved by combining the Pa and Sa drainage measures. This finding can provide a strong reference for the sustainable development of future saline-alkali soil improvement and agricultural land resource utilization for cotton production in arid desert regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology / Shuiwendizhi Gongchengdizhi is the property of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pearl River is the property of Pearl River Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The experiment was to study the production performance and nutritional quality of 20 alfalfa cultivars planted in salinized grassland soil in northern Horqin Sandy Land. 20 alfalfa varieties were randomly arranged, and four replicates for each variety. When alfalfa reached the initial flowering stage. 10 plants were randomly selected from each pot to measure the production performance and nutritional quality of alfalfa, and comprehensive evaluation was conducted by using grey correlation analysis method. The result showed that Tumu No.2 alfalfa has the highest plant height and single plant weight, which were 73 cm and 3.35 g, respectively. WL 298HQ alfalfa had the highest crude protein content (23.94%). Zhaodong alfalfa had the lowest content of neutral detergent fiber (28.77%) and acid detergent fiber (21.15%), and the highest relative feeding value (234.81). The comprehensive analysis of grey correlation degree showed that Adrendin and Zhongmu No. 1 alfalfa had good comprehensive performance in production performance and nutritional quality. The study indicates that Adrendin and Zhongmu No. 1 have high popularization and utilization value in saline alkali grassland on the northern edge of Horqin Sandy Land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of South China Agricultural University is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gypsum can be one of the by-products of the wet Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) process in coal-fired power plants. FGD gypsum can also be widely expected to ameliorate the saline-alkali soil in recent years. In this study, suitable application of desulphurized gypsum to improve the yield of sunflower in saline soil of Hetao irrigation area was selected from three applications of desulphurized gypsum. A field experiment was carried out with three applications (hole, strip, and spread) of FGD gypsum in the Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia (108°11′ east longitude and 41° 02′ north latitude). The optimal application was determined for the more efficient and low-cost soil amelioration. The treatment without FGD gypsum was also used as the control. Soil samples were collected after the first season of sunflower harvest, with a depth of 100 cm and 20 cm increments at the sites of the sunflower planting strip and the center of small row spacing. An investigation was also made on the effects of different applications of FGD gypsum on the soil pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), and water-soluble cations distribution in the soil profile. The results showed that the three applications of FGD gypsum significantly reduced the soil pH and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) in the topsoil (0-20 cm), whereas, there was an increase in the concentration of water-soluble cations and the soil EC, compared with the control. The topsoil pH and SAR in the strip application were 20% and 41% lower, while the EC and water-soluble Ca2+ concentrations were 44% and 509% higher than that in the control, respectively. The concentration of water-soluble ions decreased gradually, with the increase of soil depth. However, the concentrations of water-soluble Ca2+ increased by 47%-105% at the 80-100 cm soil layer in the FGD gypsum application. In addition, the concentrations of water-soluble Na+ at the 20-100 cm soil layer in the three FGD gypsum applications were higher than that in the control, resulting in an increase in SAR. The effects of strip and hole on the saline-alkali soil amelioration were greater than that at the center of small row spacing, while there was no significant difference between the two sampling sites in the spread treatment. The three applications of FGD gypsum significantly increased the emergence rate and yield of sunflower, where the highest yield of sunflower was obtained from the strip treatment. Therefore, the effective components under the FGD gypsum strip can be concentrated around the sunflower roots to ameliorate the saline-alkali soil in the Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the current soil salinization characteristics in the Huanghebei mining area, field survey in situ sampling and indoor testing were adopted to study the soil salinity content, spatial distribution, vertical variation and the correlation between shallow groundwater and soil salinization. The results show that the soil is mainly composed of potential saline soil and slightly saline soil, the anions in the soil are mainly bicarbonate and sulfate ions, and the cations are mainly sodium and calcium ions. Soil shows surface aggregation vertically, surface salinization is serious, salinization degree is reduced in the deep. There is an inherent natural direct relationship between the saline soil and the shallow groundwater. The total salt content in the soil is obviously positively correlated with the total dissolved solid content in the groundwater, while it is negatively correlated with the depth of the shallow groundwater level. The development and utilization of coal mining in the study area will aggravate the degree of soil salinization and the coal mining needs to be reasonably determined according to the degree of surface collapse，so as to reducing the degree of soil salinization.

[ Objective ] To explore the vertical distribution of soil electrical conductivity ( EC) and cation exchange capacity ( CEC) in ricegrowing tobacco areas of Hunan province, improve the soil fertility and construct a reasonable structure of the plough layer. [ Method ] The soil EC and CEC of 0 - 50 cm profiles in Chenzhou, Hengyang and Changsha rice-growing tobacco areas were systematically compared, and the relationship between them and soil nutrients was revealed. [ Result]The results showed that the soil electrical conductivity ranged from 0. 10 to 0. 17 mS/cm,and decreased with the deepening of soil layer,and the soil cation exchange capacity ranged from 10. 55 to 14. 35 cmol/kg, which first decreased and then increased with the deepening of soil layer. The soil nutrient preserving capability of 0-30 cm soil layer was weak,30 -50 cm soil layer was medium in Changsha, 0-50 cm soil layer was medium in Hengyang. In Chenzhou, the soil nutrient preserving capability of 0 - 20 cm soil layer was medium, 20-30 cm soil layer was weak, 30 - 50 cm soil layer was strong. Electrical conductivity was positively correlated with alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, available copper, available molybdenum, available zinc, available boron and available iron, and negatively correlated with exchangeable magnesium. The cation exchange capacity was positively correlated with available nitrogen, available potassium, exchangeable calcium, exchangea ble magnesium, available boron and available molybdenum, and negatively correlated with available manganese. [ Conculsion] The results showed that the soil salt content was suitable in rice-growing tobacco areas of Hunan province, and there was no salinization phenomenon. The soil nutrient preserving capability was moderate, and the 20 - 30 cm soil layer was the worst Therefore, it is necessary to build a reasonable tillage layer and increase the application of organic fenilizer to improve the soil water and fenilizer conservation capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arid Zone Research / Ganhanqu Yanjiu is the property of Arid Zone Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Microorganisms can adapt to the salinity by ingesting energy, further to synthesize organic osmolytes in soil. However, microbial demand for energy may change, as the soil salinity changes. In this study, a field experiment was carried out to explore the effects of the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil respiration and microbial biomass in saline soil. The samples were taken as the mild saline soil, S1 (electrical conductivity (EC) 0.46 dS/m) and moderate saline soil, S2 (electrical conductivity (EC) 1.07 dS/m) in Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia, China, in 2018. Soil respiration rate was measured by a li-8100 soil carbon flux automatic measurement system. Surface soil samples of 0-20 cm depths were collected under various fertilization regimes in mild and moderate saline soil. Calcium chloride and chloroform fumigation extraction were used to investigate the effect of various fertilization regimes on the mineral nitrogen contents and microbial biomass in soil. Six treatments were set, including no fertilization (CK), urea (U1), and 25%, 50%, 75%, as well as 100% of urea N substituted by organic fertilizers U3O1, U1O1, U1O3, and O1, respectively, during the second growing season (April-September). The parameters were measured under equal N application rates of 240 kg/hm2, the dynamics of soil microbial biomass (i.e., microbial biomass carbon [MBC] and microbial biomass nitrogen [MBN]), and soil respiration (i.e., soil respiration rate, soil autotrophic respiration rate, and soil heterotrophic respiration rate). The results showed that the contents of mineral nitrogen in S1 soil were higher in the U1 treatment during the early growing stage (seedling and stem elongation stage), but higher in the U1O1 treatment in the later stage. S2 soil showed that the soil mineral nitrogen contents were higher in the whole growing stage, as the application rate of organic fertilizer increased. Furthermore, the increase of soil salinization resulted in the decrease of microbial biomass and microbial activity in the soil. The MBC in S2 soil decreased by 12.01%-68.81%, while the MBN decreased by 14.31%-58.58%, and the soil respiration flux decreased by 11.75%-54.71%, compared with S1 soil. Furthermore, the organic fertilizer significantly increased the microbial biomass and microbial activity under different degrees of saline soils. The S1 saline soils treated with U1O1 presented the higher MBC, MBN, and soil respiration flux, indicating a significant increase by 48.44%, 42.50%, 31.74%, respectively, compared with U1 treatment (P<0.05). The performance of S2 saline soil after the O1 treatment was better than that after the U1 treatment, where the MBC, MBN, and soil respiration flux increased by 68.07%, 48.99%, 45.19%, respectively (P<0.05). The highest corn yield was also achieved in the S1 and S2 soil treated with U1O1 and O1, which were 11 902.91, and 7 609.67 kg/hm², respectively. A correlation analysis was found that the soil respiration presented a significant positive correlation with the MBC and MBN (P<0.05). The soil temperature and mineral nitrogen had a significant positive correlation with the soil respiration, MBC, and MBN (P<0.05). Regression analysis showed that there was a significant exponential relationship between the soil respiration and temperature, (P<0.05), but the relationship between soil respiration rate and soil moisture content was not significant. Additionally, there was a significant nonlinear relationship of soil microbial biomass and respiration rate with the organic fertilizer rate and soil salt concentration. The regression coefficient demonstrated that the appropriate organic fertilizer rate contributed to maximizing the soil microbial biomass and respiration rate in different saline soils. Optimal organic and chemical fertilizer management models were achieved for the mild saline soil in the Hetao irrigation area. Specifically, the mild saline soil (120 kg/hm² urea+120 kg/hm² organic fertilizer), and moderate saline soil (240 kg/hm² organic fertilizer) can be expected for the higher corn yield under the improved soil microbial environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil salinization has posed a great threat to agricultural production and regional development in irrigation districts of arid regions with shallow groundwater tables. Therefore, it is highly demanding to assess the soil salinization-alkalization for rational regulation of soil water and salt regime in high-efficient utilization of water and land resources. In this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the spatial distribution pattern of soil salinization in the farmland of the Wulate sub-irrigation area in the lower reaches of the Hetao irrigation district in spring. An analysis of soil particle size was performed using field sampling combined with laboratory testing. The soil profiles (ground surface to groundwater level) of typical points were determined to measure the salinization indicators at 113 sampling points, including the Total Salt content (TS), pH value, contents of eight major salt ions (CO32-, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K++Na+), exchangeable Na+ content, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), and Exchangeable Sodium Percentages (ESP) in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers. Classical statistics, geostatistics, and multi-index comprehensive evaluation were also applied to obtain the spatial distribution under different indicators of soil salinization. The results showed that the content of TS in 0-20 cm soil layer was higher than that in 20-40 cm. The soluble salt ions in the soil were mainly HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, and Na+. The spatial variability of pH value was weak with the coefficient of variation (CV) less than 10%, those of TS and contents of CO32-, Cl-, SO42- and K++Na+ were strong with CV greater than 100%, those of HCO3-, CEC, exchangeable Na+ and ESP were medium with 10%

Human activities have dramatically changed the subsurface flow and caused problems such as salinization and desertification that degrade groundwater-dependent the ecosystem. Taking the shallow groundwater layer as the link, a conceptual model of phreatic water evaporation in arid plains is established. The model analyses the groundwater depth conditions of desertification and salinization in arid areas, and calculates threshold water table required for preventing these problems. The Luocheng Irrigation District at the junction of the middle and lower reaches of Heihe River is taken as an example to study the relation between groundwater depths and ecosystems patterns. The contributions of this study include: ① Describing the soil water movement principle caused by desertification outside the salinized oasis in the arid area, based on which, the method for calculating the threshold groundwater depth for preventing salinization is provided. By calculation, the critical groundwater depth leading to soil salinization is 1.3~1.5 m and the calculated critical groundwater level is 8~13 m; ② Discussing the appropriate values of soil equivalent pore diameter and liquid surface tension used for estimating the maximum rising height of capillary water; ③ Proposing a scheme to regulate the groundwater level regulation via controlling irrigation in the area to protect groundwater-dependent ecosystems while satisfying water demand for irrigation and other purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】It is of great significance to elucidate the response of soil salinity to water area changes in the crisscross of lakeside hidden vegetation and zonal vegetation, and to monitor soil salinity regularly in the crisscross of lakeside hidden vegetation and zonal vegetation, and to grasp the change process of water level in Aibi lake in time. 【Method】Based on 6 Landsat remote sensing images from 1995 to 2019, taking Aibi lake in Xinjiang as the target area, the remote sensing technology was used to extract the water area and soil salt content information of Aibi lake.【Result】(i) Under the influence of climate and human factors, the water area of Aibi lake expanded first and then decreased from 523.40 km~2 to 724.90 km~2 and then to 437.37 km~2 from 1995 to 2019.(ii) Based on the analysis of the temporal and spatial changes of salinization around Aibi lake, from 1995 to 2019, the salinization of lakeside soil changed obviously in time and space, and the salinization of lakeside soil increased in the south and southeast of the study area, and the salinization of lakeside soil gradually shifted to the center of the lake.(iii) Through the comparative study of 1995-2000 and 2005-2010, it is found that the soil salt index in the crisscross of hidden vegetation and zonal vegetation increased and decreased with the expansion of the area of Aibi lake.【Conclusion】Based on the analysis of the relationship between the area of Aibi lake and the soil salinity in the study area during the past 24 years, it was found that the salinity index changed significantly in the southeastern crisscross. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering is the property of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Land degradation and desertification are the serious ecological problems and challenges to achieve global sustainable development goals. The Chinese government proposes to integrate the construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt with the environmental improvement of the Central Asia, to build an intimate community of shared destiny between China and the Central Asia countries, and to promote the green and sustainable development of the Silk Road Economic Belt. However, the ecological crisis in the Aral Sea causes a significant shrinking in water body, loss of biodiversity, salinization, desertification, and salt dust storm, which have become major environmental problems encountered in the construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt in the Central Asia. On the basis of sorting out the problems of land degradation and desertification caused by the ecological crisis in the Aral Sea, this study scientifically analyzed the development trend and causes of desertification and salinization land in the Aral Sea region in the past 30 years, discussed the spatial differences of vegetation stability and its carrying capacity in the Amu Darya Basin and the Aral Sea region, and put forward the directions, strategies, key technologies and innovative modes of ecological restoration for the desertification and salinized land. Solving the ecological crisis and desertification in the Aral Sea is one of the key points in the construction of the Green Silk Road, and also an important embodiment of building a community of shared future for mankind and practicing the global values of ecological civilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard & Control is the property of China Institute of Geological Environmental Monitoring (CIGEM) Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to accurately evaluate the SOC（soil organic carbon）mineralization characteristics of different salinized soils in the Yellow River delta, and their controlling factors, six salinized soils with different salinization levels（BZ1 and BZ2 were bare land soils, BZ3~BZ6 were farmland soils）were collected from sample sites at different distances from the sea, and the SOC（soil organic carbon）mineralization rate was determined by laboratory thermostatic incubation. The results showed that the salinization levels of the six soils tended to increase in line with the proximity of their respective sample sites to the sea. During the 255-day incubation period, the relationships between mineralization rates of SOC and duration of incubation in all the treatments fitted the logarithmic function equation（P<0.01）, and the SOC mineralization rates of the bare land soils were much lower than those of the farmland soils（P<0.05）. The dynamic variation of the cumulative SOC mineralization with incubation time fitted the first-order kinetics equation（P<0.01）. The simulation results showed that SOC mineralization potentials differed significantly between the different salinized soils, and that SOC mineralization potentials of bare land soils were much lower than those of farmland soils（P<0.05）. The correlation analysis showed that SOC mineralization was significantly positively correlated with SOC content, total nitrogen（TN）content, and microbial biomass（correlation coefficient:0.975, 0.954, and 0.893, respectively）, and was significantly negatively correlated with soil total salt content（correlation coefficient:-0.813）. There were significant negative correlations between soil total salt content and SOC, and TN and microbial biomass（correlation coefficients:-0.838, -0.876, and - 0.843, respectively）, while there was no significant correlation between soil total salt content and ratio of bacteria to fungi（correlation coefficient:0.784）. Soil salinity may control SOC mineralization by affecting microbial biomass, or by affecting soil C and N sequestration. How⁃ ever, we did not find any significant influence of microbial community structure on SOC mineralization in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Groundwater is a vital resource for local human life and production in the oasis zone of the Cherchen River Basin of Xinjiang. Understanding the controlling factors of groundwater salinization and pollution is of great significance for the sustainable utilization of groundwater resources and protection of the ecological environment in desert oasis areas. In light of this, a total of 36 single structure unconfined groundwater samples and 54 multi-layered structure unconfined and confined groundwater samples were collected from the oasis zone of the Cherchen River Basin and evaluated for the distribution characteristics and pollution status of major ions. Hydrogeochemical methods (e.g., Piper diagram, multivariate statistics, Gibbs model, and relationships among ions) were used to determine the main controlling factors of groundwater salinization and pollution. Differences in hydrogeochemical zonation were found from the single structure unconfined aquifers in sloping plains of piedmont areas to the multi-layered structure unconfined and confined aquifers in alluvial-proluvial plain areas, and Cl-Na (87.8%) was the main hydrochemical type in the groundwater of the study area. The quality of single structure unconfined groundwater was starkly better than that of the multi-layered unconfined and confined groundwater, which was mainly caused by Na + (mean value of 9 969 mg·L -1 ), Cl - (13 687 mg·L -1 ), and SO 4 2- ). Moreover, the natural hydrogeochemical process was the main reason for the deterioration of groundwater quality. The hydrochemistry was mainly controlled by the water-rock interaction and evaporation processes. The mineral dissolution of silicates and evaporites was an important source of chemical ions in the groundwater. Furthermore, the chemical weathering of evaporites combined with the processes of evaporation and cation exchange had a significant influence on the salinization of multi-layered unconfined and confined groundwater in alluvial-proluvial plain areas. In addition, synthetic fertilizers were the main pollution sources of NO -1 ). Moreover, the natural hydrogeochemical process was the main reason for the deterioration of groundwater quality. The hydrochemistry was mainly controlled by the water-rock interaction and evaporation processes. The mineral dissolution of silicates and evaporites was an important source of chemical ions in the groundwater. Furthermore, the chemical weathering of evaporites combined with the processes of evaporation and cation exchange had a significant influence on the salinization of multi-layered unconfined and confined groundwater in alluvial-proluvial plain areas. In addition, synthetic fertilizers were the main pollution sources of NO 3 - in groundwater in the intensive agricultural zones.

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology / Shuiwendizhi Gongchengdizhi is the property of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soil salinization is a global issue of concern and the biggest global natural disaster. Salt-affected soil is also the most prominent environmental problem in arid and semi-arid regions in China. In this study, the Keriya Oasis in the arid zone of Xinjiang, Northwestern China was chosen as study area, a geodatabase was created with multiple field observations together with laboratory analyses and related datasets including attribute, vector and raster data. Topsoil electrical conductivity (TS_EC) was selected as the ecological endpoint for evaluating the salinization risk. And 14 evaluation indicators were chosen as the main sources of soil salinity risk which included ground evapotranspiration (ET), land surface temperature (LST), surface albedo (Albedo), digital elevation model (DEM), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), aboveground biomass (Biomass), groundwater depth (GWD), groundwater electrical conductivity (GW_EC), topsoil water content (SWC), topsoil pH value (pH), land use land / cover type (LULC), population density (PD) and per capita arable land (PCAL). An index system for soil salinization risk assessment was established. Through remote sensing (RS) techniques and quantitative inversion, 7 risk factors were derived such as: NDVI, LAI, Albedo, LST, ET, Biomass, DEM; the other factors were spatially interpolated, then data normalization was applied to all these datasets and overlayed GIS database of soil salinity risk factors was built. Risk weights of evaluation factors were determined and weight coefficients were calculated by adopting Pearson correlation analysis method. The theory of grey relational analysis system was introduced into soil salinization risk assessment, and risk assessment model was constructed in the study area. Then the soil salinity risk of the region was quantitatively assessed and classified, and finally soil salinity risk map was elaborated. The results showed that: the salinization risk values of the whole study area varied from 0.053 to 0.747, with a mean value of 0.190. Spatial distribution heterogeneity of different risks in the Keriya Oasis was prominent, and soil salinity risk was mainly demonstrated moderate risk. The area of risk rating 3 was the largest, and it accounted for 48.94% of total study area, soil salinity risk was moderate, belonging to potential risk area; The area of rating 4 accounted for 27.69%, and it belonged to the low risk region. Rating 2 risk region accounted for 19.35%, and soil salinity risk was relatively high. Rating 1 risk area accounted for only 4.02%, but it was characterized with very high risk soil salinity. Although the high risky area was smaller in size, it might lead a negative influence on the ecological environment and agricultural production in the northern region of the oasis. In conclusion, the quantitative assessment and mapping results of soil salinization risk in Keriya Oasis could be used to make appropriate decisions related to crop production, prevention of soil salinization, and it might offer scientific evidence and consulting for obtaining sustainable development of agriculture and eco-environment in arid and semi-arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]