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[Objective] It reveals the spatial distribution of carbon flow and the key path of carbon element transfer in Bin County, grasps the existing problems of Bin County's Production-Living-Ecological (PLE) space ecological environment, and then provides theoretical support for the future low-carbon rural planning and land-use resilience planning and management decisions in Bin County area. [Methods] Bin County was taken as an example. The overall metabolic network model of rural carbon elements' was constructed to identify and master the evolution law of the PLE spatial pattern, to quantitatively measure the characteristics of carbon sources, carbon sinks and the spatial-temporal dynamic changes of carbon elements in Bin County. [Results] (1) The predominant use of land continued to be for cultivation, while other types of land use displayed varying degrees of change, impacting the ecological environment. (2) Bin County's expanding residential areas had resulted in an initial surge, followed by a decrease in overall carbon emissions. In 2010, carbon emissions of Bin County spiked to 3.07 times of their previous levels, marking a crescendo. In 2020. the emissions of Bin County decreased by 2.25 million tons. The increase in the carbon sink was associated with the alteration in the area of the ecological space. (3) The spatial distribution of high carbon sink and source density mainly concentrated in the central and western parts of Bin County. The cultivated land production space and urban living space were the key components of carbon transfer in the two periods, respectively, and the mutual carbon transfer between the two land uses was also the dominant transfer path in different periods. [Conclusion] The spatial distribution of carbon flow and key paths of carbon element transfer in Bin County mainly concentrate in the areas with rapid urbanization process, where the ecological environment has serious problems. In the future, land use elasticity planning can promote regional sustainable development by formulating sustainable rural low-carbon emission reduction strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Plateau Meteorology is the property of Plateau Meteorology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Electrification and informatization of agricultural machinery will be the only way for the development of modern agriculture. The energy-driven modern agriculture has also become an effective way to prevent meteorological disasters. However, the agricultural environment monitoring and the energy supply system are operated separately from each other at present. It cannot cope with the chain risks, such as greenhouse power outages and agricultural power overload. An intelligent early warning of agricultural energy internet is basically unexplored so far. Therefore, it is very necessary to integrate the relevant theories of agriculture, informatics, and electrical science, particularly for the facility agriculture, crops, and energy system. This review was focused on the application of artificial intelligence technology in the interdisciplinary of agricultural and power engineering, in terms of system science. An intelligent early warning of agricultural energy internet was also explored using multi-source data fusion. The current research progress of the intelligent early warning was analyzed from three aspects: the interconnection between energy and agriculture, the correlation between energy and agricultural security, and the intelligent early warning of agricultural production. Among them, the interconnection was caused the existence of collaborative security, whereas, the intelligent early warning was one of the measures to solve the collaborative security. After that, the key technologies were also introduced from the fundamental and applied system. Specifically, the concept of the agricultural energy internet was introduced to clarify the difference and connection with general concepts, such as the agricultural Internet of Things, as well as the interaction between facility agriculture and the energy system. The applied system included three aspects, such as the current research, key issues, and difficulties, together with the future directions. It was found that the current intelligent early warning was focused on the specific issues in the various branches of agricultural informatization and electrical engineering. Some specific research was relatively mature, including the plant phenotype monitoring, the facility agricultural environment monitoring, and the static safety analysis of the energy system. Therefore, the key issue of the intelligent early warning can be widely expected to integrate the multi-source sensor data in the agricultural energy internet. As such, the early warning of environmental factors can be realized in the protected agriculture and energy system. The following brief ideas can be proposed. 1) To break through the early warning of the facility agricultural energy system. Decision-making can also be provided for the operation and control of the energy system in intensive agricultural production. 2) To propose the risk propagation in the agricultural energy system, particularly for the unified modeling of the facility agricultural environment and the integrated energy supply system. It can provide a model basis for the early warning of energy internet. 3) To break through the early warning using data fusion of energy and agriculture, particularly for the early warning of crop physiological state. It can provide the decision-making information for the collaborative control of protected facility agriculture environment and integrated energy supply system. This finding can provide a strong reference to the safe production of facility agriculture, especially on the upgrading and development of smart agricultural technology and intelligent equipment for agricultural informatization and electrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Guangdong University of Technology is the property of Journal of Guangdong University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explored ways to improve the efficiency of rural domestic waste sorting treatment from the perspective of the participation of farmers. Firstly, we theoretically analyzed the participation of farmers in rural domestic waste sorting treatment and the associated impact on treatment efficiency. Second, based on the2019survey data from187villages in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, the DEA（Data envelopment analysis）model was used to measure the efficiency of rural domestic waste sorting treatment with the participation of farmers. The Tobit model was used to analyze the impact of the participation of the farmers on treatment efficiency. Finally, the influence of the participation of farmers on the efficiency of rural domestic waste sorting treatment was further analyzed from the input–output perspective. The results indicated a low average rural domestic waste sorting treatment efficiency of0.58. The direct participation behaviors of farmers, such as the waste sorting awareness rate and supervision behavior, had a significant positive impact on the efficiency of rural domestic waste sorting treatment. Additionally, indirect participation, such as payment behavior, had a significantly negative impact on efficiency. The direct and indirect participation of the farmers affected input and output and impacted the efficiency of rural domestic waste sorting treatment. Based on the research conclusions, local governments should propose relevant measures to improve the efficiency of rural domestic waste sorting treatment. These measures could include reasonably increasing waste sorting treatment, strengthening publicity and education related to domestic waste sorting, guiding the domestic waste sorting of farmers, and establishing incentive mechanisms for farmers to participate in domestic waste sorting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A set of multi energy complementary storage water loop heat pump heating system was designed for rural houses in northern China. The system is composed of low-temperature heat source, water loop pipe network and household water source heat pump. The low-temperature heat source is provided by solar collector and air source heat pump, and is regulated by phase change energy storage device at a constant temperature. The field test shows that system runs stably, and that the EER is as high as 4.7 on sunny days and 3.6 on cloudy days. It solves the problems of mismatch between air source heat pump and building load and operation fluctuation caused by defrosting. The system runs stably and has promotion value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To fully understand the current situation and problems with rural domestic sewage treatment based on the comprehensive improvement of the rural environment and guide the undertaking of the "14th Five-Year Plan" for rural domestic sewage treatment, a statistical analysis of rural domestic sewage projects from 2008 to 2018 was conducted. The results reveal that China′ s agriculture as a whole still accounts for a very low proportion of rural domestic sewage treatment, although the implementation of rural domestic sewage treatment has been promoted from the state level for three "five-year" plans. At present and in the future, the treatment of rural domestic sewage will be the most important work for improvement of the rural living environment. The 14th Five-Year Plan is the initial stage for realizing agricultural and rural modernization in China, and it is an important stage for consolidating the rural environmental infrastructure. As one of the main components of rural environmental protection, rural domestic sewage treatment needs to focus on the classification and refinement of capital guarantee, strengthening the technical assistance of county planning, improving the supply and demand platform of rural domestic sewage treatment technology, and improving supervision level system planning and layout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic poverty alleviation is an important means to promote agricultural modernization in poor areas. But rural ecosystem service functions will be influenced by the large-scale construction of photovoltaic power plants in the underdeveloped regions. The construction of ground photovoltaic power station can provide several benefits including low-pollution and low-emission power for poor families, inhibits sandstorms formation and enhances surface water resources by battery panels and brackets. However, the production of modules and the construction of ground photovoltaic power station will cause energy consumption and emissions, which lead to climate warming and environmental pollution. This study comprehensively considers the positive and negative effects of the atmosphere, soil, water resources, and nutrient cycling etc. from photovoltaic poverty alleviation project, uses the ecosystem service payment method to build an ecosystem service index evaluation system, as well as economic value assessment models of positive impact and economic loss assessment models of negatively impact. Determine the compensation subject and compensation object according to the "the beneficiaries and environmental influencers pay, the victims compensated", three feasible compensation schemes are proposed for the purpose of making up the economic loss of the compensation object and for the feasible condition that the economic values of compensation subject are still surplus after paying compensation. By redistributing the economic value in the economic, environmental and social dimensions obtained by the beneficiaries and environmental influencers, the compensation standard is determined, and the situation of poverty alleviation after compensation is compared and judged. Taking the ground village level photovoltaic poverty alleviation power station in Yanling County as an example, the typical county level photovoltaic poverty alleviation projects in northeast, northwest and southwest areas are selected for verification. The results showed that: In 2018, the photovoltaic poverty alleviation project in Yanling County had a positive impact economic value of 7.9699 million yuan and a negative impact economic loss of 1.0511 million yuan, and the positive impact was 7.58 times of the negative impact; Among the 460 participants, the average photovoltaic grid connected income per person was 1 971.59 yuan, which was far lower than the minimum poverty alleviation standard of 3 468.16 yuan; In the first compensation scheme, the poor households are both the compensation object and the compensation subject, and the per capita net income of compensation is only 1 294.09 yuan, which could not get rid of poverty; In the second and third compensation schemes, the poor households are only the compensation objects and do not pay compensation. The per capita income reaches 3 527.3 yuan, which is higher than the minimum poverty alleviation standard; Horizontal comparison shows that the three ecological compensation schemes have helped the poor in the Yanshou County, Shuicheng County and Datong County to increase their income and get rid of poverty; Longitudinal comparison shows that the effects of ecological compensation in four regions are the same as in Yanling County, and the second and third compensation schemes enable poor households to obtain more income. The results show that environmental protection and poverty eradication will be realized in coordination through a good design of ecological compensation mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research of Environmental Sciences is the property of Research of Environmental Sciences Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rural micro-energy-grid with electricity-heating-cooling-gas was a hot issue in the field of energy. Most researches have been done on the modeling, planning and operation of micro-energy-grid. But the planning evaluation system of rural micro-energy-grid is still lacking. To evaluate the planning performance on rural micro-energy-grid, the planning evaluation system of rural micro-energy-grid was established in this study. The planning evaluation system contained four primary indicators, seven secondary indicators and fourteen tertiary indicators. Specifically, the four primary indicators were the reliability, economics, environmental protection and benefit. The seven secondary indicators were the electrical reliability, heat and cool reliability, system economics, environmental protection of energy-supply equipment, environmental protection of energy-storage equipment, stable benefit, environmental benefit. The fourteen tertiary indicators were the electrical deficiency rate, heat deficiency rate, cool deficiency rate, initial investment cost, maintenance cost, ratio of price to available life on the equipment, pollutant emission, installation rate of renewable energy, installation rate of heating-cooling-electricity for supply unit, replacement cycle rate of battery storage, replacement cycle rate of cool storage, replacement cycle rate of heat storage, electrical power exchange cost with distribution network, environmental pollution penalty cost. The formula of each indicator were given for these 25 parameters. The weight of each evaluation indicator was solved using an entropy method, indicating a flow chart for the implementation. The weight distributions of these indicators were obtained in the micro-energy-grid, representing the evaluation value of each planning scheme. In the actual planning process of a project, it was usually focused on small parts of the indicators, depending on the environmental condition, funding and the needs of the project. It was not possible to select the whole planning scheme fully complying with these 25 indicators in the actual evaluation. Therefore, an expert evaluation method was also establish to show the weight table of expert evaluation indicators. The new weight/ values of the different indicators in the planning schemes were obtained combining the entropy and the expert evaluation method, as well the new evaluation values of the whole planning schemes on the rural micro-energy-grid. Three planning schemes of a village in the western China were selected as a case study to verify the proposed planning indicators in this paper. The loading data of the heating-cooling-electricity in four seasons was given before the simulation, as well the time-of-use electrical price and equipment parameters of the rural micro-energy-grid. The results showed that the evaluation values of the scheme 1, 2 and 3 were 1.32, 1.14 and 2.47, respectively,according to entropy method. In the scheme 2,there was the minimums in the installed rate of renewable energy and heating-cooling-electricity supply unit, whereas in the scheme 3, the maximums considering all the evaluation indicators were the reliability, economics, environmental protection and benefit. Therefore, the expert system 1, 2, 3 and 4 focused on the reliability, economics, environmental protection and benefit, respectively. The whole planning schemes of the rural micro-energy-grid were also re-evaluated by combining the method of expert evaluation and entropy. The comprehensive evaluation value of scheme 2 has the highest value because the expert system 3 focused on the environmental protection indicators. In experts 1, 2 and 4, the comprehensive evaluation value of scheme 3 has the highest value. If the project need is the reliability, economics and benefit, scheme 3 can be the best choice. The findings demonstrated that the propose devaluation system can efficiently evaluate the planning scheme of the micro-energy-grid, and provide an insightful applied guidance for the construction and planning of micro-energy-grid in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Village is the basic unit of rural social and economic activities in China. In accordance with the law of village development and the trend of evolution, it's of great significance to carry forward rural revitalization by zoning and classification on the basis of scientific recognition of suitable development types for various villages. Considering planning constraints, in this study, a comprehensive development evaluation index system was established in four dimensions of economic conditions, traffic location, resources and ecological environment. Among the index system, indicators such as the proportion of construction land area during the planning period and the distance from the urban core area belonged to the type of planning constraints, which reflected the impact of planning and the urban core area on the future development of the countryside; the rest were the status quo description category ones, representing the status quo level of rural development. After calculating and analyzing the status of integrated rural development, rural development types and multi-functional characteristics were identified by use of tools and systems such as SOFM network model and GeoDetector. In the process above, the SOFM model was used to obtain scientific and objective classification results which ranged from 2 to 16 categories, and then, the GeoDetector was used to obtain the number of best rural areas. The results showed that Under the influence of economic development, traffic location and other factors, development of villages in Miyun District differentiate largely in space, and the development level of area on the south of reservoir was generally better than the area on the north of reservoir. Miyun Town, Mujiayu Town and Shilipu Town thrived best and their rural developments were at a high level while Gubeikou and Xinchengzi Town developed most slowly. Our results also showed that villages in Miyun District were divided into seven zones such as traffic and ecology dominant high-level zone and resource and ecology dominant medium-high level zone. Traffic and ecology dominant and economy & ecology dominant high-level zones were the primary types of rural development. These two zones were mainly located in Bulaotun, Dachengzi, Jugezhuang, Mujiayu, Xitiangezhuang, Fengjiayu and Xiwengzhuang. With high quality of ecological environment, advantageous traffic location and strong economic development, villages in traffic and ecology dominant high-level zone showed high-level comprehensive development. Villages in economy and ecology dominant medium-high level zone had a strong economic development and great ecological environment, so they also achieved high-level comprehensive development. In addition, the results showed functional characteristics of different types of zone were summarized from a multi-functional prospective and suggestions for rural revitalization were proposed in accordance with the idea of “focusing on advantageous functions and properly improving disadvantageous functions” in order to guide the establishment of differential rural revitalization strategy. Overall, the results of the classification of rural development types based on SOFM and GeoDetector generally accorded with the regional reality, and can reflect the development differences of different dimensions of seven zones, as well as the impact of planning constraints on rural development. The conclusions can provide evidence for the rural revitalization practice in Miyun District. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proportion of clean heating in northern China is low, especially bulk coal is widely used in winter in some areas. The emission amount of air pollutants is large, so it is urgent to promote clean heating. By the end of 2016, the total heating area of urban and rural buildings in northern China was about 20.6 billion m3, of which the heating area of rural buildings was 6.5 billion m3. Heating energy mainly includes coal, natural gas, electric energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy, solar energy, industrial waste heat and so on. Among them, coal-fired heating area accounts for about 83% of the total heating area. About 400 million tons of standard coals are consumed annually, of which 200 million tons of standard coals are bulk coals mainly distributed in rural areas. In rural areas, the total usage amount of bulk coal is large, burning season is concentrated, the discharge is dispersed, and without purification measures, so the pollutant discharge is serious. China is rich in crop straw, with theoretical resources exceeding 900 million tons, and among them still about 200 million tons are not effectively utilized. The rural straw clean heating can build distributed clean hearing system in rural areas by collecting local raw materials, processing and transforming on the spot, and consuming nearby. This model could reduce open-air burning of rural straw, provide clean heat, and realize directly replacement of coal burning in terminal consumption link. The rural straw clean heating has a great development space. Heating using straw could promote straw comprehensive utilization, and also promote clean heating in rural areas in northern China. Based on investigation and summary of present situation of straw clean heating technology, this paper puts forward a typical rural straw clean heating model with good application prospects, establishes the functional evaluation index system, and evaluates the technical economy of seven typical models by using the value engineering principle and the analytic hierarchy process. The results show that, without considering the external conditions such as resource endowment, transportation, physical geography and level of economic and social development, the corresponding value coefficients of CHP(combined heat and power) heating, pyrolysis cogeneration household heating, bundle-fired boiler central heating, pyrolysis cogeneration central heating, briquette fuel household heating, bundle-fired boiler household heating and briquette fuel central heating are 1.062, 1.050, 1.005, 0.990, 0.973, 0.965, 0.956, respectively. Overall, cogeneration, pyrolysis, bundle-fired and other technologies show relatively good economy for clean heating of rural straw. This study can provide important reference for guiding R&D and application of straw clean heating technology in rural area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rurality is an important indicator which reflects rural development, reveals its internal difference and measures rural area space. The degree of rurality is the representing evidence of rural regional type differentiation and reflects the multifunctional evolutional tendency of urban-rural space profoundly. What constitutes development and how it should be measured is a very important question. In this research, we constructed the index system of income and expenditure of daily living based on the theory of quality of live, used the comparative analysis method of urban and rural indicators to classify the rural grade, used the local spatial autocorrelation method spatial correlation analyzing the rural indicators of 184 evaluation units in Qingpu district, divided the rural types of Qingpu district in 2016 according to the combination types produced by space superposition, and put forward the corresponding management measures. The results showed that it was an effective method to judge the degree of rural development in the context of urban-rural integration by selecting income and expenditure indicators that represented the quality of life of rural residents to construct a rurality evaluation system, and used the comparison of indicators between urban and rural areas to judge the regional rural nature. The differentiation of rural spaces in Qingpu district was obvious, and the rurality increased gradually from east to west. According to the evaluation results of the comprehensive index and grade of rural nature in Qingpu district in 2016, the total area of rural first class area was 75.94 km2, accounting for 11.60% of the total area, mainly distributed in the eastern and central areas of Xiayang and Xujing. The total area of rural secondary area was 28.01% of the total area of 187.28 km2, mainly distributed in Xianghuaqiao and Huaxin in the north and northeast of central China. The total area of rural third class area was 140.36 km2, accounting for 21.00% of the total area, mainly distributed in Baihe town and Zhujiajiao town in the middle and north. The total area of the rural area was 264.94 km2, which was mainly distributed in Jinze and Liantang in the west of Qingqu district. The types of rurality in Qingpu district had various and different ways of development based on quality of life. According to the degree of local spatial agglomeration and dispersion of rural comprehensive index, 184 evaluation units of village area in Qingpu district can be divided 10 rural types. According to the results of rural classification, countermeasures and differentiated management measures were adopted. The results enrich the theory of rural geography and provide scientific reference for the sustainable development of rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To discuss how off-farm employment affect the harvesting decision-making of households with different scales in China's collective forest area is valuable to clarifying the forest management objectives for households and the trend of forest management ownership in collective forest area. This can give evidence for supporting the large-scale forest ownership under the background of the fast growing of out-migration rural labors in China. Based on the theory of New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM), this paper collected the input-output data at plot level of Chinese fir management through a survey of 50 rural households in Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangxi provinces. Then, it calculated the optimal rotation age of largeand small-scale households with the Faustmann model, and used the econometric model to analyze how off- farm employment affect the harvesting decision-making of households with different scales. The results show that there is no obvious difference of optimal rotation age between large-and small-scale households. The migration effect of off-farm employment causing the expect rotation age is obviously smaller than optimal rotation age for small-scale households; on the contrary, the income effect of off-farm employment caused the expect rotation age is significantly closely related with optimal rotation age for large-scale households. Large-scale ownership is more suitable for raising large timbers and increasing economic and ecological value in collective forest area under the fast growing of out-migration rural labors in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]