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Objective: To investigate the clinical effect of MSCs transplantation derived from human umbilical cord on bone nonunion., Methods: From December 2005 to December 2007, 72 patients with traumatic bone nonunion were treated. Auto-iliac bone transplantation was used in 36 patients (group A), including 27 males and 9 females, aging (34.0 +/- 2.1) years; including 18 cases of femoral fracture and 18 cases of tibia fracture; and the time of bone nonunion being (9.1 +/- 1.7) months. Percutaneous MSCs transplantation derived from human umbilical cord was used in 36 patients (group B), including 28 males and 8 females, aging (36.0 +/- 1.6) years; including 18 cases of femoral fracture and 18 cases of tibia fracture; and the time of bone nonunion being (6.4 +/- 1.9) months. There were no statistically significant differences in general data between two groups (P > 0.05). In group A, the site of bone nonunion was filled with relevant auto-iliac bone. In group B, the mixture of 6-8 mL platelet-rich plasma prepared by centrifugalizing venous blood and 1 x (10(6)-10(7)) P5 MSCs extracted from human umbilical cord denoted by volunteers was injected into the region of bone nonunion with 0.2 g demineralized bone powder., Results: Incision healed by first intention in group A. No puncture, deep infection, rejection and general fever reaction occurred in group B. All patients in two groups were followed up for (13.2 +/- 4.6) months. No loosening and breakage of internal fixation were observed in two groups. The motility and function of hip, knee and ankle were good. The time of bone union was (10.3 +/- 2.8) months in group A and (5.6 +/- 0.8) months in groups B, showing significant difference between two groups (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The percutaneous MSCs transplantation derived from human umbilical cord is more effective on bone nonunion than the traditional treatment, it is easily-to-operate, safe, reliable, and rapid for union. It is one of effective methods in treating bone nonunion.