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[ Objective ] This study aims to understand the flowering and fruiting characteristics of Leuco- spermum cordifolium and the reasons of low fruiting rate in order to promote seed production , hybrid breeding , flowering period regulation , and new variety cultivation. [ Methods ] This report used L . cordi- folium as materials to study flowering phenology , floral characteristics , pollen vitality , stigma acceptabili- ty , hybridization index , and pollination and fruiting characteristics. [ Results ] ( 1 ) The flowering period of L . cordifolium was in late winter , or early spring to summer. ( 2 ) The most suitable in vitro germination medium for measuring pollen vitality contained 30 g / L sucrose+150 mg / L boric acid+50 mg / L calcium chloride. ( 3 ) The receptivity of the stigma was gradually increased from 1 day to 7 day of flowering , and was strongest from 5 day to 7 day. The results of hybridization index indicated that L . cordifolium was partially self-compatible or cross compatible , requiring pollinators. ( 4 ) Field observation showed that fruiting rate was low in its natural state , but it could spontaneously complete pollination and there was no phenomenon of apomixis. ( 5 ) The artificial pollination experiment found that L . cordifolium had the highest setting rate of 17.14% , while self-pollination had the lowest setting rate of 4.94%. [ Conclusion ] The disparity in maturation times of the pistil and stamen is the primary factor contributing to the dimin- ished setting rate of L . cordifolium . The presence of callose on the pistil and ovary , as well as the enlarge- ment of the pollen tube tip , are also important reasons for the low setting rate.

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Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ardisia humilis is an excellent wild ornamental plant. For the purpose of fully utilization of this elite germplasm, the flowering biology and breeding system of this plant had been explored in this study. We conducted field investigation in the flowering phenology, flower-visiting insect and their visiting behaviors on A. humilis individuals introduced in homogeneous garden. Furthermore, pollen viability and stigma receptivity were detected by pollen germination in vitro and benzidine-hydrogen peroxide method, respectively. Combined with artificial pollination,the self-compatibility and the self-pollination of A. humilis were also analyzed in this study. The results were as follows: (1) The florescence of A. humilis was from mid-late May to early June, and the full flowering period was at the end of May. The flowering period of the population, single plant and single flower were approximately 25 d, 17-20 d and 1 d, respectively. (2) A. humilis developed protogynic bisexual flowers, the pistil ripened first with partial overlaps on mature stage of pistil and that of stamen, while stigma remained receptivity until 1 d after stamens fall. (3) With the out-crossing index (OCI) value of 4 and pollen / ovule value of 5.61×103, the breeding system of A. humilis was considered to be outcrossing with partial self-compatibility, and the pollinator insects were essential. (4) The seed set of natural pollination ranked the highest level (average 52.96%), followed by that of autogamy (52.29%) and of artificial-cross pollination (50.33%), with no significant differences among the three (P>0.05), but significantly higher than that of artificial geitonogamy (28.67%) (P<0.05). This study indicated that, beside of being excellent flowering plant, A. humilis was also a potentially important ornamental fruit plant due to the generalized pollination system and the strongly autogamy ability which enhancing the high success of fruits development from blossoms. (5) Lasioglossum sp. 1, Lasioglossum sp. 2 and Halictus sp. were the most observed floral visitors on Ardisia humilis. This study provides an important theoretical reference for the resource utilization and germplasm innovation of A. humilis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of this study was to select the suitable broad-spectrum stain for the determination of walnut pollen viability, determine the pollen viability of walnut, screen the suitable storage temperature for maintaining walnut pollen viability, and study the pollen morphology, which can provide a basis for walnut cross breeding and variety identification. In this study, six walnut cultivars mainly grown in Shaanxi were used as materials, the staining effect of TTC, MTT and I2-IK stains on walnut pollen was studied by single factor experimental design with medium method as control, the changes of walnut pollen viability were compared at room temperature of 20 °C, 4 °C and -20 °C, and the pollen morphological differences of 6 walnut cultivars were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that active and inactive pollen could be identified by MTT but TTC and I2-IK could not. The pollen variability determined by MTT and medium method was consistent among 6 walnut cultivars. The initial pollen viability of 6 walnut cultivars was divergent greatly, and the pollen viability of ‘Zhonglin 5’ and ‘Xiangling’ was significantly higher than that of other 4 cultivars. The pollen viability of walnut could only be maintained for 4-5 days at room temperature of 20 °C with 20% water content. The pollen life can be effectively prolonged for 5- 9 days at 4°C, and the pollen viability of most cultivars can only be maintained for 2 days at -20 °C . The pollen grains of 6 walnuts were nearly spherical, and the size of pollen grains was significantly differences among cultivars, in which the polar axis ranged from 39. 15 μm to 44. 35 μm, and the equatorial axis ranged from 33. 58 μm to 42. 86 μm. The pollen grains of ‘Qingxiang’ and ‘Shaanhe’ were relatively large. The pollen grains of walnuts had 13 to 20 round or oval germ pores with the long axis ranging from 3. 26 μm to 3. 75 μm, and the short axis ranging from 2. 75 μm to 3. 35 μm. The germ pores number differed significantly among cultivars. This study estimated that the stain MTT had low selectivity and broad spectrum in pollen staining of walnut cultivars, which can be used as the preferred dye for walnut pollen viability determination. The pollen life of 6 cultivars was short in natural circumstance, the initial pollen viability was relatively low ( less than 40%) besides there was great diversity among cultivars. The storage at 4 °C was favorable for walnut pollen storage whereas -20 °C was unfavorable. There were significant differences in pollen grain size and germ pore number among 6 walnut cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Taiwan Agricultural Research is the property of Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[ Objective] The presnet paper aimed to understand flowering habits and pollen fenility of Pueraria lobata, and provide reference for improving the success rate of P. lobata cross pollination. [ Method] In Longzhou county, Guangxi, the bud development process of P. lobata inflorescences were observed every day after it was formed, marked the inflorescences that were about to open in the full bloom period, continuously observed the blooming process of the flowers and recorded the blooming time and weather conditions of the day. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TIC) staining and 12 -KI staining were used to detect pollen activity of P. lobata at different bud stages ( half stretch period, presentation period, half period and blooming period), and the pollen with the strongest pollen viability was selected to carry out the pollen germination test according to the pollen viability measurement results. [ Result] In Longzhou county, Guangxi, P. lobata began to flower on October 16, reached the flowering stage on October 20, and the last flowering stage was from November 2 to November 5. The flowering time of P. lobata was mainly from 15: 10 to 15 :40 every day, and the flowering powder was affected by the weather conditions. Flowering was early when the weather was clear and the temperatute was high, while flowering was delayed when the temperature was low and cloudy and rainy. The pollen activity of P. lobata in different bud stages ( half stretch period, presentation period, half period and blooming period) detected by 12 -KI staining method were 82. l %,95. 3%,93. 5% and 92. 7%,respectively, which were significantly higher than TIC staining method ( P <0. 05, the same as below), and it was more suitable for the detection of the pollen activity of P. lobata. Most of the anthers of the P. lobata flower have already loosened their powder at the beginning of the presentation period, and the stigma was wrapped with large amount. The pollen vitality in the presentation period detected by 12-KI staining was the highest, reaching 95. 3%, which was significantly higher than the other three stages. The pollen quantity and pollen vitality remained at a high level from half stretch period to blooming period. In the medium containing 15 % sucrose, the germination rate of P. lobata pollen was the highest( 36. 23 % ), which was significantly higher than that of the other three sucrose concentrations. [ Conclusion]The 12 -KI staining method can quickly detect the pollen viability of P. lobata. The pollen viability of P. lobata was maintained at a high level from half period to blooming period, and the germination rate was the highest in the medium containing 15% sucrose in sunny weather. 12 -Kl staining method can be used to detect pueraria pollen viability rapidly. Pollen viability of P. lobata remained at a high level from bud opening stage to blooming stage, and pollen at a suitable period could be selected for cross-pollination according to weather conditions to improve the success rate of cross-pollination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]: To better understand the cross-compatibility of double-petaled Hemerocallis and provide a reference and basis for breeding of more double-petaled Hemerocallis middendorfii varieties. [Methods]: The pollen germination rate was measured for the Hemerocallis varieties Burgundy 341, Baby′s Eyes and Lacy Doily grown in liquid culture. The benzidine-hydrogen peroxide method was used to determine the stigma acceptability. Using Burgundy 341 and Baby′s Eyes as the female parents, Lacy Doily as the male parent, and Lacy Doily as the female parent, Burgundy 341 and Baby′s Eyes as the male parent, four sets of cross combinations were prepared. F1 generation′s morphological traits were noted, and cluster analysis was performed. [Results]: Burgundy 341, with an average germination rate of 39.2%, had the highest pollen activity, while Lacy Doily had the lowest, with an average germination rate of 11.3%. All the three varieties had the highest stigma acceptability at 9：00 on the flowering day, the longest duration is Baby′s Eyes, according to the stigma acceptability test. For the crossing sets, Baby′s Eyes×Lacy Doily had the highest fruit setting rate. When Lacy Doily is used as female parent, the fruit setting rate was 0. The F1 generation population was divided into two groups using cluster analysis. Seven materials in class Ⅰ with cup-shaped flowers with green eyes that were spotless on the outer perianth segments and ribbed white on the side. Ten materials in class Ⅱ that resembled the female parent Baby′s Eyes, which had long leaves, horn-shaped flowers, wrinkled perianth segment edges, and yellow on the side. [Conclusion]: The phenotypic traits of the F1 generation population exhibited good diversity and high ornamental value, making them suitable for garden landscaping and planting in Suqian of Jiangsu Province. Burgundy 341, Baby′s Eyes and Lacy Doily are all ideal parent materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] In order to provide theoretical basis for pollen viability identification, artificial pollination and cross breeding of large- fruited yellow passion fruit, the effects of different culture medium in vitro and storage conditions on pollen germination were analyzed. [ Method] Pollens were collected from newly blooming flowers of large-fruited yellow passion fruit The suitable concentrations of sucrose, boric acid, calcium nitrate and suitable pH for pollen in vitro culture were screened by Li, (5 4) onhogonal design. The effects of sampling time of flowers, storage humidity and temperature on pollen viability were studied by using the most suitable pollen culture medium. The suitable storage condition for pollen of large-fruited yellow passion fruit was determined. [Result] The results of onhogonal test showed that the order of influencing factors on pollen germination rate of large-fruited yellow passion fruit was calcium nitrate > sucrose > boric acid > pH. The optimum medium for pollen germination in vitro was 100. 00 g/L sucrose + 0. 02 g/L boric acid + 0. 40 g/L calcium nitrate, and the medium pH was 5. 0. The pollen germination rate in the optimum medium was 85. 55 % . The pollen germination rate of large-fruited yellow passion fruit was more than 80. 00% when the sampling time was from 11 :30 to 17 :30. The pollen viability was the highest in the third hour ( 16: 30) after flowering, which was significantly higher than the germination rate of pol- lens collected at other times except 13 : 30 and 15 : 30 (P <0. 05, the same as below). The results of storage test showed that, the pollen germination rate of natural air drying on sulfur paper treatment for 3 - 48 hours was significantly higher than that of sealed centrifugation tube storage at room temperature and storage in desiccator on sulfur paper for the same time, and the pollen germination rate of 48 h storage was still 34. 28%. The pollen germination rate was 61. 49% after natural air drying for 5 hours and sealed in centrifugal tube at 4 °C for 24 hours, which was significantly higher than that (55. 22%) after natural air drying for 5 hours and sealed in centrifuge tube at - 20 °C for 24 hours. [Conclusion] The optimum medium for pollen germination in vitro of large-fruited yellow passion fruit is 100. 00 g/L sucrose+ 0. 02 g/L boric acid+ 0. 40 g/L calcium nitrate, and pH is 5. 0. The best storage condition is that the pollens collected on the day are dried naturally for 5 hours and sealed in centrifuge tube at 4 °C [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] It has a guiding sifnificance for breeding to understand the pollen viability of foliage Begonia varieties. [Methods] TTC staining, I2- Kl staining, spore pollen staining and in vitro germination culture methods were used to detect the pollen viability of Begonia, comparing different methods and pollen viabilities. [Result] The spore pollen staining method was better than the other three. 30 varieties of foliage Begonia all had pollen viability, which ranged from 34. 83% to 98. 58%, B. crocea had the highest one, while the lowest was Inca Flame's. Different varieties had different pollen viabilities. Eleven wild species and one commercial variety had higher pollen viability than 90%. There were 6 varieties with the pollen viability between 80% - 90% and 70% -80% separately. Three varieties had pollen viability between 60% and 70%. Nordic Glacier' s was slightly low, 58. 61 %, while Red Heart' s (43. 88%) and Inca Flame' s (34. 83 %) were lower than 50%. In addition, the pollen viability in different blooming days of Inca Flame increased first and then decreased with the increase of blooming days. The highest pollen viability was in the 5m blooming day (42. 15%). [Conclusion] Spore pollen staining was a quick and effective method to determine the pollen viability of Begonia, which was rich in diversity. 28 varieties were fertile in the tested 30 Begonias, which could be used as a male parent. Two varieties were sterile, and they were more suitable as a female parent. If using Inca Flame as a male parent, pollen should be collected in the 5m blooming day. The study had practical guiding significance to improving hybridization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primula Hance(Gesneriaceae)is a group that has attracted much attention in recent years. Its intricate species diversity and its endemic distribution among species have aroused great interest among taxonomists and botany researchers. Except for a few species, like Primulina eburnea (Hance)Y. Z. Wang, most species have a very narrow distribution range, which belong to narrow distribution species or endemic species. In order to reveal the effects of the pollination biology and breeding system of P. eburnea on its reproductive process and colonization ability, we systematically studied the flowering phenology, the pollen and stigma viability, the species and visiting behavior of flower visiting insects, the pollen ovule ratio, the OCI index and the seed setting rate of manipulated pollination of P. eburnea. Besides, we explored whether its reproductive processes such as pollination had a positive effect on the spread of P. eburnea. The results showed that the natural flowering stage of P. eburnea was from March to May, and the entire flowering stage was about 45 d. Its full flowering stage was about 20 d, and the single flower flowering stage was 6-8 d. Pollens had the strongest viability 1-2 d after flowering, stigma did not have receptivity before flowering. The pollen ovule ratio was 537, and the hybridization index was 5. Bagged and emasculation could not bear fruit, indicating that this species did not have apomixis. Compared with natural pollination, the seed setting rate of hand self-pollination was slightly lower, and the seed setting rate of hand xenogamy was slightly higher, indicating self-compatibility. The main pollinators of P. eburnea were Anthophora florea and Bombus sp. Therefore, higher nectar volume, larger pollen amount and stronger pollen viability of P. eburnea were obviously beneficial for it to complete the entire process of pollination and reproduction. This result was obviously conducive to the colonization of P. eburnea and then widely spread in the karst areas of South China to Southwest China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The present study aimed to evaluate the heat tolerance for different types of maize under high temperature stress at flowering stage, and explore the defense technology against high temperature stress. [Methods] Ten maize varieties commonly used in Huaibei area were taken as research materials, and the two-factor split zone experiment design was adopted with the high temperature treatment as the main treatment and maize variety as the secondary treatment. The comprehensive evaluations of heat tolerance for the different types of maize varieties were carried out through principal component analysis, cluster analysis and stepwise regression, and the strong heat tolerance varieties were selected. Meanwhile, the effect of heat resistant regulators on the main heat tolerance evaluation index of different maize varieties was studied. [Results] The high temperature stress mainly affected grain yield, seed setting rate, bald tip length, and number of air roots in maize. Through comprehensive evaluation of the heat tolerance of different varieties and stepwise regression analysis, it was concluded that the four indexes of 100-grain weight, seed setting rate, number of air roots and the ratio of ear upper nodes length to plant height could he used to evaluate the heat tolerance of different types of maize during flowering period.' Yuetian 27' 'Suyunuo 11' 'Yuetian 710' and' Zhengdan 309' were screened for their highly heat-resistant ability. In addition, the heat resistant regulators could significantly increase yield, seed setting rate and number of air roots, and reduce bald tip length, thereby significantly enhancing the heat resistant of maize. The heat resistant regulators still increased the antioxidant enzyme activity of different heat tolerance maize. The SOD, POD and CAT activities of ear leaf in high heat tolerance maize had the highest efficiency which increased by 46. 3%·, 39. 8%· and 37. 2%· respectively compared to the control. Meanwhile, the heat resistant regulators significantly enhanced pollen viability and seed setting rate by 26. 7% and 34.1 % respectively of heat sensitive maize under high temperature stress. [Conclusions] It is an effective method to cope with high temperature stress by selecting maize varieties with high heat tolerance and spraying heat tolerance regulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Hopea chinensis is one of the representative tree species of tropical seasonal rainforests in China. It is an endangered and protected plant with beautiful tree shape and cold tolerance. To clarify its pollination biology, and breeding system and demonstrate its reproductive potential in Guilin, where this species was introduced for protection, we conducted the following experiments: the observation of flowering phenology, the measurement of floral size and scent, the estimation of the breeding system by out-crossing index(OCI), the pollen-ovule ratio(P/O), pollen viability and the stigma receptivity and self-pollination, the observation of pollinators and the test of their pollination effectiveness, the assessment of reproductive potential and pollination limitation by hand cross-pollination. The results were as follows:(1)The flowering season of H. chinensis in Guilin Botanical Garden is from the end of July to the end of September. It lasts about 60 d. An inflorescence flowers for about 12 d, and the anthesis of a single flower lasts about 3 d. The flowers begin opening from 17:00 to 18:45.(2)H. chinensis is not dichogamous but herkogamous with stigmas higher than anthers. The period of high pollen vigor and that of high stigma receptivity largely coincide.(3)The outcrossing index(OCI)was four and pollen/ovule ratio(P/O)was 10 788±984.(4)Neither flowers self-pollinated nor thoses bagged all the tome set any fruitse, fruit set did not differ significantly between natural pollination and hand cross-pollination.(5)Fungus gnats were the only flower visitor to the H. chinensis in Guilin Botanical Garden and flowers set no fruits with fungus gnat excluded.(6)The floral scent is dominated by β-elemene,(E)-7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene and 1-caryophyllene. In conclusion, H. chinensis breeding system is self-incompatible, and it relies on fungus gnats for fruit production. It can set fruits and produce mature seeds in Guilin. The results can promote the protection and propagation of H. chinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paeonia qiui is one of the important ancestors of cultivated species of tree peony, serving as an important genetic resource in peony cross breeding, due to its purple-red leaves. The pollen is widely known to directly influence reproductive success and genetic structure of the main plant population. This study aims to investigate the storage characteristics of Paeonia qiui pollen, further to elucidate the physiological mechanism of pollen storage at different temperatures, in order to determine the accurate and efficient storage method for the viability of Paeonia qiui pollen. In this study, the pollen morphology of Paeonia qiui was characterized using scanning electron microscopes. Four factors (sucrose, boric acid, Ca (NO3)2, GA3) at three different levels were selected in the orthogonal test to investigate the characteristics of Paeonia qiui in vitro germination. The experiment was conducted to explore the effect of storage temperatures and duration on the pollen germination rate, malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase(POD), catalase (CAT). The results show that the rates of abnormal and shrunken pollen were as high as 19.5%, indicating the low viability of Paeonia qiui pollen. The important factors affecting the germination rate of Paeonia qiui pollen were listed in order, sucrose, boric acid, Ca (NO3) 2, GA3. The optimum concentrations of media were achieved in vitro pollen germination, when containing 110 g/Lsucrose, 45 mg/L boric acid, 55 mg/L GA3, 30 mg/L Ca(NO3)2. The optimum temperatures were 2℃ and -20℃ for the pollen storage of 1-2 months and 4-6 months, respectively. The optimum condition was -80℃ for the intermediate storage within one year, whereas the promising temperature was -196℃ for the long-term preservation of Paeonia qiui pollen. The germination rate was 75.5% after 365 days of storage, indicating that the optimum condition can effectively prolong pollen longevity. The germination rate of pollen was positively correlated with three protective enzymes, while negatively correlated with malondialdehyde content. The influence of three protective enzymes on pollen germination rate was ranked in order: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD). The sensitivity of three protective enzymes was different at different storage temperatures. Specifically, SOD served as a sensitive protective enzyme at 2, -20℃ and -80℃, whereas POD served as sensitive protective enzymes at room temperature. The protective enzyme activity decreased, while the malondialdehyde content increased, leading to the active oxygen can not be effectively removed. This process was one of the main reasons for the decrease in pollen viability after storage at room temperature, 2, -20 and -80℃. The malondialdehyde content and the activity of three protective enzymes in pollen remained basically stable. The three protective enzymes can effectively maintain the internal balance of oxidative metabolism, and thereby reduce the levels of oxidative damage. This can be the internal cause to keep high germination rate after cryopreservation. This finding can provide a promising experimental and theoretical basis for cross-temporal pollination hybridization and germplasm resource conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to understand flowering habit and pollen fertility of wax apple to provide evidence for hybrid pollination of wax apple. [Method] At 7:00, 12:00, and 18:00 on each day during the period when the perianth of wax apple began to be loosely separated to perianth, filaments, anthers, pollen and stigma were recorded and their pollen viability was analyzed. The activity of stigma receiving pollen was analyzed from 2 days before flower opening to 2 days after flower opening, and the quality of artificial cross-pollination and natural-pollination fiuits was analyzed. [Result]One day before the wax apple blooms, the tightly closed perianth gradually loosens and separates, the flowering flower opens from 6:00 to 7:00, and pollen completely disperses anthers from 11:00 to 12:00;the inflorescence starts to open from the outermost layer, gradually unfolds to the inner upper layer in turn;the pollen morphology is mainly triangular, has 3 germination holes;the pollen germination rate is the highest in the medium containing 10 % sucrose at 30°C. The seed rate of artificial pollination was the highest on the day of flower opening, and the single fruit weight, fruit size and soluble solids content of artificial pollination fruit were significantly higher than those of natural pollination fruit(P <0.05).[Conclsion] The success rate of wax apple cross-pollination affected by three factors:pollen viability, effective atate of stigma and temperature. The optimum pollination temperature is 25-30°C. The best time of pollen collection was 7:00-11:00 on the day of flower blooming. The best pollination time of pollination was blooming day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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【Objective】 The pollen viability and stigma receptivity of two walnut cultivars (J. sigillata cv. 'Yangbidapao' and J. sigillata x regia cv. 'Yunxingaoyuan') planted in Kunming were studied in this paper.【Method】 The period and conditions ( room temperature, cold-storage and frozen-storage) for keeping high pollen viability were detected by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining method. The stigma receptivity and optimal pollination period were evaluated by benzidine-H2〇2, peroxidase-esterase reagent and sudan IU staining method. 【Result】 The results showed that the pollen viability of Yunxingaoyuan was higher than that of Yangbidapao at the same storage condition. The cold-storage was conducive to keeping high pollen viability, and which of Yangbidapao and Yunxingaoyuan were decreased to 10.0 % and 18.3 % respectively after seven days.【Conclusion】 The peroxidase-esterase reagent method was the best way to monitor the stigma receptivity, and the best period of pollination was the stigma opening angle ranging from 45 to 120 degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Jatropha curcas is likely to become one of the key energy crops in the world because of high oil content in seed which can be refined into high quality biodiesel. J. curcas widely distributes and cultivates in many tropics and sub-tropics areas of China. Due to inadequate pollination and very low productivity, J. curcas was a wild or semi-wild tree for a long time. Effective pollination is a prerequisite for fruit-set and seed-set of J. curcas. Information on the most suitable ingredient concentration ratio of B-K medium which was widely used to pollen culture in vitro for pollen germination and inactions among ingredients in vitro is required to increase rate of hybrid seed set and seed production. Gathered mature pollen grains when petals opened and the anther just began scattering pollen in primary flowering time to do pollen germination test. Ingredient concentration ratio was optimized by response surface methodology(RSM)based on the Box-Behnken design(BBD). The primary variables chosen were sucrose, H3BO3, Ca(NO3)2 · 4H2O and KNO3. A total number of 30 runs were tested. We constructed a response surface model between the pollen germination rates and four ingredients for the culture medium in vitro by R 3.0 software. The effect order of 4 factors to influence germination rate were: sucrose > H3BO3 >Ca(NO3)2 · 4H2O>KNO3. There were significant interactions of pollen germination between sucrose and H3BO3, sucrose and Ca(NO3)2 · 4H2O, sucrose and KNO3. The optimal ingredient concentration ratio which supported the germination of pollen and growth of pollen tubes was 13.77% sucrose + 32.14 mg · L-1 H3BO3+ 22.21 mg · L-1 Ca(NO3)2 · 4H2O + 19.95 mg · L-1 KNO3 + 200 mg · L-1 Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O. Under this condition, the germination rate theoretically achieved 99.73%. The verification test were made corresponding to the optimal ingredient concentration ratio, the results of pollen germination experiments showed that pollen germination rates of 98.97%, the proportion matched theoretical response value well. It can also verify the effectiveness of the BBD-based response surface model and analysis technique in obtaining optimal ingredient concentration ratio for pollen germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study on floral syndrome and breeding system of Atractylodes japonica was carried out with the method of fixed-point observation, pollen-ovule ratio (P/ O), out-crossing index, bagging pollination, in order to provide the theoretical basis for its resource protection and artificial cultivation. The results showed that flowering period of populations was from late July to early September, the life span of individual inflorescence was 12-17 d, and the peak period of daily flowering for floret was at 7: 00 8: 00 a. m. Pollen vitality was the highest ( above 90%) within 2 h, while stigma was no receptivity and its receptivity was the highest after flowering 48-72 h. The P/ 0 ratio was 6 690, hybrid index was 5, breeding system was xenogamy, and the main floral visitors were bees and flies. There was no apomixes based on bagging and pollination studies, inbred and geitonogamous seed setting rate was low. So, the outcrossing was the major breeding system of A. japonica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[ Objective ]The assay method of pollen viability and its storage characteristics were explored to provide references for the production and breeding of Robinia pseudoacacia. [ Method ] The pollen viability of Robinia pseudoacacia was detected by medium germination test. Meanwhile the effects of different Ca2+ concentrations, different storage conditions and time on the Robinia pseudoacacia pollen germination were studied. [ Result ]The germination rate of Robinia pseudoacacia pollen was 30.25% under 8.0 g/L agar + 20.0 mg/L sucrose + 2.0 mg/L boric acid. The proper concentration of Ca2+ affected the speed of pollen germination and growth. When the concentration of Ca2+ was 1.6x 10-4 mg/L, the pollen germination rate was 40.25%. The suitable storable temperature was -80 °C, 4 °C, -23 °C and ambient temperature in turn. At -80 °C, the germination rate of pollen was 15.30% when it was preserved for 32 days. [ Conclusion ]The results showed that the most suitable medium of the Robinia pseudoacacia pollen germination was 8.0 g/L agar+20.0 mg/L sucrose+2.0 mg/L boric acid. The medium supplemented with low concentration of exogenous calcium promoted the Robinia pseudoacacia pollen germination and pollen tube growth. And Robinia pseudoacacia pollen stored in the cryogenic conditions remained longer vigor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]