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To optimize the structure and energy levels of polythiophene, a new type polymer namely of PtTSBO with thioalkyl side chains is successfully synthesized by Kumada catalyst transfer polycondensation (KCTP) with the monomer containing four thiophene units and thioalkyl sidechains, which broadens the scope of KTCP application. A postpolymerization strategy is also developed to functionally modify the side chains of PtTSBO. Polymers PtTSOBO and PtTSOOBO are prepared by controlling the amount of 3-chloroperbenzoic acid (m-CPBA) and the reaction temperature so that the sulfide in the side chains of PtTSBO can be efficiently and selectively oxidized to sulfoxide and sulfone. The chemical structure, light absorption and electrical properties are characterized by 1H-NMR, elemental analysis (EA), UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV), and corresponding photovoltaic devices. After the postpolymerization modification, the HOMO energy levels of PtTSOBO and PtTSOOBO are significantly lower than that of PtTSBO, thus increasing the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of the corresponding photovoltaic devices. However, by introducing sulfoxide or sulfone groups, the planarity of the backbone in polythiophene is reduced, which is not conducive to their solidstate aggregation, consequently deteriorating the overall performance of photovoltaic devices fabricated. The photovoltaic devices based on PtTSOBO and PtTSOOBO need to be further studied and optimized, such as meticulous selection of acceptor materials with more suitable energy levels and miscibility. Meanwhile, the downshift energy levels of PtTSOBO and PtTSOOBO suggest they might be available for the application as electron-acceptor. This post-polymerization method paves a new way for modifying polythiophenes and promoting the low-cost production of functionalized polythiophenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In recent years, many new conductive materials have provided a new direction for translational medicine treatment of myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVE: To classify and summarize conductive materials mentioned in the current literature, and review their research progress. METHODS: The key words were “biomaterial, nanomaterial, myocardial infarction, polypyrrole, polyaniline” in English and “biomaterials, myocardial infarction, heart tissue engineering” in Chinese. PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, Vip and Chinese biomedical literature databases were retrieved for relevant literature published from 2015 to 2020. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Currently, in the field of myocardial infarction treatment, conductive biomaterials were divided into three categories: electroactive polymers (polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene), carbon nanomaterials (grapheme and carbon nanotubes), and gold nanomaterials. These materials could be used in animal experiments to repair infarcted areas in the form of hydrogel or heart film patch. These materials, compared with traditional materials, had also shown better conductivity in vivo and in vitro experiments. The process of making materials, however, involved more multi-step synthesis reaction. Whether these materials could ensure low cytotoxicity and stability, there was no method or standard that could be accurately evaluated. At present, the conductive composites have only obtained promising effects in small animal myocardial infarction models. The safety and effectiveness of large animal models are still to be verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MnO2/graphene/polythiophene composites were synthesized by in-situ hydrothermal oxidation-reduction method. The morphology and crystallinity of the composites were characterized with scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy ( XRD) . The electrochemical charge-discharge performance of the nanocomposites was tested by the battery test system. The results showed that globulg MnO2 was grown both on the surface of graphene and the gap of large particles of polythiophene in the nanocomposites. The specific capacity of synthesized MnO2/G/PTh composites was 300 mAh/g after the cycle of 20 times, the first charge and discharge efficiency of the nanocomposites with the ratio of 20 : 1 : 0.67 was 46.5%, the discharge capacity was the highest. The charge-discharge stability and coulombic efficiency of the MnO2/graphene/polythiophene nanocomposites were better than that of pristine MnO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of aromatic contents in the aviation jet fuel on the volume swell of fuel tank polythioether and polysulfide sealants were studied systematically in this research. The experimental results revealed the volume expansion rate of sealant was dramatically increased with the increasing of the aromatic content in the fuel. The volume of the PR1440 polysulfide manganese cured sealant was shrunk when the sealant was soaked in the aviation fuel with aromatic volume content less than 8% for 28 days at 93 °C. The volume of other tested polysulfide and polythioether sealants was never shrunk at the same operating conditions. The shrinkage of the specific sealant material soaked in the low aromatic content fuel at high temperature may be one of reasons causing the leakage of the aircraft fuel tank. The experimental results also demonstrated the addition of various additives in the aviation fuel could prevent the over swell of the sealant effectively, and decrease the fuel degradation rate at high temperature environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]