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BACKGROUND Garnet is a common silicate mineral in metamorphic and magmatic rocks, and its isomorphism is very common. The existing data show that the color of garnet with different composition is quite different, but the relationship between the composition and color of garnet has not been systematically studied. OBJECTIVES To reveal the internal relationship and variation law of garnet composition, structure and color, and provide a basis for the summary and geological application of the mineralogical characteristics of garnet in different geological environments. METHODS Common red (G1), orange (G2), green (G3) and maroon (G4) garnet have been tested systematically by electron microprobe, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, X-ray powder crystal diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy. RESULTS The results showed that the samples of G1 and G4 contained more Fe (Fe3+:0.24%, 0.24%, Fe2+:1.01%, 0.89%). The samples of G2 contained higher Mn (2.76%), whereas the samples of G3 have higher Cr and V contents of 3453×10-6 and 1458×10-6, respectively. Isomorphic substitution greatly affected the crystal structure of garnet. The cell parameters were a=11.530nm(G1), 11.563nm(G2), 11.849nm(G3) and 11.470nm(G4). Trace and rare earth elements in garnet can be used to indicate the source and formation process. The rare earth element analysis showed that the total rare earth elements of garnet were distributed unevenly, and the ratio of LREE/HREE was less than 1, with enriched heavy rare earth elements. The Eu/Eu* ratio was less than 1, which was a negative Eu anomaly. Ce abnormalities of all samples were not obvious. G1 and G4 have Fe3+ electronic transition absorption peak at 570nm. G2 has Mn2+ electronic transition absorption peak near 460nm and 520nm, whereas G3 has Cr3+ electronic transition absorption peaks at 690nm. The Raman spectra of garnet samples showed obvious differences in peak intensity and position, which also reflected the ubiquitous existence of isomorphism in these garnets. The ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra of these garnets showed high consistency with its color and characteristic elements. The absorption peaks of Fe3+ in red and maroon samples at 570nm were related to the high content of Fe, while the characteristic absorption peaks of orange sample near 460 and 520nm belong to Mn2+, corresponding to the large amount of Mn (2.76%). A strong absorption peak was observed at 690nm in the green sample, which was caused by the transition of Cr3+ and the presence of trace element Cr (3453×10-6). The results showed that the color of garnet had a good correspondence with its composition and structure. CONCLUSIONS The color characteristics of garnet can be used as a typomorphic feature of minerals to indicate the existence of different characteristic elements. These methods can be used to study the isomorphism and color origin of garnet effectively.

Four kinds of tridentate [OSO] bisphenol titanium complex catalysts [S (2-CH2-4-tBu-6-R-C6H2O)2]TiCl2(R1 = CMe3, R2 = CPhMe2, R3 = CPh2Me, R4 = CPh3) were prepared from 4-tert-butyl phenol through bromination, nucleophilic substitution and metal complexation reaction by changing the ortho-substituent of hydroxyl. The reaction performance of ethylene polymerization was investigated under the conditions of 30, 50, 70 °C, and pressure of 0.6 MPa. Polyolefin products under different conditions were obtained by changing the Al/Ti ratio of the catalyst and the reaction time. The products were characterized and analyzed by gel chromatogram phy (GPC). The four catalysts under different reaction conditions were compared. Due to the effect of R group steric hindrance, the larger the steric hindrance, the higher the activity of the catalyst. Based on the experimental results, it was concluded that the activity of the [S(2-CH2-4-tBu-6-CMePh2-C6H2O)2]TiCl2 catalyst at 50 °C was up to 6.7 x 106 g PE/(mol Ti ⋅ h), and the obtained polyolefin product Mw was 1.68 x 105, with a molecular weight distribution of 3.2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposed a design scheme of emergency communication security system of coal mine. The system's core namely emergency rescue software platform integrates underground broadcast telephone, PHS, WiFi mobile phone, dispatching telephone, underground broadcasting system through relay gateway and special converter, so as to realize interconnection among communication systems. And the system can realize interconnection with personnel location system of mine and integrated access with industrial Ethernet of mine through emergency rescue software platform. The actual test result showed that the system has functions of line management, audio playing, push-to-talk, broadcasting and emergency communication rescue, which improves efficiency of emergency rescue work.

For problems that underground broadcasting system with analog audio broadcasting mode has poor flexibility and small voice communication range, the paper proposed design scheme of a new kind of mine-used digital broadcasting system, introduced designs of overall structure of the system, audio terminal and gateway program. The system accesses the audio terminal in industrial Ethernet, realizes packet and designated broadcasting, which solves problems of underground unicast and multicast.

To solve the problems of that composite base bleed propellant grain (CBBPG) is crushed and unstably combusts during launching, a protection strategy is proposed by directly installing a magnesium combustible liner ( MCL) with temporary strength protection and auxiliary combustion in the inner hole of CBBPG. The FEM analysis model of CBBPG' s launching process in extreme working conditions is established by using ABAQUS, and the dynamic shooting contrast verification test is done. The simulation results show that MCL can effectively prevent CBBPG from excessively deforming during launching. At the same time, the test results show that the average velocity of the projectiles with MCL is increased by 4. 97 m/s, and the combustion consistency and combustion stability of CBBPG are both improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer is one of the three common gynecological malignancy with a highest mortality rate. Due to the absence of specific symptoms and the lack of sensitive screening for the early detection of ovarian cancer, the majority of patients (60%-65%) had advanced stage at diagnosis. In ovarian cancer, hereditary ovarian cancer syndrome (HOCS) occupy a certain proportion. HOCS often associated with the occurrence of mutations in susceptibility genes. There are at least 16 genes implicated in HOCS to date. HOCS was attributed mostly to mutations in BRCAl and BRCA2. Recently, three new ovarian cancer susceptibility genes have been identified: RA D51C, RA D5 ID, and BRIP1. Detection of related susceptibility genes may contributes to the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer risk groups. This article is about the related susceptibility genes of HOCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses Ihe new requiremenls of Independenl Colleges when Ihe credil syslem carries oul. The leaching reform requires laboratory conslruclion. Il poinls oul lhal Ihe currenl silualion of laboratories of independenl coUeges can nol meel lhe demands of higher educalion personnel lraining syslem and sludenl developmenl which are required by lhe sociely. Aiming al building needs of lhe modern universily, according lo laboratory conslruclion and managemenl slalue in Jinling CoUege, Nanjing Universily, lhis paper promoles lhe laboratory conslruclion and managemenl' s developmenl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulation study on fuzzy PID control in Atomic Force Microscopy ( AM-AFM % is carried put out for better control effect. The model of AM-AFM probe dynamic process is obtained through Euler-Bernoulli s equation. Based on AM-AFM' s negative feedback control with a fuzzy PID control module, a complete AM-AFM system simulation platform is established. By using fuzzy technique, fuzzy PID controller makes the real-time adjustment of PID parameters, thus high-quality control effect is achieved. Moreover, this article gets a set of initial value of off-line adjustment using Ziegler-Nichols method. The value is applied in the setting of fuzzy center such that the control effect is further improved. The simulation of the scanning of two typical samples is made to demonstrate the control effect of fuzzy PID. It proves that the control effect of fuzzy PID and indicates that fuzzy PID can significantly improve the AM-AFM image quality of samples which have steep surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a new idea to develop and utilize the, surface water heat energy by the heat pump system with freezing heat collection in the cold regions, and the heat transfer performance of the key device named freezing heat exchanger is directly related to the heating efficiency of the heat pump system. After introducing the freezing heat exchanger and its heat transfer conditions in winter, on the basis of quasi-static approximation and the fitting method, the heat transfer characteristics of the turbulent surface water are simulated and analyzed with the definition of the dimensionless parameters, such as equivalent freezing heat transfer coefficient ratio. And the statistical mathematical model of the average equivalent freezing heat transfer coefficient ratio is built up in the deicing cycle. The results show that the instantaneous equivalent freezing heat transfer coefficient ratio is greater with the lower inlet water temperature or wall temperature, the smaller diameter and Re number and the bigger tube length, while the average equivalent freezing heat transfer coefficient ratio of the freezing heat exchanger is between 1 and 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the conditions of the low winter surface water temperature and insufficient sewage flow in cold areas, a new heat pump technology with freezing heat collection is put forward, which makes the freezing heat of water to be used for building's heating at the peak heat load. To effectively collect the freezing heat, a special device named the freezing heat exchanger is introduced. On the basis of the preliminary analysis of device, the important parameters and the integrated performance indexes in the heat pump system are discussed. Application results show that the heating seasonal performance factor of this heat pump system is between 4. 05-4. 22 for four typical cities, and its heating performance is worse than that of conventional water-source heat pump system, but better than that of coal-fired boiler or heating network system, so this new system has a greater advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to analyze the characteristics of the freezing latent heat exchanger in heat pump system with freezing latent heat collection, the freezing and heat transfer of surface water need to be mastered under turbulent condition. Based on the imaginary wall temperature model and the quasi-steady approximate method, this paper analyzes the freezing characteristics of turbulent surface water in the tube of freezing latent heat exchanger with parameters, such as Kh and KSL. The results indicate that the radius and the distance along the flow direction have no obvious influence on the freezing characteristics, but the Reynolds number, the pipe wall temperate and supply water temperature affect the solidification characteristics obviously. With the increase of dimensionless freezing time, the heat transfer performance drops quickly, and freezing heat transfer characteristics are better with the lower entrance water temperature, the lower pipe wall temperature, the smaller radius, the longer tube length, and the smaller Reynolds number. The study provides an important reference to the optimization design of the device and the performance improvement of the heat pump system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new effective algorithm combining genetic algorithm (GA) and parameter tracking scheme (PTS) is developed. By using this algorithm, the rooting problem of all kinds of complex and transcendental equations in electromagnetic field can be solved successfully. In the realization process of the method, the searching area is decreased, the solution is simplified and the calculating speed is accelerated due to the parameter tracking. The precision of solutions is enhanced due to the dynamic searching area. The prediction of the new searching center by the application of a 3-order difference formula speeds up the calculation further. Based on the developed algorithm, the complex transcendental equation of medium permittivity that is measured by the method of terminal short circuit and the eigenvalue equation of rectangular waveguide that is filled partially are solved in detail. The computing results show that the algorithm can easily solve the multi-root problem of complex transcendental equations. The solution set is complete, and the algorithm is robust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the quality of images captured by moving underground cameras with the characteristics of low resolution, low illumination and being easily affected by noise, a new electronic image stabilization algorithm based on improved optical flow was proposed. Firstly, by extracting inter-frame matching feature points with the SUSAN algorithm, an improved optical flow method based on pyramid was proposed to calculate the global motion vectors. Furthermore, in order to overcome the influence of moving objects and moving background within images, the RANSAC algorithm was used to eliminate the error matching points,and a dynamic update mechanism for reference frame was proposed. Considering the feature of uncertain jitter from underground moving carriers, the vectors of motion compensation were solved by the mean filter algorithm, which can retain the active movement while filtering the random jitter. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed method can not only retain the processing precision for motion vector by pyramid-based optical flow method, but also improve the real-time property of the algorithm. It has a better effect on stabilizing the coal mine underground jitter video sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To observe the effect of moxibustion on the learning ability and expression of neurotrophic factors and Notch signaling in vascular dementia (VD) rats, so as to explore its neurogenesis mechanism underlying improvement of VD., Methods: Sixty SD rats were equally and randomly divided into sham operation (sham), model, medication and moxibustion groups ( n =15 rats/group). The VD model was established by occlusion of the bilateral cervical common arteries and reperfusion. Moxibustion was applied to "Dazhui"(GV 14), "Guanyuan"(CV 4) and "Mingmen"(GV 4)for 15 minutes, once daily, 6 times a week for 4 weeks. Rats of the medication group were treated by gavage of nimodipine (2 mg·kg -1 ·d -1 ),3 times a day, 6 days a week for 4 weeks. Morris water maze tests were performed to detect the rat's learning-memory ability. The infarcted size of the brain was detected by using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and H.E. staining was used to detect the histopathological changes. The expression level of glia fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Notch 1 (a receptor), Hes 3 (a downstream effector) mRNAs and proteins in the hippocampal tissues were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively., Results: After 4 weeks' intervention, modeling-induced increase of escape latency was significantly shortened in both moxibustion and medication groups relevant to the model group ( P <0.05), and the infarct size was reduced and the damage degree of nerve cells in the brain tissue alleviated. The expression levels of BDNF, NGF, GFAP, Hes 3, Notch 1 genes and proteins were significantly up-regulated in the model group relevant to the sham operation group ( P <0.05, P <0.01). After the intervention, the expression levels of hippocampal BDNF, NGF, GFAP, Hes 3 and Notch 1 mRNAs and proteins in the moxibustion group, and NGF and GFAP mRNAs, and BDNF, NGF, GFAP, Hes 3 and Notch 1 proteins in the medication group were further obviously up-regulated relevant to the model group ( P <0.05, P <0.01). The effect of moxibustion was significantly superior to that of medication in up-regulating GFAP, Hes 3, Notch 1 mRNAs expression ( P <0.05, P <0.01). No significant differences were found in the expression of BDNF, Hes 3 and Notch 1 mRNAs in the medication group relevant to the model group ( P <0.05), and between the moxibustion and medication groups in up-regulating the expression of BDNF and NGF mRNAs, and in up-regulating the expression of BDNF, NGF, GFAP, Hes 3 and Notch 1 proteins ( P <0.05)., Conclusions: Moxibustion can improve learning ability in VD rats, which may be associated with its effects in up-regulating the expression of neurotrophic factors and in potentiating Notch signaling.

It's important to explore the water sources of sand-binding plants and their relationship to reveal the mechanism underling species coexistence and vegetation stability. In the present study, 12 sand-binding species in two typical habitats (fixed dune and dune slack) in southern Horqin Sandy Land were selected. The δD and δ 18 O values of plant water, rain water, ground water and soil water were determined, and the percentages of soil water at different depths used by plants were calculated with the IsoSource model. Our results showed that the δD and δ 18 O values of stem water were significantly different among various life forms in both habitats except for those of trees and shrubs in dune slack. From trees to grass, the depth of soil water contributed to main water source of plant became shallower in dune slack: trees and shrubs mainly used soil water in 50-150 cm or 30-50 cm layer, subshrubs mainly used soil water in 10-30 cm layer while grass relied on soil water of 0-10 cm layer. Shrubs mainly used soil water of 0-30 cm layer and subshrubs mainly used soil water around 50 cm at fixed dune. This study indicated that in dry season plants at fixed dune are more dependent on soil water of 0-50 cm layer compared with those in dune slack. The water sources of sand-binding plants are correlated with plant life form and root distribution range, and the later might play a more important role.

Objective: Discusses the distributive characters of the Creatine Kinase MM (CKMM) gene A/G Polymorphism in XinjiangUyghur, One hundred and fourtheen athletes and 441 general population of Uyghur were involved in the study., Methods: Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used., Results: (1) The CKMM gene A/G frequency in Uyghur general population was(AA, AG and GG) 0.497, 0.392 and 0.111, the result test by Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium and x² = 2.72, P = 0.1, df = 2, indicated that the control group had representative. (2) AA, AG and GG genotype frequency of power-oriented athlete respectively was 0.442,0.302 and 0.256, frequency of GG genotype and G allele was higher than the control group, there were significant differences compared to thecontrol( P < 0.05, df = 2); (3) A/G genotype frequency of Endurance-oriented athletere spectively was 0.571, 0.400 and 0.029, there were nosignificant differences compared to the controls ( P > 0. 05, df = 2). (4) A/G genotype frequency of Uyghur soccer athletes respectively was0.472, 0.361 and 0.167, G allele was higher than the Endurance-oriented athlete and lower than the power-oriented athletes. and no significant differences compared to the controls( P > 0.05, df = 2)., Conclusion: The results indicate that the CKMM gene GG genotype and G alleleare represented in power-oriented athletes, but don't find A/G polymorphism correlation with endurance and the football sport performance.

95 hair samples from traffic polices and 110 hair samples from ordinary people were collected from 6 areas of Guilin, China, and Hg, Pb contents in hairs were determined. The result shows that the heavier the traffic was, the higher hair Hg, Pb contents of traffic polices are. Hair Hg, Pb contents of traffic polices also increase with their working time. Average hair Hg, Pb contents of outdoor polices are higher than those of indoor polices. The average hair Hg content (1.340 microg x g(-1)) of traffic polices is 1.74 times as high as the Chinese average value (0.77 microg x g(-1)), while the average hair Pb content (2.877 microg x g(-1)) is below the Chinese average value (6.60 microg x g(-1)). The use of unleaded petrol reduced the air Pb pollution, but Hg pollution still exists. The average hair Hg content (1.504 microg x g(-1)) in male traffic polices is higher than that (1.176 microg x g(-1)) of female traffic polices,while the average hair Pb content (2.852 microg x g(-1) in male traffic polices lower than that (2. 902 microg x g(-1)) of female traffic polices.

Objective: To investigate the combined effects between the two polymorphisms murine double minute 2 (MDM2) rs2279744 T→G and P53 rs1042522 G→C on the genetic susceptibility of breast cancer., Methods: A total of 600 female patients with diagnosed breast cancer were consecutively recruited from the Yuhang district, Hangzhou city during March 2001 to May 2009. In the same period as the cases were collected, 600 healthy women living in Yuhang district, Hangzhou city were selected from a nutritional survey conducted. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from the study subjects and the demographic information were collected through questionnaires. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used for genotyping MDM2 rs2279744 T→G and P53 rs1042522 G→C. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the combined effects of the two polymorphisms on breast cancer risk., Results: The frequency of MDM2 rs2279744 GG, TG and TT genotypes were 31.5% (189/600), 45.5% (273/600), 23.0% (138/600) in case group and 19.0% (114/600), 49.2% (295/600), 31.8% (191/600) in control group. The frequency of P53 rs1042522 GG, GC and CC genotypes were 23.1% (139/600), 50.2% (301/600), 26.7% (160/600) in case group and 30.5% (183/600), 51.3% (308/600), 18.2% (109/600) in control group. Logistic regression analysis showed that carriers with rs2279744 TG, GG genotypes had a significant increased risk for developing breast cancer compared with rs2279744 TT carriers (OR = 1.31, 95%CI: 0.97 - 1.73 for TG; OR = 2.24, 95%CI: 1.61 - 3.09 for GG). When comparing with rs1042522 GG carriers, carriers with rs1042522 GC, CC genotypes had a significant increased risk for developing breast cancer (OR = 1.34, 95%CI: 0.94 - 1.68 for GC; OR = 1.89, 95%CI: 1.35 - 2.68 for CC). The united analysis of this two polymorphisms showed that compared with individuals carrying rs2279744 TT and rs1042522 GG (the frequency were 4.8% (29/600) in case group and 11.5% (69/600) in control group), carries with rs2279744 TG/GG and rs1042522 GC/GG genotypes (the frequency were 95.2% (571/600) in case group and 88.5% (531/600) in control group) showed significant higher risk in the susceptibility to breast cancer (OR = 2.30, 95%CI: 1.39 - 3.82 for TG/GC + GG; OR = 2.14, 95%CI: 1.29 - 3.55 for TT + GC/CC; OR = 2.86, 95%CI: 1.80 - 4.53 for TG/GG + GC/CC). The combination of MDM2 rs2279744 T→G and P53 rs1042522 G→C contributed to a significantly higher risk of breast cancer than did any one of the variant (P = 0.046). The risk of susceptibility to breast cancer was much higher when this two polymorphisms both variant., Conclusions: The MDM2 rs2279744 T→G and P53 rs1042522 G→C may be risk factor for breast cancer. Significant combined effects between the two polymorphisms may contribute to the genetic susceptibility to breast cancer.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of different doses of lactulose on preventing oral morphine-induced constipation., Methods: From January 2011 to May 2012, a total of 112 patients received oral lactulose solution to prevent morphine-induced constipation at our hospital and their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. The doses of morphine were adjusted according to the pain scores and lactulose was taken simultaneously. There were 52 males and 60 females. They were randomized into Group 30 ml/d (n = 40), Group 60 ml/d (n = 43) and Group 90 ml/d (n = 29). The incidences of constipation and adverse reactions were obtained at 1 week after the start of medicine. The measurement data were analyzed with analysis of variance. And the enumeration data were analyzed with χ(2), Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests., Results: The incidence of constipation was 67.5% (27/40) in Group 30 ml/d, 46.5% (20/43) in Group 60 ml/d, and 37.9% (11/29) in Group 90 ml/d. And there were statistical differences (P = 0.036). The incidence of constipation in Group 30 ml was significantly higher than Group 90 ml/d (P = 0.015). No statistical difference existed in the incidence of constipation between Groups 30 ml/d and 60 ml/d (P = 0.054) or Groups 60 ml/d and 90 ml/d (P = 0.471). The incidence of vomiting was 34.5% (10/29) in Group 90 ml/d and it was significantly higher than 10.0% (4/40) in Group 30 ml/d (P = 0.013) and 9.3% (4/43) in Group 60 ml/d (P = 0.009). No statistical difference existed in the incidence of vomiting between Groups 30 ml/d and 60 ml/d (P = 0.915). The incidence of diarrhea was 17.2% (5/29) in Group 90 ml/d and it was significantly higher than 0 (0/40) in Group 30 ml/d (P = 0.007). No statistical difference existed in the incidence of diarrhea between Groups 30 ml/d and 60 ml/d (4.7% (2/43), P = 0.170) or Groups 60 ml/d and 90 ml/d (P = 0.072)., Conclusion: The correct dosage of lactulose for the prevention of oral morphine-induced constipation is 60 ml/d.

Objective: To investigate 3-year antiviral efficacy and side effect of adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) on the old patients with hepatitis B chronic infection., Methods: 31 HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infected old patients (include 8 patients with chronic hepatitis B and 23 patients with liver cirrhosis) with serum HBV DNA levels > 1000 copies/ml, and ALT > 2 times the upper limit of normal, without company with other liver diseases, cancer, renal dysfunction, and autoimmune disease. All the patients were treated with ADV orally (10 mg once daily) for 36 months. HBV DNA and biochemical and blood routine indexes were checked after treated., Result: Serum total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alamine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and load of HBV DNA decrease significantly after therapy (P < 0. 001). Other biochemical indexs and blood routine are no significant changes (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: The way to treat with ADV is safe and effective for old patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.

Objective: To investigate the impact of hepatic steatosis on virologic response in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients treated with pegylated interferon-alpha (PEG-IFNa)., Methods: Ninety-six naive patients positive for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and with biopsy-proven CHB were administered PEG-IFNa-2a or PEG-IFNa-2b for 48 weeks. Virologic response (HBeAg clearance and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA less than 5 log10 copies/ml) and biochemical response (alanine transaminase (ALT) normalization) were compared between patients with (n=34) and without (n=62) steatosis., Results: The HBV DNA titer in the steatosis group was significantly lower than that of the non-steatosis group (6.961.27 vs. 7.541.28 log10 copies/ml; t=2.161, P=0.033). After 48 weeks of PEG-IFNa treatments, there was no significant difference in HBeAg seroconversion or the percentage of undetectable HBV DNA (less than 3 log10 copies/ml) between steatosis and non-steatosis patients. However, the steatosis patients presented with a significantly lower complete response rate (virologic response plus biochemical response) compared to non-steatosis patients (26.5% vs. 48.4%; x² =4.373, P=0.037). Of the 45 CHB patients with undetectable HBV DNA after 48 weeks of treatment, seven did not achieve ALT normalization. The rate of patients with non-biochemical response was significantly higher in the steatosis group than in the non-steatosis group (33.3% vs. 6.67%; P=0.032)., Conclusion: Hepatic steatosis does not affect the virologic response, but does affect the biochemical response in CHB patients treated with PEG-IFNa for 48 weeks.

Objective: To evaluate the NLRP7 gene mutations and variants and their expression of genetic approach in hydatidiform mole patients with family history., Methods: Six cases of mole patients with family members of mole history and 60 healthy women, taking blood, extracting DNA, the genetic mutation on NLRP7 screening and analysis, looking for mutations and corresponding amino acids, proteins control gene mutation found NLRP7 area., Results: In 6 mole patients with family history: three patients were with sister's history of mole, and 2 of them familial recurrent hydatidiform mole (from family MoCh76 and family Ch77), there are 2 loci NLRP7 gene mutation. Screening patients from family MoCh76 for mutations in NLRP7 revealed in exon 3 and exon 5, amino acids [295G > T] and [1970A > T], proteins [Glu99X] and [Asp657Val], in a heterozygous. Screening patients from family Ch77 for mutations in NLRP7 revealed in exon 4 and exon 7, amino acids [1294C > T] and [2471 + 1G > A], proteins [Arg432X] and [Leu825X], in a heterozygous. Screening patients from family 105 for mutations in NLRP7 revealed no NLRP7 gene mutation. There were mother's history of mole in three patients, and they were not familial recurrent hydatidiform mole. Screening patients from family MoCh73 for mutations in NLRP7 revealed in exon 4, amino acids [1137G > C], proteins [Lys379Asn], in a heterozygous. Screening patients from family 106 and family 110 for mutations in NLRP7 revealed no NLRP7 gene mutation. There were not found mutations and variations in 60 cases of ethnic matched control group., Conclusion: NLRP7 mutations may be lead to familial recurrent hydatidiform mole.

Objective: To identify the cause and mode of transmission of a gastroenteritis outbreak in a village, Henan province., Methods: Gastroenteritis patients were identified through family visits, interviewing the village doctors and reviewing diagnosis and prescription records at the village health clinic. Cases were defined as onset of one of the four symptoms from the village resident during July 20 to August 12, 2010. The symptoms would include diarrhea (≥ 3 times/day), abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to assess the association between drinking raw well water or eating noodles rinsed by raw well water and gastroenteritis. Stools or vomits of the case-patients and the well water samples were tested for bacterial pathogens., Results: Data for 60 case-patients were collected. All cases occurred in the northern part of the village. Persons who used water from a public well in the northern part of the village had an attack rate of 55%, which was 3.5 times of those who did not use the well water (16%) (RR = 3.5, 95%CI: 1.2 - 10). Results from the retrospective cohort study showed that drinking un-boiled water from the well was a risk factor (RR = 1.7, 95%CI: 1.3 - 2.3). Laboratory testing showed that total coliform and E. coli both greatly exceeded the limit considered safe for drinking, indicating there was fecal contamination in the well water. No bacterial pathogens were detected in the patients' stools or vomits., Conclusion: The outbreak was mainly caused by drinking contaminated water from the public well in the northern part of the village.

Objective: To explore the factors associated with early diagnosis of gastric cancer., Methods: Clinical data were retrospectively analyzed for 250 patients with early-stage gastric cancer (EGC) from 2005 to 2008, during which the concept of intra-epithelial neoplasia (IN) was adopted in our department., Results: On preoperative endoscopic biopsy with pathological exam, there were 15 cases suspicious for cancer, 90 with high-grade IN (HGIN), and 15 gastric cancer. Postoperative pathological exam of the surgical specimen showed infiltrating early-stage cancer in 224 patients, of which 5 (2.2%) were type I (all were Tsm), 190 (84.8%) were type II including Tm in 82 and Tsm in 108 patients, 29 were type III (5 Tm and 24 Tsm). Twenty-six patients had non-infiltrating lesions (Tis). There were 184 (73.6%) well-differentiated tumors, including 26 Tis, 58 Tm, and 100 Tsm. Lymphatic metastasis was identified in 21 patients, of which 2 (2.3%) were Tm (all were poorly-differentiated) and 19 (13.9%) were Tsm. Lymphadenopathy was present in 15 (7.9%) cases in type II, and in 6 (20.7%) in type III. Of the 90 cases with a preoperative diagnosis of HGIN, 24 were found to be Tis, 29 were Tm, and 37 were Tsm on postoperative pathological assessment., Conclusions: Well-differentiation is the main histological type in EGC. The adoption of the concept of IN is associated with improved detection of EGC, which warrants further investigation.

To improve the after-sales service, a survey aimed at the after-serveis of 3 kinds of medical equipment is applied among 68 hospitals in Shanghai Area in 2008.The Stat. and analysis results are showed in the paper, which will certainly channel off suppliers to set up a harmonious market together.

Objective: To investigate the biological behaviors and chemosensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line A549 after IGF-IR gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) in vitro., Methods: Two plasmids siRNA 1 and 2 expressing IGF-IR siRNA with human U6 promoter were constructed,and an unrelated siRNA was used as negative control. NSCLC A549 cells were transfected with sequence-specific siRNA or unrelated siRNA as control. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression of IGF-IR. NSCLC A549 cells were transfected with siRNA and treated with DDP. MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to assess the effects of IGF-IR silencing on tumor cell proliferation and chemosensitivity., Result: Transfection of NSCLC cells with siRNA resulted in reduction of IGF-IR mRNA expression by 78.9 % and protein production by 89.8%. The decrease in IGF-IR levels caused significant growth inhibition of A549 cells both at 48 h and at 72 h, and decrease of the IC50 of DDP at 24 h, 48 h and at 72 h. Flow cytometry showed that 77.5% of A549 cells retained in G0/G1 phase., Conclusion: The sequence specific suppression of IGF-IR gene expression by RNAi enhances sensitivity to DDP in NSCLC cell.

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathologic features, the complications of splenectomy and the survival of epithelial ovarian cancer patients with splenic metastasis., Methods: A retrospective study was performed of 32 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer who underwent splenectomy for tumor cytoreduction at Zhejiang Cancer Hospital between Jan 1998 and Jun 2006., Results: Of 32 patients, 23 patients (72%) were serous adenocarcinoma and 9 were non-serous adenocarcinoma. According to pathological grade, none was of G1, 11 were of G2, 21 were of G3. Postoperatively, 20 patients were left with no residual tumor, 7 were with < or = 2 cm and 5 were with > 2 cm residual tumor. Postoperative complications developed in 8 patients (25%), including subphrenic abscess, wound infection, gastric perforation, gastrorrhagia, phlebothrombosis, and bowel obstruction. The median follow up was 38 months, estimated 2-year and 5-year overall survival were 70% and 36%. Univariate analysis revealed that histological grade, residual tumor and courses of chemotherapy were influencing factors of the survival (P < 0.05), but multivariate analysis indicated that only residual tumor and courses of chemotherapy independently influenced survival (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: In epithelial ovarian cancer patients with splenic metastasis, low grade serous adenocarcinoma is most common. Splenectomy as part of cytoreductive surgery is associated with modest morbidity and mortality. Residual tumor and courses of chemotherapy are independent factors associated with the prognosis of the patients.

Objective: To design a new afterloading brachytherapy simulation system based on CT images., Methods: This paper mainly focuses on the anthropomorphic pelvic phantom spiled by three pipelines and the nasopharyngeal carcinoma spiled by two pipelines. Microsoft Visual C++ was used to parse CT images for some information, then to reconstruct pipelines in the body of phantom or the patient and to give the three-dimensional coordinate of dwelling points. The dose distribution displayed on CT images was processed by the dose distribution calculation methods near single afterloading source and the dose optimization methods. VTK technology was used in the 3D display in the system., Results: According to the reference points applied by doctors, the system can calculate reversely the dwelling time of dwelling points in pipelines and get satisfying dose distribution on CT images. Besides, it can reflect the 3D relationship between the dose volume and the normal tissues., Conclusions: This system overcomes some deficiencies of 2D afterloading brachytherapy simulation system based on X-ray films which are used widely in China. It supplies 3D display of dose distribution for clinical doctors. At present, the system is being tested in clinics.

Objective: To compare genomic expression differences between androgenic complete hydatidiform mole (AnCHM) and normal first trimester villi with similar gestation weeks, and search for potential adjuvant diagnostic molecular markers., Methods: Short tandem repeat (STR) detection was used to identify AnCHM, human oligonucleotide array U133 Plus 2.0 was used to measure genomic expression differences between AnCHM and normal villi, and quantitative fluorescent RT-PCR was used to verify array of several genes., Results: Nine of 11 histologically diagnosed complete hydatidiform moles were found to be AnCHM by means of STR, and the other 2 were biparental complete hydatidiform mole (BiCHM). Compared with villi, oligonucleotide array showed 279 genes (0.72%, 279/38 500) were over expressed and 1710 genes (4.44%, 1710/38,500) under expressed in AnCHM. Bioinformatics analysis found that differentially expressed genes were involved in multiple biological processes and pathways. Changes of imprinting genes, growth hormone genes and chorionic somatomammotropin hormone genes were especially remarkable., Conclusions: Pathogenesis of AnCHM is a complex process involving multiple genes and pathways. Altered expression of imprint genes may play important roles in the process.

Objective: Through detection of 9 loci of polymorphisms of microsatellite to investigate the parental origin of complete hydatidiform mole., Methods: Using the technology and method of multipolymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis in denatured polyacrylamide gel and silver stain detection, we carried out DNA analysis on 50 cases of complete hydatidiform mole diagnosed by histopathology and 50 copies of the couples' peripheral blood., Results: There are 7 cases of biparental complete hydatidiform mole (14%); and 43 cases of androgenetic complete hydatidiform mole (86%) among 50 cases of complete hydatidiform mole., Conclusions: Detection of polymorphisms of microsatellite is a technology that can be used to identify the parental origin of complete hydatidiform mole. It is simple, quick, reliable and highly efficient.

Objective: To study the effects of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) gene silencing on human lung cancer cells., Methods: Plasmids expressing IGF-IR shRNA1 and IGF-IR shRNA2 were constructed. Human non-small cell lung cancer cells of the line A549 were cultured and transfected with sequence-specific shRNA. RT-PCR was used to monitor the IGF-IR mRNA expression. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of IGF-IR, bcl-2 and caspase-3, associated with apoptosis, and IGF-IR signaling pathways-associated proteins, total and phospho-ERK1/2 and Akt. MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to examine the cell activity and cell cycle. Twelve nude mice were injected subcutaneously with A549 cells, 20 days later the mice were randomly divided into 3 groups to be injected into the tumor with IGF-IR, PBS, or blank plasmid respectively 4 times with the interval of 5 days. Five days after the 4th injection the mice were killed and the tumors were taken out. TUNNEL assay was used to detect the apoptotic cell in the tumor., Results: RT-PCR showed that the IGF-IR mRNA expression level of the A549 cells transfected with IGF-IR shRNA1 was only 24% +/- 4% that of the A549 cells transfected with blank plasmid (P < 0.05); however, the IGF-IR mRNA expression level of the A549 cells transfected with IGF-IR shRNA2 was 78% +/- 5% that of the A549 cells transfected with blank plasmid (P > 0.05). The IGF-IR protein expression level of the A549 cells of the IGF-IR shRNA1 group was only 10.2% +/- 2.8% that of the A549 cells of the blank plasmid group (P < 0.05). Western blotting showed that the protein expression levels of bcl-2 and caspase-3p20 of the A549 cells of the IGF-IR shRNA1 group were 46% +/- 6% and 156% +/- 8% those of the negative controls (both P < 0.05); however, the protein expression levels of bcl-2 and caspase-3p20 of the A549 cells of the IGF-IR shRNA2 group were not different from those of the negative control cells. The Akt kinase and ERK phosphorylation levels of the A549 cells of the IGF-IR shRNA1 group were 10% and 36% +/- 3% those of the negative control cells respectively (both P < 0.05). Since 48h after the transfection the active cell number of the IGF-IR shRNA1 group was 64% +/- 7% that of the negative group (P < 0.05), and this decrease effect lasted to 72 h after (67% +/- 6% that of the negative cells, P < 0.05). 48 h after the transfection the percentage of cells at G(0)/G(1) phase of the IGF-IR shRNA1 group was 77.5%, significantly higher than that of the negative control group, and the percentages of the cells at S and G(2)/M phases of the IGF-IR shRNA1 group were 15.7% and 7.3% respectively, both significantly lower than those of the negative control group (23.0% and 29.9% respectively). Since the second injection the tumor size of the mice of IGF-IR shRNA group was 40% - 50% that of the PBS group (P < 0.05), and the tumor size of the mice of the PBS group was 90% that of the control group. TUNNEL assay showed that the number of apoptotic cells in the tumors of the IGF-IR shRNA1 group mice was 118 +/- 8/high power, significantly higher than that of the control group (70 +/- 9, P < 0.05)., Conclusion: RNAi technique effectively inhibits the expression of IGF-IR, thus decreasing the NSCLC cell proliferation inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the tumor growth.

Objective: A survey on cancer patients at the community level in Shanghai was performed, in order to study the factors affecting the quality of life (QOL) on them., Methods: To evaluate the QOL of cancer patients, self-administered Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) questionnaire and personal interview methods were used. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software (SPSS,Chicago, IL), including one-way ANOVA and linear regression methods., Results: There were 7580 valid questionnaires retrieved. Many factors were certificated to have significant relationship with QOL of cancer patients,such as family incomes, education, occupation, awareness of disease, physical exercise, cost of health care and pain (P < 0.01). Some factors however, only affecting certain aspects of the QOL, of which age, marriage state, type of tumor and stage were also noticed. KPS had strong Linear correlation with every aspect of FACT-G (P < 0.000)., Conclusion: Patients having a poor KPS, metastasis, low educational level, divorced or lost of spouse, pain, poor income, little exercise and old age would tend to have a poor QOL outcome.

Objective: To detect the short-term clinical and side effects of cryosurgical ablation for prostate cancer., Methods: The ENDOCAm cryosurgical system with 2 mm Cryo-probes was used to treat the prostate cancer guided by rectal ultrasonic. 1. Completeness of freeze; 2. Complications; 3. The changes of PSA and PSMA before and after operation were observed respectively., Results: 1. The completeness of freeze rate and non-completeness of freeze rate were 34.8% (8/23) and 65.2% (15/23) showed by MRI 3 weeks later after operation; the biopsy results showed that tumor positive rates in completeness of freeze group and non-completeness of freeze group were 0 and 20% (3/15) respectively after 6 months. 2. The incontinence rate was 13%, and all recovered during 1 month; and the erectile dysfunction rate post-operation was 56.2% (9/16). 3. The levels of PSA before and after cryosurgical ablation were (32.98 +/- 35. 50) microg/L, (11.65 +/- 26. 51) microg/L respectively (P < 0.05). PSMA increased significantly after the cryosurgical ablation., Conclusion: The short-term curative effects of cryosurgical ablation, which guided by rectal ultrasound for prostate cancer is satisfied with low complication rate and minor vulnus.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of primary chemotherapy with single-agent methotrexate (MTX) on low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) and the influencing factors thereof., Methods: Sixty-one GTN patients with the score of < or = 6 according to the new International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) scoring system (2000) were divided into 2 groups: 51 patients were treated with single MTX 0.4 mg/kg daily for 5 days (MTX 5 d group), and 10 patients were treated with MTX on the days 1, 3, 5, and 7, and with folinic acid (FA) 0.1 mg/kg on the days 2, 4, 6, and 8 (MTX + FA group), both group with an interval of treatment course of 2 weeks. The serum level of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was detected every week. If a plateau or increase of serum hCG appeared between 2 examination results, meaning tolerance to MTX, the patients concerned had to undergo different regimens of salvage chemotherapy, all with MTX as one of their components. Univariate and multivariate methods were used to analyze the relationships of different factors to the outcomes of chemotherapy., Results: Thirty-five of the 51 patients of the MTX 5d group (68.6%) achieved complete primary remission, 3 of the 10 patients of the MTX + FA group achieved complete primary remission, and all patients achieved complete remission after salvage chemotherapy. Univariate analysis showed that the mean pretreatment serum level of hCG, duration between antecedent pregnancy and start of treatment, size of tumor, FIGO score, specific regimen of MTX were significantly associated with outcome of chemotherapy (P = 0.004, 0.022, 0.017, 0.005, 0.021 respectively). Logistic regression analysis showed that only three independent factors predictive for the outcome of chemotherapy: MTX regimen (OR = 2.476), FIGO score (OR = 1.431), and pretreatment hCG titer (OR = 1.001)., Conclusion: Primary chemotherapy with single MTX regimen may still be one of the options for patients with low-risk GTN according to the new FIGO scoring system, though the rate of complete primary remission appears to be lower. All patients with low-risk GTN achieve complete remission after salvage chemotherapy. MTX regimen, FIGO score, and pretreatment hCG are independent risk factors of outcome of single MTX chemotherapy.

Objectives: To study the value of enteroscopy in determining bleeding lesion of small intestine., Methods: Clinical data of ten cases with small intestinal bleeding diagnosed by enteroscopy were analyzed retrospectively from June 2003 to June 2004., Results: Bleeding sites disclosed by enteroscopy were consistent with those confirmed by operation in 10 patients,but qualitative diagnosis was not consistent in 2 patients., Conclusions: Enteroscopy is a safe,reliable and valuable modality for diagnosing bleeding lesion of small intestine.

Objective: To evaluate clinical-pathological features, diagnosis and therapy of gestational trophoblastic tumor (GTT) misdiagnosed as ectopic pregnancy., Methods: From 1999 to 2003, a total of 13 patients with GTT misdiagnosed as ectopic pregnancy were retrospectively analyzed., Results: The main symptoms were amenorrhea, abdominal pain, irregular vaginal bleeding. Serum beta-human chorionic gonadotrop in (hCG) was measured in 10 patients. Eight had hCG values above 10,000 IU/L; 3 had hCG values above 50,000 IU/L. The lesions of GTT misdiagnosed as ectopic pregnancy were fallopian tube, horn of uterus, peritoneal cavity, greater omentum, recto-uterine pouch. According to standards of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) the 13 patients were categorized as 6 of stage I, 2 of stage II, 3 of stage III and 5 of stage IV. Histologically they included 10 cases of choriocarcinoma and 3 of invasise mole. All patients were treated by complete surgical resection combined with subsequent adjuvant chemotherapy., Conclusions: Misdiagnosis leads to delay in therapy with resultant increased morbidity of GTT. Analysis on serial hCG is helpful to differential diagnosis between ectopic pregnancy and GTT.

Objective: To analyze the long-term results after the correction of the paralytic ectropion in leprosy., Methods: Seventy-four patients with 115 paralytic ectropion eyes after leprosy were treated with the surgical procedures included medial canthoplasty, medial canthal tendon plication, lateral tarsal strip, medial canthal resection, lateral canthoplasty, and lid shortening. The results were evaluated with the follow-ups from 2 to 4 years., Results: The eye-redness was reduced from 93 to 40 while the epiphora from 107 eyes (24 mild, 36 moderate and 47 severe) to 90 (40 mild, 32 moderate and 18 severe). The mean lid gap in mild eye closure was reduced from 6.8 mm to 5.3 mm and the cornea lesion was reduced from 53 to 36. The results were excellent in 18 eyes (15.7%), good in 45 eyes (39.1%), fair in 41 eyes (35.7%) and poor in 11 eyes (9.6%). However, the mean visual acuity remained same pre- and postoperatively., Conclusions: Surgical correction of ectropion is helpful for cornea protection and could improve the signs and symptoms of the eyes such as epiphora and red [abstract truncated].

Objective: To investigate living donor liver transplantation for Wilson disease with neurologic features., Methods: From Jan 2001 to Mar 2003, fifteen cases of living donor liver transplantation were performed for Wilson Disease (WD), five of those were complicated with neurologic features. A retrospective analysis was given for cooper metabolism and neurologic features., Results: All operation were living related liver transplantation and donors were mothers. Four left lobes with hepatic middle vein and one right lobe without hepatic middle vein were harvested from donors, and graft volume to recipient body weight ratio was 0.79 approximately 1.08. One patient occurred hepatic artery thrombosis and performed retransplantation later, the other recipients recovered satisfactorily. All patients showed Extrapyramidal sign and three patients companying with language handicap and dyskinesia alleviated postoperation follow-up between 2 and 16 months. All recipients are alive and remain well, and none have developed signs of recurrent WD., Conclusion: Living donor liver transplantation is effective treatment for WD complicated with nervous system symptom, ceruloplasmin is normal and Kayser-Fleischer ring and nervous system symptom are to various extents.

Background & Objective: It has been reported that ataxia- telangiectasia mutant(ATM) protein is closely correlated with cellular radiosensitivity in several malignant tumors. This study was designed to determine the expression of ATM protein in two nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines with different radiosensitivity., Methods: Two NPC cell lines, CNE1 and CNE2, with different radiosensitivity were established. The localization and quantity of ATM protein were analyzed by fluorescence immunohistochemical method and laser scanning confocal microscope(LSCM)., Results: ATM protein was located in both karyon and cytoplasm, especially strongly expressed in karyon. The intense fluorescence of ATM protein was stronger in karyon of CNE1 than that in CNE2., Conclusion: The expression levels of ATM protein differ in CNE1 and CNE2. The variance may be a potential factor, which links with their different radiosensitivity.

Objective: To determine the long-term results and possible complications of the posterior tibialis transfer in correction of the foot-drop in leprosy patients, and to compare the results by the circum-tibial and interosseous routes., Methods: From January to October 2001, 37 cases (treated from October 1989 to October 1999) were followed up. Walking gait, active dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the ankle joint, deformities of the feet, and patients' satisfaction were recorded., Results: Of 37 patients, 22 were treated by circum-tibial transfer, 15 by interosseous transfer. All patients' Achilles tendons were lengthened. Excellent and good results were obtained in 30 cases (86%). The active dorsiflexion was better by interosseous route than by circum-tibial route. Out of 35 patients followed up for 2-11 years (4 years on average), 14 had talipes varus in 22 by circum-tibial transfer, 2 had talipes varus in 13 by interosseous transfer; there was significant difference between two routes (P < 0.05). The complications included drop-toe(5 cases), muscle atrophy (4 cases), tendon rupture (1 case) and tendon adhesion (1 case)., Conclusion: Tibialis posterior transfer with elongation of tendo Achilles can obtain excellent results in treating foot-drop due to leprosy. Interosseous route is preferred and physiotherapy is emphasized pre- and postoperatively.

Objective: To investigate some principal surgical techniques of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT)., Methods: Eleven patients of LDLT have been performed at our department from January 2001 to March 2002. The left lobe (segments II, III, IV, including the middle hepatic veins) was transplanted in 8 patients, the left lateral lobe (segments II, III) in one and the right lobe (segments V, VI, VII, VIII, not including the middle hepatic veins) in 2. The plane of liver resection was determined on the basis of donor liver volumetry using CT scan and the anatomic analysis of vascular structure of the hepatic vein, portal vein and hepatic artery using intraoperative ultrasound. The hepatic parenchyma was transected using ultrasound aspirator without blood vessel clamping or graft manipulation. The isolated graft was perfused in situ through the portal vein branch. The liver graft was transplanted into the recipients who underwent total hepatectomy with preservation of the inferior vena cava. The hepatic vein reconstruction was performed in end to end fashion or end to side to the vena cava after venoplasty. Arterial anastomoses were performed using microsurgical technique. Biliary reconstruction was made by using duct-to-duct anastomosis and placement of a T tube., Results: All the 11 donors are uneventfully discharged after operation. In the 11 recipients, an 8-year-old girl needed retransplantation because of hepatic artery thrombosis, one case died of serious chronic rejection on the postoperative day 72. Ten recipients recovered and were discharged from hospital, whose liver function and cuprum oxidase had returned to normal., Conclusions: The procedure of LDLT is relatively safe for the donor. Reconstruction of vessels is a key step in the procedure. Comprehending anatomical variation of vessels pre- and intra-operatively and correct surgical management might reduce the incidence of complications.