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ObjectiveTo investigate associations of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors with arterial stiffness and its progression in adults for providing a reference to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. MethodsA questionnaire survey, physical examination, laboratory tests, and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) measurement were conducted among 5 536 adult physical examinees recruited through convenient sampling in a general hospital located in Wuhan city, Hubei province from August 2018 to May 2019. The evaluation of cardiovascular health behavior was performed using an integrated overall score that encompassed smoking, dietary pattern, exercise routine, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and total cholesterol level. Among the surveyed participants who had complete information and no history of cardiovascular disease at baseline (n = 2 683), a follow-up baPWV measurement was conducted approximately two years later from June 2019 to February 2022. From this follow-up group of individuals with valid data for both baPWV measurements and baseline values below or equal to 1400 cm/s (n = 372), an analysis was conducted to investigate factors influencing the progression of arterial stiffness. An unconditional multivariate logistic regression model was employed to explore the correlations between ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and arterial hardening as well as its progression. ResultsAmong the 2 683 individuals without a history of cardiovascular disease at baseline survey, 34.03%, 48.16%, and 17.81% were assessed as having ideal, general, and poor cardiovascular health behaviors or factors respectively, while 31.83% were detected with arterial stiffness indicated by baPWV ≥ 1 400 cm/s. In contrast, among the 372 individuals with the two baPWV measurements and without baseline arterial stiffness (baPWV < 1 400 cm/s), the proportions of having ideal, general, and poor cardiovascular health behaviors were 43.55%, 42.74%, and 13.71% respectively; meanwhile, progressive arterial stiffness was observed in approximately one-fifth of them according to elevated baPWV values (≥ 1 400 cm/s). After adjusting for confounding factors such as gender, age, education level and family history of cardiovascular disease using multivariate logistic regression analysis method, the results showed that compared to those with poor cardiovascular health behavior or factors, individuals who had ideal or general cardiovascular health behavior had significantly decreased risk of developing arterial stiffness with odds ratios (OR) being equal to 0.28 (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.21 – 0.37) and 0.64(95%CI: 0.51 – 0.81), respectively. Further adjustment for baseline baPWV values revealed that the risk of progressive arterial stiffness significantly decreased (OR = 0.29, 95%CI: 0.11 – 0.73) in individuals who had ideal rather than poor cardiovascular health behaviors. ConclusionThe ideal cardiovascular health behavior and factor scores exhibit a significant negative correlation with the occurrence and progression of arterial stiffness among Chinese adults. Moreover, early intervention aimed at promoting ideal cardiovascular health behavior and factors has the potential to effectively delay the onset and development of arterial stiffness.

Ground-glass nodule (GGN) lung cancer often progresses slowly in clinical and there are few clinical studies on long-term follow-up of patients with operable GGN lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). We present a successful case of GGN lung cancer treated with SBRT, but a new GGN was found in the lung adjacent to the SBRT target during follow-up. The nodule progressed rapidly and was confirmed as lung adenocarcinoma by surgical resection. No significant risk factors and related driving genes were found in molecular pathological findings and genetic tests. It deserves further study whether new GGN is related to the SBRT. This case suggests that the follow-up after SBRT should be vigilant against the occurrence of new rapidly progressive lung cancer in the target area and adjacent lung tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychological Science is the property of Psychological Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate whether adding renal histological score（MEST-C）to the Kidney Failure Risk Equation（KFRE）could improve predicting the risk of progression in advanced IgA nephropathy. Methods This was a prospective cohort study in which 205 patients with advanced IgA nephropathy［15 ~ 59 mL/（min·m²）］were enrolled and followed up to 2 years. The timepoint of renal biopsy was defined as baseline. The 4-variable/8-variable KFRE was used to estimate 2-year risk of progression to end stage renal disease（ESRD, defined as need for receiving maintenance dialysis or renal transplantation）. AUCs were calculated to evaluate the performance of risk prediction using KFRE and MEST-C alone or in combination. Risk classification for progression to ESRD was assessed by net reclassification index（NRI）and integrate discrimination index（IDI）. Results Among 205 patients with advanced IgA nephropathy, 38（18.5%）progressed to ESRD within 2 years of follow up. The 4-variable KFRE predicted the progression of advanced IgA nephropathy with an AUC of 0.81（95%CI：0.73 ~ 0.89）, while the 8-variable KFRE with an AUC of 0.79（95%CI：0.71-0.87）, the MEST-C with an AUC of 0.74 （95%CI：0.64 ~ 0.83）. Adding MEST-C to the 4-variable KFRE produced an overall AUC of 0.85（95%CI：0.78 ~ 0.91）and significant improvement for risk classification for ESRD（NRI, 0.47 and IDI 0.05）. Conclusion Adding renal histological score to the Kidney Failure Risk Equation improved risk prediction and reclassification of progression to ESRD in patients with advanced IgA nephropathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immune system plays a dual role in tumorigenesis and progression. It can identify and kill tumor cells in a process called immunosurveillance. At the same time, tumors can be forced to edit the surrounding immune system to create an immunosuppressive microenvironment under the selective pressure and eventually escape immune surveillance. The immune contexture of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) lesions is complex and heterogeneous, which stems from the interaction of many factors: molecular subtype, oncogenic drivers and copy number variations, etc. The frequency, density, phenotype, function and spatial distribution of innate and adaptive immune cells in the microenvironment are significantly related to tumorigenesis and prognosis of NSCLC and can potentially predict the efficacy of immunotherapy. This article reviewed the complexity and prognostic relevance of the immune landscape in NSCLC which offers a better understanding of the role of the immune contexture in tumorigenesis and progression of NSCLC.

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common subtype of lung cancer and one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths. In the past decade, with the widespread use of computed tomography (CT) in routine screening for lung cancer, the incidence of LUAD presenting as small pulmonary nodules radiologically, has increased remarkably. The mechanisms of the occurrence and progression of LUADs are complex, and the prognoses of patients with LUAD vary significantly. Although significant progress has been made in targeted therapy and immunotherapy for LUADs in recent years, the drug resistance of tumor cells has not been effectively overcome, which limits the benefits of patients. With the accomplishment of the Human Genome Project, sequencing-based genomic and transcriptomics have come into the field of clinical and scientific researches. Single-cell sequencing, as a new type of sequencing method that has captured increasing attention recently, can perform specific analysis of cell populations at single-cell level, which can reveal the unique changes of each cell type. Single-cell sequencing can also provide accurate assessment on heterogeneous stromal cells and cancer cells, which is helpful to reveal the complexity of molecular compositions and differences between non- and malignant tissues. To sum up, it is an urgent need for clinicians and basic scientists to deeply understand the pathogenesis and development of LUAD, the heterogeneity of tumor microenvironment (TME) and the mechanism of drug resistance formation through single-cell sequencing, so as to discover new therapeutic targets. In this paper, we reviewed and summarized the application and progress in single-cell sequencing of LUADs.

Objective To investigate the mechanism by which Rab18 affects proliferation and apoptosis of human glioma cells and assess the value of Rab18 as a biomarker for diagnosis and evaluating the progression of gliomas. Methods Human glioma U87 cells were transfected with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting Rab18 or a negative control siRNA. The changes in mRNA and protein expression of Rab18 and apoptosis-related proteins were detected with qRT-PCR and Western blotting, and the cell proliferation was assessed using CCK-8 test; the changes in cell cycle and cell apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry. We also collected surgical specimens of human glioma tissues (n=33) and adjacent normal brain tissues (n=15) from patients who never received chemotherapy or radiotherapy prior to the surgery for histological examination with HE staining and analysis of Rab18 mRNA and protein expression in relation with the pathological grade of the tumors. Results The mRNA and protein expression levels of Rab18 were significantly downregulated in U87 cells after Rab18 silencing (P < 0.01), which induced not only cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and reduced percentage of S phase cells (P < 0.01) but also upregulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of the apoptosis-related proteins P53, caspase7, Bax, and Bim (P < 0.01). In the surgical specimens, the gliomas expressed significantly higher levels of Rab18 than the adjacent tissues (P < 0.01), and the expression levels of Rab18 were significantly higher in high-grade gliomas (WHO Ⅲ~Ⅳ, n=19) than in the low-grade gliomas (WHO Ⅰ~Ⅱ, n=14; P < 0.01). Conclusion Rab18 silencing not only inhibits cell proliferation but also promotes cell apoptosis in human glioma cells. Its expression level is related with the malignancy of the tumor, suggesting its value as a potential molecular biomarker for diagnosis and evaluating progression of human glioma.

Objective To evaluate the recurrence and progression of patients with pT1 high grade urothelial carcinoma of bladder (UCB) and glandular differentiation. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and pathological information of 208 patients diagnosed as pT1 high grade urothelial carcinoma in the Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin from January 2006 to February 2019.Among them, 78 cases were diagnosed as glandular differentiation (UCGD), the other 130 patients without histologic variants were served as control. The UCGD group included 62 male and 16 female, whose median age was 67 years old (range 38-81 years old). The control group contained 105 male and 25 female, whose median age was 66 years old (range 40-82 years old). Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to evaluate the predictors of oncologic outcomes. Results The disease recurrence rate and progression rate in UCGD group were 65.4% (51/78) and 28.2% (22/78), higher than 38.5%(50/130) and 14.6%(19/130) of control group (P<0.05). The median recurrence time in UCGD group was 41 months while 55 months in the control group. The median progression time in UCGD group was 39 months while 54 months in the control group. According to the univariate analysis, largest tumor size (P=0.030), UCGD (P=0.003) and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (P=0.032) were associated with disease recurrence. UCGD (P=0.036) and LVI (P=0.011) were associated with progression. Additionally, Cox multivariate analysis revealed that UCGD (P=0.001), LVI (P=0.038) were the independent factors of disease recurrence. UCGD (P=0.007) and LVI (P=0.037) were also found to be the independent factors of disease progression. Conclusions Patients with T1 stage UCB and UCGD are at higher risk of disease recurrence and progression. Therefore, these patients should be followed up closely after being diagnosed and undergo individual treatment according to the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Cancer Biotherapy is the property of Editorial Office of Chinese Journal of Cancer Biotherapy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The efficacy and prognosis of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive breast cancer patients have been significantly improved with the development and wide application of anti-tumor drugs against HER2. The results of PEONY research once again established the status of the double-target treatment mode of pertuzumab+trastuzumab in the field of neoadjuvant therapy. Based on the two studies of TRYPHAENA and TRAIN-2, paclitaxel plus platinum should be the first choice chemotherapy scheme for anti HER2 double-target therapy, and the treatment course of 6 cycles is preferred. According to the consensus of neoadjuvant therapy experts in China and the latest follow-up results of adjuvant APT study, the neoadjuvant therapy is more suitable for patients with a tumor diameter of more than 3 cm and/or positive lymph nodes metastasis; T-DM1 should be the first choice of adjuvant therapy in patients, who didn' t obtain pCR after neoadjuvant treatment, and whether the double-target adjuvant mode of pertuzumab plus trastuzumab is suitable depends on follow-up of the PEONY study. Low-risk patients with small tumors (<3 cm) and without lymph node metastasis may consider omitting neoadjuvant therapy but adopt direct surgery followed by postoperative adjuvant therapy with trastuzumab plus paclitaxel. The regimen of trastuzumab+pertuzumab combined with taxanes is still the standard first line treatment of late stage HER2+ patients; for Chinese patients, pyrotinib combined with capecitabine can be used as the second line optimization, and T-DM1 can be used as the third line and posterior line selection; when trastuzumab, pertuzumab and T-DM1 fail the treatment, DS-8201 becomes a new selection mode. Combined treatment mode of tucatinib plus trastuzumab and capecitabine can be considered in late stage HER2+ patients with brain metastases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the clinical significance of multiple serum cytokines in early diagnosis and progression assessment of gastric adenocarcinoma. Methods: Peripheral blood samples of 85 healthy subjects (healthy control group) and 81 patients with pathologically confirmed gastric adenocarcinoma (gastric cancer group) were collected from November 2017 to February 2018 at Shanxi Cancer Hospital. Serum levels of 17 cytokines (including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-17A, TNF-α, TNF-β, GM-CSF, G-CSF, IFN-γ, IP-10, MCP-1 and VEGF-A) were measured by AimPlex multiplex assay technology. Their diagnostic values were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: Serum levels of IL-10, IL-8, IL-6, IP-10, MCP-1, VEGF-A and IL-12p70 were significantly higher in gastric cancer patients than those in healthy controls (all P<0.01). There were significantly increased levels of IL-8, IL-6 and VEGF-Ain advanced-stage gastric cancer (stage I/II) group over early-stage gastric cancer (stage III/IV) group (all P<0.01). AUC (areas under the curve) of IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, IP-10, MCP-1, IL-12p70 and VEGF-A for distinguishing early-stage gastric cancer patients from healthy controls was 0.98, 0.92, 0.89, 0.84, 0.76, 0.74 and 0.58, respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity of IL-8, IL-6 and IL-10 was 97.4%, 89.5% and 97.4%, respectively, and the specificity was 87.1%, 85.9% and 77.6%, respectively. The AUC of IL-8, IL-6 and VEGF-A for distinguishing advanced-stage gastric cancer patients from early-stage gastric cancer patients was 0.82, 0.72 and 0.69, respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity of IL-8, IL-6 and VEGF-A was 83.7%, 60.5% and 41.9%, respectively, and the specificity was 71.1%, 76.3% and 92.1%, respectively. Conclusion: The combined detection of serum IL-8, IL-6 and IL-10 may be a potential approach for early screening of gastric adenocarcinoma, which can also be used to assess the progression of gastric adenocarcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the way of progression in terms of pattern in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on different cognitive levels. Methods A total of 5410 subjects from the Third Department of Neurology of Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine were assigned into normal control group (NC) (n=1664), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) group (n=928), mild AD group (MMSE score 21~26, n=223), moderate AD group (MMSE score 11~20, n=447) and severe AD group (MMSE score 0~10, n=299) based on their neuropsychological assessments, case histories, and neuro-imaging and laboratory tests. Patterns in TCM of the patients were then classified, and the way of progression in terms of TCM pattern of the five groups were explored. Results The prevalence of liver-deficiency pattern and spleen-deficiency pattern in the NC group was significantly higher than that in MCI group, which, in turn, was higher than that in the AD groups (all P＜0.01). The percentage of kidney-deficiency pattern in the NC group was significantly lower than that in the MCI and mild AD groups (all P＜0.01). The occurrence rate of phlegm-turbidity pattern, fire-heat pattern and blood-stasis pattern in the moderate AD group was significantly higher than that in the mild AD group (all P＜0.01) and severe AD group (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05). Compared with the other groups, the rate of extreme-deficiency pattern and excess-toxin pattern in the severe AD group was the highest (all P＜0.01). Conclusion Kidney-deficiency pattern existed in all stages of AD. Kidney-deficiency pattern and spleen-deficiency pattern were the main characteristic patterns of patients with mild AD. Phlegm-turbidity pattern, fire-heat pattern and blood-stasis pattern were the common patterns of patients with moderate AD. In severe AD patients, excess-toxin pattern and extreme-deficiency pattern were the prominent patterns. The Results proved that the progression of AD in terms of TCM pattern "begins with kidney deficiency, progresses to fire due to phlegm and stasis, and worsens with extreme deficiency and toxin excess". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related mortality in the world, with more than 1 million deaths per year, accounting for about one fifth of all cancer deaths worldwide. Over the past years, lung cancer treatment has been based on surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy, but the improvement is not very perfect. Therefore, it has become clear that additional therapeutic strategies are urgently required to provide an improved survival benefit for patients. In recent years, Hippo signaling pathway has become a popular direction in the field of cancer research. When the Hippo pathway is active, the core Hippo kinase, such as MST/MOB and LATS1/2, inhibit the two transcriptional co-activators, YAP/TAZ. And YAP/TAZ are phosphorylated and sequestered in the cytoplasm. Dysregulation of the Hippo pathway drives multiple aspects of lung tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the potential value of this pathway is getting more and more prevalent in clinical application. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanism and the core components, upstream or downstream targets of Hippo signaling pathway which contribute the formation of lung cancer and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeted strategies in lung cancer. Additionally, we highlight the prospect of research on Hippo signaling pathway in the future.

Pulmonary ground-glass opacity (GGO) has raised increasing attention of clinical oncologists and thoracic surgeons in recent years. GGO appears as hazy increased opacity of lung, with preservation of bronchial and vascular margins. GGO is less opaque than consolidation, in which bronchovascular margins are obscured. In most cases, GGOs are indolent, while in other cases, they may grow malignant. This pattern makes it difficult to find a standard way to treat patients with GGO. Moreover, with the improvement of technology, more and more GGOs are found in patients’ computed tomgraphy (CT) scan, making it a global problem. In the literature, many clinicians have reported their findings on this topic from histologic, radiologic and therapeutic perspectives. In this study, we reviewed the development on this topic in recent 10 years. We hope our study can be helpful for clinicians to better understand this problem, collect more data in their clinical work and most importantly, let evidence guide our future therapeutic choices.

Copyright of Practical Oncology Journal is the property of Journal of Practical Oncology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Theoretical Studies of Literature & Art / Wenyi Lilun Yanjiu is the property of Editorial Board of Theoretical Studies in Literature & Art and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To identify the best spectral domain optical coherence tomography （SD-OCT） parameters related to optic nerve head （ONH） predictive of glaucomatous visual field （VF） progression． Methods Sixty-one glaucoma patients were followed with serial SD-OCT scans （RTVue，USA） and Humphrey visual field （HVF，Zeiss，Germany） testing for five years．Glaucomatous VF progression was determined by two glaucoma specialists based on HVF pattern deviation plots using event-based and trend-based criteria. Structural parameters were extracted from circumpapillary retina nerve fiber layer thickness cpRNFLT），ONH and ganglion cell complex（GCC） analyses from SD-OCT．Linear regression models were fitted to 13 ONH parameters，21 cpRNFLT parameters，and 13 GCC parameters over time. The resulting 47 slopes（change over time） and intercepts （baseline） were selected as predictors if the Bayesian Information Criterion difference （BICd） to a null model was >2. For all combinations of the selected predictors，logistic regression models were fitted to VF progression．Results Ninety-nine eyes from 51 patients （61.6% male，mean age 63.4±12.4 years） with a minimum of 2 reliable HVF tests and 3 reliable SD-OCT scans were included in the analyses. The HVF mean deviation at baseline was （-3.24±2.86） dB．Over a mean follow up period of （4.41±0.10）years，35.4%of the eyes showed glaucomatous VF progression. Eighteen baseline values of the structural parameters（ONH: 6， cpRNFLT: 7，GCC: 5），but none of the changes over time，were predictors of VF progression，with highest impacts for superotemporal cpRNFLT， superior GCC， and temporal rim area （BICd=9.61， 7.96， 7.42， respectively） . The best cpRNFLT，ONH and GCC models predicted VF progression equally well （areas under the ROC curves [AUC]: 0.71，0.71，0.70，respectively） . The best overall model combines baseline superotemporal cpRNFLT with temporal rim area （AUC: 0.75） and outperforms other combination models．Conclusions Baseline SD-OCT parameters related to ONH，cpRNFLT，and GCC are able to predict VF progression （AUCs≥ 0.7）. The combination of ONHand cpRNFLT parameters improves structure-function modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer is the property of Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drug-induced bile duct injury is a specific kind of drug-induced liver injury that has two main pathological types, namely ductopenia, or vanishing bile duct syndrome, and secondary sclerosing cholangitis. However, in recent years, the reports of new drugs that cause bile duct injury have been constantly increasing, and these drugs have different clinicopathological features and a novel pathogenesis. Therefore, this paper summarizes and analyzes the progress and challenges in the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment, and other aspects of drug-induced bile duct injury.

To meet the urgency and necessary of mining induced building damage estimation in practice，the present situation of the determination of critical deformation and damage classification to building was analyzed. The advantages and shortcomings were investigated for the building damage assessment based on the fuzzy mathematics，matter element，neural network，entropy weight，fuzzy clustering and point method. The new progresses in the assessment of mining induced building damage，such as vulnerability curve，classification and regression tree，were introduced in detail. The study results reveal that it is helpful to improve the accuracy of building damage assessment based on building typology and computer aided analysis. The influences of uncertainty from estimating factor may be further avoided in the process of damage assessment. The areas for further study in the future are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral cancer is a common cancer of head and neck. Regional recurrence and metastasis are the main course of the poor prognosis. But the exact molecular mechanism is still unknown. Studies have showed that microRNA plays an important role in the tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis of oral cancer. And it is expected to become a valuable diagnostic marker and therapeutic target. This paper makes a review about the microRNA related to oral cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common serious complication of liver cirrhosis, with sudden onset, indicating a poor prognosis in patients with chronic liver disease. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is an early stage of HE with no apparent symptoms, but it shows abnormal results in neuropsychological and/or neurophysiological tests. MHE affects patients' quality of life, employability, driving ability, and has a high risk of developing overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE). This article aims to explore various diagnostic methods, strengthen the routine work of clinicians in diagnosis and treatment, and develop an effective MHE screening protocol.

Objective: To evaluate the recurrence and progression of patients with pT1 high grade urothelial carcinoma of bladder (UCB) and glandular differentiation. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and pathological information of 208 patients diagnosed as pT1 high grade urothelial carcinoma in the Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin from January 2006 to February 2019.Among them, 78 cases were diagnosed as glandular differentiation (UCGD), the other 130 patients without histologic variants were served as control. The UCGD group included 62 male and 16 female, whose median age was 67 years old (range 38-81 years old). The control group contained 105 male and 25 female, whose median age was 66 years old (range 40-82 years old). Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to evaluate the predictors of oncologic outcomes. Results: The disease recurrence rate and progression rate in UCGD group were 65.4% (51/78) and 28.2% (22/78), higher than 38.5%(50/130) and 14.6%(19/130) of control group ( P <0.05). The median recurrence time in UCGD group was 41 months while 55 months in the control group. The median progression time in UCGD group was 39 months while 54 months in the control group. According to the univariate analysis, largest tumor size ( P =0.030), UCGD ( P =0.003) and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) ( P =0.032) were associated with disease recurrence. UCGD ( P =0.036) and LVI ( P =0.011) were associated with progression. Additionally, Cox multivariate analysis revealed that UCGD ( P =0.001), LVI ( P =0.038) were the independent factors of disease recurrence. UCGD ( P =0.007) and LVI ( P =0.037) were also found to be the independent factors of disease progression. Conclusions: Patients with T1 stage UCB and UCGD are at higher risk of disease recurrence and progression. Therefore, these patients should be followed up closely after being diagnosed and undergo individual treatment according to the situation.

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common subtype of lung cancer and one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths. In the past decade, with the widespread use of computed tomography (CT) in routine screening for lung cancer, the incidence of LUAD presenting as small pulmonary nodules radiologically, has increased remarkably. The mechanisms of the occurrence and progression of LUADs are complex, and the prognoses of patients with LUAD vary significantly. Although significant progress has been made in targeted therapy and immunotherapy for LUADs in recent years, the drug resistance of tumor cells has not been effectively overcome, which limits the benefits of patients. With the accomplishment of the Human Genome Project, sequencing-based genomic and transcriptomics have come into the field of clinical and scientific researches. Single-cell sequencing, as a new type of sequencing method that has captured increasing attention recently, can perform specific analysis of cell populations at single-cell level, which can reveal the unique changes of each cell type. Single-cell sequencing can also provide accurate assessment on heterogeneous stromal cells and cancer cells, which is helpful to reveal the complexity of molecular compositions and differences between non- and malignant tissues. To sum up, it is an urgent need for clinicians and basic scientists to deeply understand the pathogenesis and development of LUAD, the heterogeneity of tumor microenvironment (TME) and the mechanism of drug resistance formation through single-cell sequencing, so as to discover new therapeutic targets. In this paper, we reviewed and summarized the application and progress in single-cell sequencing of LUADs.
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The concept of precancerous lesions was first proposed in 1948. With the progress of animal models, genetic analysis, clinical pathology, and imaging studies, precancerous lesions have received much attention, and the reversion of precancerous lesions has also attracted widespread concern. Precancerous lesions are not cancers, nor are they early stages of cancer. They are qualitatively different from cancers; precancerous lesions are only a small part of them which may develop into cancer. It is of great significance to pay attention to the management of diagnosis and treatment of precancerous lesions for the prevention, treatment and maintenance of people's physical and mental health.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker for the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer and involved in the development of prostate cancer and/or its progression from the localized to the metastatic stage. This review presents an overview of the roles of PSA in promoting the progression and metastasis of human prostate cancer and its underlying mechanisms, including its serine protease activity, interaction with the cellular membrane receptor, and suppression of specific immune responsiveness, and also points out some of the key problems to be solved.

Objective: To analyze the effect of oral contraceptives on dysmenorrhea in patients with endometriosis. Methods: We designed dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain questionnaire.From February 2014 to February 2016 in the Gynecological Department of Peking University Third Hospital, patients suffered dysmenorrhea with or without endometriosis or adenomyosis were included.According to their own willingness, patients were divided into the research group and the control group.The research group periodically took oral contraceptives (Diane-35 or Yasmin), while the control group received no treatment.They were followed-up about dysmenorrhea every six months, and the total follow-up time was one and a half year. Results: The dysmenorrhea VAS scores of patients in research group after taking oral contraceptives for six or twelve months were significantly lower than that in baseline (VAS 4 vs 5 vs 7). The dysmenorrhea VAS scores increased after quitting medication, but remained still lower than baseline (VAS 6.5 vs 7). However, the dysmenorrhea VAS scores of patients in control group remained unchanged (VAS 6 vs 6). Patients who took pills for more than one year experienced the same severity of dysmenorrhea after six months' or one year's medication (VAS 2 vs 2), and they suffered slowly aggravating recurrent dysmenorrhea, while those who quitted after six months' medication suffered quickly recurrent dysmenorrhea.The relieving rate of dysmenorrhea in research group was significantly higher than that in control group (79.7% vs 8.2%), and the relieving rate in patients with severe pain was significantly higher than that with mild or moderate pain (87.0% vs 66.6 % vs 77.1%). The relieving rate in patients without lesions was significantly higher than patients with adenomyosis (92.6% vs 59.1%). Conclusions: Endometriosis is a progressing disease. Longterm medication of oral contraceptives can relieve the dysmenorrhea pain.The extent of pain relief was not connected with the length of medication.Dysmenorrhea recurred after quitting medication, and the longer of medication, the slower pain recurred.Patients without lesions experienced higher pain relieving rate than those with adenomyosis.