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Ovarian cancer is a common gynecologic malignancy. In clinical practice, recurrent ovarian cancer is mainly classified into two categories on the basis of platinum-free interval, platinum-resistant and platinumsensitive, corresponding to different treatment modalities and prognoses. The treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer is challenging. Some scholars have pointed out limitations in the binary classification of platinum-free interval. In this article, the classification of recurrent ovarian cancer, the treatment challenges of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, the limitations of the platinum-free interval binary classification, and new classification perspectives were reviewed to help physicians enhance their understanding on the research progress in ovarian cancer classification and develop more effective treatment strategies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer is a common gynecologic malignancy. In clinical practice, recurrent ovarian cancer is mainly classified into two categories on the basis of platinum-free interval, platinum-resistant and platinum-sensitive, corresponding to different treatment modalities and prognoses. The treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer is challenging. Some scholars have pointed out limitations in the binary classification of platinum-free interval. In this article, the classification of recurrent ovarian cancer, the treatment challenges of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, the limitations of the platinum-free interval binary classification, and new classification perspectives were reviewed to help physicians enhance their understanding on the research progress in ovarian cancer classification and develop more effective treatment strategies.

Ovarian cancer is one of the most malignant gynecological tumors. Platinum-based chemotherapy is an important part of ovarian cancer treatment, with platinum resistance as a difficult problem in ovarian cancer treatment. Platinum resis-tance is a complex process involving a variety of mechanisms. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms of platinum resistance in ovarian cancer cells and the advances in treatment, in order to provide a reference for the clinical treatment of this disease.

Objective To investigate the effect of miR-181c-5p on vasculogenic mimicry (VM) in ovarian cancer stem-like cells (OCS-LCs) and its mechanism. Methods OVCAR3 cells were induced into OCS-LCs by serum-free suspension culture. OVCAR3 cells were divided into groups A, B, and C and were transfected with NC-miR-181c-5p, siRNA-miR-181c-5p, and pRNA-miR-181c-5p, respectively. The sphere-forming experiment was used to assess the sphere formation ability of groups A, B, and C. RT-qPCR was used to measure the relative expression level of miR-181c-5p in cells of groups A, B, and C, and Western blot was used to measure the relative protein expression levels of Oct-4, Nanog, HIF-1α, and VEGF in cells of groups A, B, and C. CCK-8 assay was used to measure the viability of cells in groups A, B, and C, and the three-dimensional culture experiment was used to measure the angiogenesis rate of groups A, B, and C. Results OVCAR3 cells were successfully induced into OCS-LCs. RT-qPCR showed that group B had a significantly lower relative expression level of miR-181c-5p than group A, and group C had a significantly higher relative expression level than group A (t=2.25,8.68,P

Objectives To investigate the efficacy and safety of anlotinib combined with niraparib in treating patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Methods Thirty-five patients with pathological confirmed platinum-resistant ovarian cancer who experienced progression after receiving at least two lines of standard treatment were eligible. All of them were treated with anlotinib combined with niraparib between September 2019 and October 2021. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). The second endpoints included overall survival, objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR) and safety. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test, and influence factor analysis was performed using Cox proportional risk regression models. Results The best overall response showed that partial response was observed in 14 patients, stable disease was noted within 13 patients, and progressive disease was found in 8 patients. Therefore, the ORR and DCR of these 35 patients were 40.0% (95% CI: 22.9%-57.1%) and 77.1% (95% CI: 62.9%-91.4%), respectively. The median follow-up duration was 18.9 months (6.9-32.2). The median PFS was 6.5 months (95% CI: 5.35-7.66). Multivariate Cox regression analysis for PFS indicated that age, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) score, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, and BRCA mutation status were independent factors influencing PFS (P＜ 0.05). Additionally, the PFS in patients with BRCA mutation who have never received PARP inhibitor treatment was significantly longer than that in patients without BRCA mutation who have been exposed to prior PARPi treatment (15.0 vs 6.0 month, P=0.029). The most common treatment-related adverse reactions were fatigue (85.7%), hematologic toxic (85.7%) and hypertension (74.3%). There were no treatment-related deaths. Conclusion Anlotinib combined with niraparib shows a promising efficacy and tolerable safety in platinum-resistant ROC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Opportunistic salpingectomy (OS) can be used as a primary prevention of ovarian cancer (OC) , but OS may cause impairment of ovarian function due to the homologous blood supply system shared by ovaries and fallopian tubes, thereby increasing the risk of ovarian aging and early menopause. Objective To evaluate the short-term effects of OS on ovarian reserve based on GRADE evidence grading system. Methods In September 2022, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for literature assessing the short-term effects of OS on ovarian reserve from inception to 10 September 2022. Two investigators independently screened the literature and extracted the data. The Jadad scale was used to evaluate the quality of literature, Stata 17.0 software was used for data processing and meta-analysis, and GRADEpro 3.2 software was used to assess the evidence quality for the results of meta-analysis. Results A total of 9 randomized controlled trials (RCT) were included, involving 482 patients, including 238 cases in the OS group and 244 in the non-OS group. The results of the Jadad risk assessment scale showed that the included RCTs were all of high quality literature. The results of meta-analysis showed that the differences in changes of anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) (WMD=-0.07, 95%CI=-0.28-0.13, P=0.13) , follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (WMD=-0.03, 95%CI=-1.65-1.59, P=0.24) , luteinizing hormone (LH) (WMD=-0.39, 95%CI=-1.62-0.83, P=0.08) and estradiol (E2) (WMD=3.08, 95%CI=-4.26-10.43, P=0.35) before and after surgery between the OS and non-OS groups were not significant (P>0.05) . The results of the meta-analysis by GRADEpro software showed high quality evidence for AMH, moderate quality evidence for FSH, and low quality evidence for E2 and LH. Conclusion There is no significant difference in ovarian reserve indicators between the non-menopausal women who receive OS for benign disease in the short term and those who did not receive OS. It is reasonable for premenopausal women who have completed childbearing to prevent OC by OS, but this conclusion remains to be validated by a longer follow-up and more rigorous RCTs with a larger sample size.

The medium-low differentiation Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor (SLCT) has the tendency to become a malignant tumor. A case of SLCT in an 18 -year-old young woman was reported. Amenorrhea was the first symptom. Within then 10 months, she gradually developed defeminizing symptoms of breast atrophy, as well as signs of virilization such as protruding Adam′s apple, growth of lip beard, deep voice, and clitoral hypertrophy. She had a medical history of thyroid nodule surgery 6 years ago, and the function of thyroid was normal. A large cystic-solid tumor of the left ovary was found under the laparotomic exploration, approximately 10 cm in diameter. Operation was performed, including left adnexectomy, right ovary biopsy, bilateral para-colonic sulcus peritoneal biopsy and greater omentum biopsy. The postoperative pathological diagnosis indicated the medium -low differentiation of SLCT. The patient subsequently recovered well after 4 cycles of chemotherapy with paclitaxel liposome and carboplatin, and was successful childbirth. For women of childbearing age who exhibit de feminization or even masculinization, the possibility of ovarian SLCT should be considered. Fertility preserving surgery and radical surgery should be individualized according to the tumor grading. Patients with high risk of postoperative recurrence should receive timely chemotherapy to reduce the risk of secondary surgery and death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer is one of the common gynecological malignant tumors, and most patients with ovarian cancer are discovered in their advanced stage, their prognosis and treatment effects are usually poor, which also seriously affects the quality of patients′ survival. Copper is an important trace element that participates in various important biological processes in human body and correlates closely with the progression of many malignant tumors. An increasing number of studies have explored the relationship between copper and ovarian cancer. Previous research has noticed that copper levels are apparently higher in the plasma, ascites, and tumor tissue of ovarian cancer patients than in healthy women, and the abnormal expressions of a variety of copper- transporting proteins is closely related to the resistance to platinum-based drug chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. Recently, anti -tumor therapy targeting copper metabolism has become a hot research topic. Many studies have demonstrated the significant inhibitory effect of copper chelators and ionophores on ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. To summarizes the close relationship between copper and ovarian cancer, and to gain a deeper understanding of the application of copper-metabolism-based drugs and therapies, which may provide new insight into the treatment of ovarian cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer is one of the important causes of cancer death in women, and the main reason for its poor prognosis is that ovarian cancer is prone to recurrence and metastasis in a short period of time. Metastasis of ovarian cancer involves many aspects, such as intercellular junction, angiogenesis, tumor microenvironment and so on. It has been found that epithelial cadherin (E -cadherin) is an important factor in the metastasis of ovarian cancer, which can participate in the metastasis of ovarian cancer by changing cell -cell adhesion, promoting angiogenesis, regulating the process of epithelial - mesenchymal transition, and promoting tumor invasion and infiltration. The structure and expression of E-cadherin in ovarian cancer will be described in detail, and the implantation and metastasis mechanism of ovarian cancer and the role of E-cadherin in ovarian cancer metastasis are reviewed, in order to provide new ideas for recurrence monitoring and follow-up treatment of ovarian cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years the progress of targeted therapy and immunotherapy has developed rapidly, such as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have changed the traditional treatment pattern of gynecologic tumors, but some patients have limited efficacy or develop drug resistance. Preclinical studies have found that PARPi damages DNA repair process, results in increasing tumor mutation burden and tumor -specific antigen neoantigens, modulates the tumor microenvironment, and stimulates the production of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and promotes anti-tumor immune response, which providing a theoretical basis for the combination treatment of PARPi and ICI. Recently, many clinical studies have found that the combination of PARPi and ICI can significantly improve the prognosis of patients with gynecological malignant tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Clinical Healthcare is the property of Chinese Journal of Clinical Healthcare and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cervical cancer, endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer are the three most common malignant tumors in gynecology, and the incidences are on the rise in all ages in recent years. The gynecological malignant tumors have become a serious threat to women's health in China. Although the application of a variety of targeted drugs has significantly prolonged the survival of patients, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer are still a group of diseases that cannot be accurately diagnosed and treated. MiR-17-92 gene cluster, as the earliest identified miRNA family of oncogene, has been widely concerned about its mechanism. As a member of the miR-17-92 gene cluster, miR-20a can play a post-transcriptional regulatory role by reducing or increasing the expression, thus affecting the downstream gene pathway, regulating the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of malignant tumor cells, and finally achieving the occurrence and progress of malignant tumors. According to the current research progress, the specific increase of miR-20a expression in cervical cancer, endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer is usually related to the malignant progress of the disease. This article reviews the research progress of miR-20a in the pathogenesis of three common gynecological malignant tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is a rare congenital disorder of female reproductive development, resulting in vaginal aplasia and uterine hypoplasia. Patients with MRKH syndrome are at the risk of pelvic complications. Due to the low incidence and limited treatment experience, MRKH syndrome is prone to be misdiagnosed. A case of MRKH syndrome complicated with giant ovarian plasma papillary carcinoma was presented. The patient with MRKH syndrome usually has normal structure of ovary, that is why gynecologists should be more alerted to the risk of ovarian pathology. Preoperative MRI can improve the diagnostic sensitivity, and laparoscopic surgery can clarify the pelvis and reduce surgical injuries. In young patients with ovarian cancer, preservation of the healthy ovary can be considered to ensure endogenous hormones, while resection of the stumpy uterus can be recommended to reduce the risk of lesions. In this case, the liver function after operation was obviously abnormal, and noladex was finally given to inhibit the ovarian function in order to initiate chemotherapy at an elective stage. The chemotherapy regimen for ovarian cancer should be still applicable and the follow-up results be satisfactory in this case. This case report with literature review will increase the awareness and alertness of gynecologists to pelvic comorbidities in patients with MRKH syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the diagnostic value of the ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system (O-RADS) in differentiating between benign and malignant ovarian tumors, and to analyze risk factors for malignant ovarian tumors. Methods The clinical data of 417 patients with ovarian tumors diagnosed by pathology were retrospectively analyzed. With pathological results as the gold standard, the patients were divided into malignant group and benign group. The clinical data of the two groups were compared. At the same time, the patients were classified according to ultrasound characteristics and O-RADS. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the diagnostic efficacy of O-RADS. Results The univariable and mul-tivariable analyses showed that the risk factors for ovarian malignancy included cyst wall thickness ≥3 cm, solid components, blood flow score of 3-4 points, ascites, and peritoneal nodules (P

Aggressive abdominal fibromatosis is a rare disease that is often misdiagnosed as carcinoma from ovarian or gastrointestinal due to untypical clinical signs and accessory examination symptoms. A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the diagnosis and treatment procedure of a women childbearing age who was misdiagnosed as ovarian tumor after color Doppler ultrasound examination due to huge abdominal and pelvic masses. Stromal tumor was considered according to the result of MRI. Exploration surgery was performed and the carcinoma deriving from transversum colon was identified. Doctors of anorectal department helped to remove the tumor completely. The postoperative histopathology and immunohistochemistry results suggested a aggressive fibromatosis disease of the colon. After more than 2 years′ follow-up, the patient recovered well and there is no signs of recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pelvic tuberculosis is a form of female pelvic inflammation caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is a common cause of chronic pelvic inflammation and infertility. The characteristics of abdominal and pelvic blunt pain and abdominal distension caused by pelvic tuberculosis are similar to those of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. And there are no specific clinical or imaging manifestations of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The above reasons lead to pelvic peritoneal tuberculosis easily confused with peritoneal carcinoma and advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. In this paper, we analyzed a case of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Because no tumor cells were found in ovarian space lesion tissue puncture pathology and ascites exfoliative cytology, examination of tuberculosis was performed. The patient was misdiagnosed as pelvic tuberculosis based on positive tuberculin test and Mycobacterium tuberculosis interferon-γ, but later pathology confirmed the presence of epithelial ovarian cancer. We summarized the diagnosis and treatment process of this case in order to accumulate experiences for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer and pelvic tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

上皮性卵巢癌 (epithelial ovarian cancer, EOC) 的致死率在女性生殖系统恶性肿瘤中居首位。EOC 的传 统治疗方案是肿瘤细胞减灭术联合铂类药物为基础的化疗, 但 2 年内仍有约 70%的患者复发或耐药。多腺苷二磷酸核 糖聚合酶[poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, PARP]抑制剂通过对乳腺癌相关基因 (breast cancer-related gene, BRCA) 突变的 肿瘤细胞发挥合成致死效应, 为 EOC 提供了全新的治疗模式。PARP 抑制剂为 EOC 靶向维持治疗带来重大突破, 然而 仍有患者在治疗中逐步耐药, 主要的耐药机制包括同源重组修复途径恢复、药物靶点变化和致死性 DNA 损伤减少, 目 前的解决策略包括 PARP 抑制剂联合 DNA 损伤修复抑制剂、联合抑制同源重组修复通路的药物、联合传统抗癌方案、联合 P-糖蛋白 (P-glucoprotein, P-gp) 抑制剂以及更换其他类型的 PARP 抑制剂。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect of muscone on malignant progression of ovarian cancer cells mediated by regulating sonic hedgehog (SHH) mediated autophagy. Methods Survival rates of human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 treated with 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 µmol/L muscone were detected, and the optimal cell action concentration of muscone was selected. SKOV3 cells were cultured in vitro, and their transplanted tumor mouse models were constructed. Cells were randomly grouped into the control group, the muskone group, the muskone+chloroquine (CQ，an autophagy inhibitor) group, the muskone+empty group and the muskone+SHH overexpression group. After grouping and treatment with musconeand, CQ, empty plasmid and SHH overexpression plasmid, the tumor volume and weight in transplanted tumor mice were detected. EdU staining, TUNEL staining, cell scratch, Transwell invasion assay, immunoblotting and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR were used to detect proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of SKOV3 cells, the expression of autophagy related proteins (LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ, Beclin-1) and SHH in SKOV3 cells and transplanted tumor mice in each. Results Compared with the control group, the cell proliferation rate, cell migration rate, number of invasions, tumor volume and weight, and the expression of SHH mRNA and protein in tumor tissue were decreased in the muskone group (P＜ 0.05), and the apoptosis rate, LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ, Beclin-1 protein in cells and tumor tissue were increased (P＜0.05). Compared with the muscone group, the cell proliferation rate, cell migration rate, number of invasion, tumor volume and weight were increased in the muscone+CQ group and the muskone+SHH overexpression group (P＜0.05), and the apoptosis rate, LC3Ⅱ/ LC3Ⅰ and the expression of Beclin-1 protein in cells and tumor tissue were decreased (P＜0.05). There were no significant differences in the above indicators in the muscone+empty group (P＞0.05). Conclusion Muscone can promote autophagy of ovarian cancer cells by down-regulating SHH, thereby inhibiting their proliferation, in vivo growth, migration and invasion, promoting their apoptosis, and ultimately inhibiting their malignant progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesTo explore the antitumor effects of redox-responsive nanoparticles containing platinum(Ⅳ)—NP@Pt(Ⅳ) in ovarian cancer.MethodsRedox-responsive polymer carriers were synthesized. Polymer carriers and platinum(Ⅳ)—Pt(Ⅳ) can self-assemble into NP@Pt(Ⅳ). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was performed to detect the platinum release from NP@Pt(Ⅳ) in reducing environment and the platinum content in ovarian cancer cells ES2 treated with cisplatin, Pt(Ⅳ) and NP@Pt(Ⅳ). The proliferation ability of the ovarian cancer cells were detected by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cellular apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. Collection of primary ovarian cancer tissues from patients with primary high-grade serous ovarian cancer who were surgically treated at the Cancer Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from October to December 2022. The high-grade serous ovarian cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mice were intravenously injected with Cy7.5 labeled NP@Pt(Ⅳ) followed by in vivo imaging system. Mice were treated with PBS, cisplatin and NP@Pt(Ⅳ). Tumor volume and weight were measured in each group. Necrosis, apoptosis and cell proliferation of tumor tissues were detected by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, TUNEL fluorescence staining and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry staining. Body weight and HE staining of heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney of mice in each group were measured.ResultsThe platinum release of NP@Pt(Ⅳ) after 48 hours in reducing environment was 76.29%, which was significantly higher than that of 26.82% in non-reducing environment ( P<0.001). The platinum content in ES2 cells after 4 hours and 7 hours of treatment with NP@Pt(Ⅳ) (308.59, 553.15 ng/million cells) were significantly higher than those of Pt(Ⅳ) (100.21, 180.31 ng/million cells) and cisplatin (43.36, 50.36 ng/million cells, P＜0.05). The half inhibitory concentrations of NP@Pt(Ⅳ) in ovarian cancer cells ES2, A2780, A2780DDP were 1.39, 1.42 and 4.62 μmol/L, respectively, which were lower than those of Pt(IV) (2.89, 7.27, and 16.74 μmol/L) and cisplatin (5.21, 11.85, and 71.98 μmol/L). The apoptosis rate of ES2 cells treated with NP@Pt(Ⅳ) was (33.91±3.80)%, which was significantly higher than that of Pt(Ⅳ) [(16.28±2.41)%] and cisplatin [(15.01±1.17)%, P＜0.05]. In high-grade serous ovarian cancer PDX model, targeted accumulation of Cy7.5 labeled NP@Pt(Ⅳ) at tumor tissue could be observed. After the treatment, the tumor volume of mice in NP@Pt(IV) group was (130±98) mm ³, which was significantly lower than those in control group [(1 349±161) mm ³, P<0.001] and cisplatin group [(715±293) mm ³, P=0.026]. The tumor weight of mice in NP@Pt(IV) group was (0.17±0.09)g, which was significantly lower than those in control group [(1.55±0.11)g, P<0.001] and cisplatin group [(0.82±0.38)g, P=0.029]. The areas of tumor necrosis and apoptosis in mice treated with NP@Pt(Ⅳ) were higher than those in mice treated with cisplatin. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that there were low expressions of Ki-67 at tumor tissues of mice treated with NP@Pt(Ⅳ) compared with cisplatin. The change in body weight of mice in NP@Pt(Ⅳ) group was not significantly different from that of the control group [(18.56±2.04)g vs.(20.87±0.79)g, P=0.063]. Moreover, the major organs of the heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney were also normal by HE staining. ConclusionRedox-responsive NP@Pt(Ⅳ), produced in this study can enhance the accumulation of cisplatin in ovarian cancer cells and improve the efficacy of ovarian cancer chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper ion as an important coenzyme participates in a wide range of metabolic processes, including aerobic respiration, peptide amidation, iron transport, superoxide dismutase and extracellular matrix biosynthesis. Copper homeostasis is an important mechanism to maintain cell activity. Cuproptosis is a form of cell death caused by the accumulation of copper ions, which is characterized by the imbalance of copper homeostasis, the accumulation of copper in cells, the selective disturbance of tricarboxylic acid cycle, the aggregation of fatty acylated mitochondrial enzymes and the loss of iron -sulfur protein, the protein stress of mitochondria, the cell membrane cracking, and finally the cell death. Gynecological malignant tumors are important causes of cancer death in women. It is found that cuproptosis is closely related to the occurrence, development, prognosis and drug resistance of gynecological malignant tumors. Some cuproptosis regulators can inhibit tumor metastasis and recurrence by inhibiting angiogenesis and regulating drug resistance of cancer cells. Therefore, cuproptosis is a valuable research direction for the treatment of gynecological malignant tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gynecological diseases are one of the causes that threaten women′s health. The incidence and mortality rate of gynecological malignant tumors are in the forefront among various systemic diseases in women, and the prognosis of the disease is poor due to tumor recurrence and drug resistance. Sphingolipids are important substances that make up plasma lipoproteins and are essential for various cellular functions and signaling. Sphingolipid metabolism is involved in regulating inflammatory responses and the proliferation, migration, invasion and metabolism of cancer cells. Studies have confirmed that there are differences in the levels of sphingolipids and their metabolites in benign and malignant gynecological diseases, including ceramides, sphingomyelin, sphingosine-1-phosphate and sphingosine. Abnormalities in sphingolipid levels can affect disease progression and sensitivity to chemoradiotherapy, analyzing sphingolipid metabolism may predict the outcome of disease. The review summarizes the research progress of sphingolipid metabolism in benign and malignant gynecological diseases to gain an in-depth understanding of the characteristics and functions of sphingolipids, which can provide new insights for exploring and discovering the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of benign and malignant gynecological diseases, in order to improve the treatment prospects and prolong the survival of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vimentin is an important type Ⅲ intermediate filament protein, mainly derived from mesenchymal cells. Vimentin is expressed in various types of tumors, and up -regulated expression of Vimentin is related to the migration and invasion ability of tumor cells, suggesting poor prognosis. Vimentin is a typical marker of epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tumor cells and a potential drug target. Studies have shown that Vimentin is abnormally expressed in cervical cancer, ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer, and is related to prognosis, tumormetastasis and recurrence, which has potential clinical application value. This article reviews the relationship between Vimentin as well as gynecological malignancy and its possible mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Clinical Healthcare is the property of Chinese Journal of Clinical Healthcare and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To explore the safety of fertility-sparing surgery and the selection of ovulation induction protocols in patients with early-stage borderline ovarian tumors (BOTs). Methods Clinical data were collected from four patients with early-stage BOTs who underwent fertility-sparing surgery and later sought treatment for infertility with assisted reproduction and successfully delivered in Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine in Shanghai Jiao Tong University from January 2015 to December 2021. The postoperative follow-up and assisted reproduction of the patients were reviewed in combination with the literature. The estrogen levels of patients on HCG day were compared between antagonist protocol, agonist protocol, and letrozole mild stimulation protocol. Results Two of the four patients with early-stage BOTs relapsed after fertility-sparing surgery. The pa-thological type of relapse was BOTs without malignant transformation. No recurrence was observed during follow-up after the se-cond operation. All four patients underwent assisted reproduction and achieved delivery. One of the patients who experienced relapse underwent oocyte retrieval before the second surgery and achieved pregnancy through frozen embryo transplantation after the surgery. Three out of four patients used letrozole mild stimulation protocol (two of them achieved pregnancy, while the other patient switched to agonist protocol after failing to retrieve oocytes and subsequently became pregnant). The remaining patient used anta-gonist protocol and achieved pregnancy. Compared with the antagonist and agonist protocols, letrozole mild stimulation protocol had the lowest serum estrogen level on the HCG day. Conclusion Fertility-sparing surgery for patients with early-stage BOTs is safe and feasible. Oocyte retrieval can be considered in case of recurrence before reoperation. Letrozole mild stimulation protocol provides a relatively safe option with minimal adverse effects on the ovaries.

Background Mucinous ovarian tumors (MOT) can be divided into three types: benign〔such as mucinous cystadenoma (MCA) 〕, borderline〔such as mucinous borderline tumor (MBT) 〕, and malignant〔such as mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (MC) 〕. It is difficult to differentiate between the types preoperatively, and the final diagnosis depends on surgical pathology. So how to reduce the difficulty in making a preoperative differential diagnosis, and improve the preoperative diagnostic accuracy is particularly important for doctors to make a diagnosis and for patients to choose a treatment option. Objective To explore the high-risk factors associated with malignant transformation of MOT, and to evaluate the predictive value of B-ultrasound combined with tumor markers for malignant transformation of MOT. Methods Retrospective observational study selected surgery-treated 414 women with a histologically confirmed MCA (n=305) , MBT (n=79) and MC (n=30) from the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University during 2010 to 2020. Patients' data, including age, clinical symptoms, sonographic data (tumor size, properties, papilla-shaped protuberance on the cystic wall, blood flow signals, multilocular) and serum tumor markers〔carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) , carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) , carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199) , carbohydrate antigen 724 (CA724) 〕and D-dimer were collected. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the risk factors of malignant transformation of MOT. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive value of B-ultrasound with tumor markers for malignant transformation of MOT, and the area under the curve (AUC) with the corresponding 95%CI were calculated. Results There were statistically significant differences in B-ultrasound manifestations and serological indicators among the three groups (P

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of ovarian Brenner tumor. Methods: The clinical data, pathological features, immunophenotypes, and molecular characteristics of six patients with ovarian Brenner tumor between January 2019 and February 2023 at Suzhou Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University (our hospital) were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The age of the six patients varied from 54 to 73 years, with a median age of 66 years. Among these patients, four were diagnosed with benign ovarian Brenner tumor, while two were malignant. Biochemical indicators of 4 patients with benign ovarian Brenner tumor and one with malignant ovarian Brenner tumor were within normal ranges, while the level of carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) in another one patient with malignant ovarian Brenner tumor was significant increased. Microscopic examination revealed that the tissue of benign ovarian Brenner tumor was consisted of transitional cell epithelial nests, accompanied by fibrous stroma. These cells did not display any atypia and had oval nuclei with small nucleoli. In contrast, the tissue of malignant ovarian Brenner tumor exhibited clear stromal infiltration, evident atypia, a high nuclear plasma ratio, and increased mitotic activity, which was accompanied by benign ovarian Brenner tumor and borderline ovarian Brenner tumor components. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin 7 (CK7), P63 and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), but negative for paired box 8 (PAX8), Wilm′s tumor gene 1 (WT1) and CK20. Ki-67 proliferation index was lowered 1% in benign ovarian Brenner tumor and about 20%-60% in malignant ovarian Brenner tumor. Four patients with benign ovarian Brenner′s tumor underwent adnexectomy on the affected side, with a good prognosis. One case of malignant ovarian Brenner′s tumor underwent laparoscopic ovarian staging surgery, and no recurrence or metastasis was found after 11 months of follow -up. Another case of ovarian malignant ovarian Brenner tumor was lost due to not undergoing surgery in our hospital. Conclusions: The diagnosis of ovarian Brenner tumor depends on the histopathological characteristics and immunohistochemistry. The differential diagnosis of benign and malignant ovarian Brenner tumor is based on the degree of cell atypia and stromal invasion. In addition, Ki-67 proliferation index can be used as a reference index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) impairs the repair of DNA single-stranded breaks through enzymatic inhibition and PARP "trapping". The synthetic lethal effect of PARPi in combination with tumor cells with a breast cancer-related gene (BRCA) deficiency or defective in homologous recombination repair (HRR) in ovarian cancer promoting its application in the maintenance therapy of ovarian cancer. However, resistance to PARPi is an obstacle to the long-term use of PARPi. A number of studies have described mechanisms of acquired resistance to PARPi, which include broadly HRR recovery, replication fork protection, reduced PARP "capture", and increased drug efflux. By targeting specific resistance mechanisms, the main combination therapeutic strategies currently being investigated include combining PARPi with anti-angiogenic agents, cell cycle checkpoint protein inhibitors, signalling pathway inhibitors, immunotherapy, epigenetic modifiers, etc. A combination therapy strategy of drugs has the potential to prevent and counteract PARPi resistance, thereby improving PARPi′s sensitivity and antitumor effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer is one of the three major gynecological malignancies and the most lethal malignancy of female reproductive system. At present, the main treatment methods for ovarian cancer are primary debulking surgery and platinumbased chemotherapy, but the recurrence rate and drug resistance rate remain high. In recent years, the development of tumor immunotherapy has progressed rapidly, especially the research on programmed death-1(PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), which has been achieved on a variety of tumors. However, many clinical trials have found that PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors alone are not effective in treating ovarian cancer. The poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) is a type of targeted medicine that kills tumor cells through synthetic lethal effect. Recent studies have shown that PARPi has immunomodulatory effects in addition to its own cytotoxic effects, and can have a synergistic effect with PD -1/PD -L1 inhibitors, and the combination of the two can significantly improve patient prognosis. Therefore, this article reviews the research progress on the mechanism of action and clinical application of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor combined with PARPi in the treatment of ovarian cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal malignancy of the female reproductive system and the standard treatment of advanced ovarian cancer is cytoreductive surgery combined with chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Previously, patients′ adverse effects during and after chemotherapy were mainly assessed by Clinician-Reported Outcome (ClinRO). However, an emerging and reliable method of assessing patient health status Patient-Reported Outcome (PRO), has gained wide spread attention in clinical practice. Nowadays, commonly used PRO scales include PRO-Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), M.D. Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI), QLQ-C30, etc., which can capable of multiple aspects of patient health status, detect clinical symptoms, intervene in clinical care and evaluate treatment options, and improve patient prognosis. However, the evaluation effect of some items in current PRO scales has not been effectively verified, and there is a lack of cohort studies for specific patient groups. Further improvement of the PRO scale and related studies is needed to achieve better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rare case of dual primary cancer which combined synchronous cervical adenocarcinoma with ovarian cancer was reported. The patient was a 56 -year -old female. The main clinical manifestations were abnormal vaginal bleeding and lower abdominal pain. The levels of serum tumor markers were significantly elevated, pelvic CT showed the decreased patular enhancement of the posterior uterine wall, and electronic colposcopy biopsy showed the high -grade intraepithelial neoplasia of some glandular epithelium, more severe lesions not excluded. On June 2, 2020, the patient underwent the operation of exploratory laparotomy + enlarged hysterectomy + bilateral adnexectomy + pelvic adhesion release + pelvic lymph node dissection + abdominal drainage under endotracheal intubation and general anesthesia, and then underwent 6 times of chemotherapy and 1 time of pelvic three-dimensional conformal intensive radiotherapy. Later, she died due to the intestinal obstruction caused by tumor recurrence. The case data of cervical cancer combined with ovarian cancer were reviewed, in order to improve clinicians′ understanding of gynecological dual primary cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) in female reproductive system is clinically rare. There is no standard treatment regimen, and the prognosis is very poor. We report one case of unusual ovarian PNET, menstrual abnormality was the main symptom. There was a history of uterine leiomyoma. The serum tumor markers were not significantly increased. Meanwhile, there was no abnormal imaging findings. On October 20, 2022, the laparoscopic total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy and bilateral ovariectomy was given under endotracheal general anesthesia. Postoperative pathology confirmed the diagnosis of ovarian small round cell malignant tumor. After surgery, the alternating chemotherapy with vincristine, doxorubicin liposomes, cyclophosphamide-ifosfamide and etoposide was given 5 cycles and showed no recurrence. By summarizing the clinical characteristics of such a rare tumor, it aims to improve clinicians′ understanding of the disease, so as to provide early diagnosis and effective treatment, and to improve the survival of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian immature teratoma is a common ovarian germ cell malignant tumor that occurs in adolescent females. Surgical resection is the main treatment, and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy is required if necessary. This case is an immature differentiated teratoma in the left ovary found during cesarean section. After 3 courses of chemotherapy with BEP regimen, the liver teratoma metastasis occurred. The pathological results after the second tumor resection suggest that mature teratoma is considered as growing teratoma syndrome (GTS). During the course of follow-up, the liver lesions were suspicious and reappeared, but gradually disappeared. Follow -up for 1 year showed no recurrence. During the treatment of ovarian immature teratoma, GTS is rare, has a special pathogenesis, and is easily misdiagnosed as recurrence or progression of ovarian immature teratoma. Therefore, it is necessary to understand GTS and pay attention to it in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian steroid cell tumor (SCT) is a rare tumor of the ovary with malignant potential. The exact etiology of ovarian SCT is not known. Most of patients have the masculine signs with abnormally high androgen levels. The imaging examination is non -specific, making the preoperative diagnosis difficulty. The clinical diagnosis is easily missed and misdiagnosed. The definite diagnosis depends on histopathological findings and immunohistochemistry. However, the diagnosis is easily confused with polycystic ovary syndrome, luteal tumor of pregnancy, theca cell tumor and teratoma. The treatment should be individualized according to the benignity and malignancy of the tumor, and whether fertility is preserved or not. Early detection, diagnosis and treatment should be done as much as possible to improve the prognosis. This article reviews the research progress of ovarian SCT in order to improve clinicians′ understanding of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although great progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer in recent years, the proportion of patients with the 5-year survival is still less than 47%. It is necessary to explore actively new treatment methods or new targets. Post -translational modification (PTM) is an important way to regulate protein function. It modifies the physical and chemical properties, conformation, and the binding ability of proteins through post-translational processing of precursor proteins, thereby affecting protein activity, stability and function. At present, the research on ovarian cancer mainly focuses on PTM such as phosphorylation, acetylation, O -GlcNAcylation, S -palmitoylation and ubiquitination, which affect the proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, drug resistance and chemotherapy sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells by regulating the function of a variety of proteins, regulating related signaling pathways or affecting the expression of downstream molecules. This review on the research progress of PTM in ovarian cancer may provide a new theoretical basis for the precise and targeted therapy of ovarian cancer [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the physiological level may play a role of the second messengers in signal transduction. When the body is stimulated by hypoxia, inflammatory response and others, the increased significantly level of ROS induces oxidative stress. ROS at an appropriate level promotes the first meiosis of oocytes, and induces the apoptosis of non-dominant follicles. Studies have shown that oxidative stress is closely related to hyperandrogenemia, insulin resistance, ovulation disorders and mitochondrial damage in the patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Controlling oxidative stress with antioxidants may be an adjunct therapy for the premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). Oxidative stress inhibits DNA methylase, which leads to DNA hypomethylation, and the abnormal expressions of microRNA and the factors related to the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells and the drug resistance. This article reviews the role of oxidative stress in ovary-related reproductive disorders such as PCOS, POI and ovarian tumors, and looks forward to the possible application of antioxidant therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between BRCA1/2 gene mutation and clinical characteristics in patients with ovarian cancer, and the effect of BRCA1/2 gene mutation on prognosis. Methods: From November 2017 to June 2022, 51 patients with ovarian cancer who received BRCA1/2 gene detection in the First Hospital of Lanzhou University were selected as the research subjects. According to the test results, they were divided into the BRCA1/2 mutation group (30 cases) and the BRCA1/2 non -mutation group (21 cases). The clinical baseline data, clinicopathological features and prognosis of the two groups were compared. The relevant factors related to the prognosis were analyzed. Results: There were no significant differences in the age of onset, BMI, family history of malignant tumor, CA125 and HE4 before treatment between the two groups (P>0.05). There were significant differences in the tumor stage and lymph node metastasis between the BRCA1/2 mutation group and the BRCA1/2 non -mutation group (P <0.05). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that the BRCA1/2 gene mutation was not an independent prognostic factor for survival and PFS in ovarian cancer (HR=0.752, 95%CI: 0.394 -1.435, P =0.329). Conclusions: The BRCA1/2 gene mutation is an important factor in determining the clinical treatment of ovarian cancer, and it is significantly related to tumor stage and lymph node metastasis. However, the BRCA1/2 gene mutation could not be an independent risk factor for ovarian cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autophagy is a cell survival pathway that assists in reproductive development, immune regulation, degradation metabolism and cell aging, and plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis. Recent studies have pointed out that autophagy not only participates in the growth, development and atresia of follicles, but also regulates the function of ovarian stroma and corpus luteum to a certain extent. It also abnormally regulates ovarian microenvironmental status, inducing various pathologies such as ovarian polycystic -like changes, ovarian aging and ovarian tumor. At the same time, the immune imbalance caused by the degeneration of the ovarian microenvironment will also react on the autophagosomes, resulting in a vicious cycle of microecology. The role of autophagy in the ovary is reviewed to lay the foundation for the clinical treatment of autophagy-related reproductive disorders and ovarian diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the role of CD2 gene on immune infiltration in ovarian cancer microenvironment. Methods: GEPIA online tool was used to retrieve the expression of CD2 gene in ovarian cancer, GEPIA and Kaplan-Meier plotter databases were used to analyze the value of CD2 gene in evaluating the prognosis of ovarian cancer. Co-expression gene network of CD2 gene in ovarian cancer was constructed by Coexpedia. The key genes were screened out according to the score, and the correlation between CD2 gene and key genes was further analyzed by GEPIA and cBioportal to speculate the expression of related genes in ovarian cancer and their value for prognosis assessment. TIMER was used to analyze the expression of CD2 and related genes in ovarian cancer and the relationship between CD2 and six kinds of immune cells in tumor microenvironment. Results: ①In TCGA, the expression of CD2 gene in tumor tissue of ovarian cancer was higher than that in normal ovarian tissue (P＜0.05).②Both GEPIA and Kaplan-Meier plotter suggested that patients with high expression of CD2 gene had longer overall survival (P＜0.05). ③The co-expressed genes of CD2 gene are CD3D, LCK, ITK, CCL5, CD48, GZMK, PTPRC, TRAF31P3, SH2D1A, GZMA, CD247, CD52, IL10RA, CD3E, IKZF1, CD53, CD6, CXCR6 and CD3G. ④In order of the highest score, the top five key genes were screened out, namely CD3D, LCK, ITK, CCL5 and CD48. CD2 was positively correlated with the expression of CD3D, LCK, ITK, CCL5 and CD48 (P＜0.05).⑤TIMER analysis showed that CD2 gene was positively correlated with the infiltration of B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells in ovarian cancer (P＜0.05). COX regression model suggested that the infiltration level of macrophages and neutrophils was positively correlated with the prognosis of patients, the infiltration level of CD4+ T cells was negatively correlated with the prognosis of patients (P＜0.05). Conclusions: CD2 gene is highly expressed in ovarian cancer tissues, which may affect the prognosis of patients by affecting the infiltration of immune cells in tumor microenvironment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect of long chain non coding RNA nucleolar small RNA host gene 11 (lncRNA SNHG11) targeting miR-184/CARM1 signal axis on ovarian cancer cells and its mechanism. Methods Expression levels of lncRNA SNHG11 and miR-184 in ovarian cancer tissue and cells were detected by real time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR), and SKOV3 cells were selected for the experiment. SKOV3 cells were divided into the si-NC group (transfected with si-NC), the si-SNHG11 group (transfected with si-SNHG11), the si-SNHG11+anti-NC group (transfected with si-SNHG11+anti-NC), the si-SNHG11+anti-miR-184 group (transfected with si-SNHG11+anti-miR-184), the miR-NC group (transfected with miR-NC), the miR-184 mimics group (transfected with miR-184 mimics), the miR-184 mimics+pcDNA group (transfected with miR-184 mimics+pcDNA) and the miR-184 mimics+CARM1 group (transfected with miR-184 mimics+pcDNA-CARM1). The cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and the expression levels of CARM1, E-cadherin, N-cadherin protein in each group were detected respectively. The tumorigenicity of each group of cells in vivo was detected by nude mouse tumorigenesis experiment. The targeting relationship between miR-184 and lncRNA SNHG11, CARM1 was detected by double luciferase reporter gene experiment. Results The expression level of lncRNA SNHG11 was increased in ovarian cancer tissue and cells, and the expression level of miR-184 was decreased in ovarian cancer cells (P＜0.05). Compared with the si-NC group, the proliferation, migration and invasion ability of SKOV3 cells were decreased in the si-SNHG11 group, and the tumor weight and volume were decreased, the expression of N-cadherin was decreased, and the apoptosis rate and the expression of E-cadherin protein were increased (P＜0.05). Compared with the si-SNHG11+anti-NC group, the proliferation, migration and invasion ability of SKOV3 cells were increased in the si-SNHG11+anti-miR-184 group, the tumor weight and volume were increased, and the expression of N-cadherin protein was increased, and the apoptosis rate and E-cadherin protein expression were decreased (P＜0.05). Compared with the miR-NC group, the proliferation, migration and invasion ability of SKOV3 cells were decreased in the miR-184 mimics group, the tumor weight and volume were decreased, the expression of N-cadherin protein was decreased, while the apoptosis rate and expression level of E-cadherin protein were increased (P＜0.05). Compared with the miR-184 mimics+pcDNA group, the proliferation, migration and invasion ability of SKOV3 cells were increased in the miR-184mimics+CARM1 group. The tumor weight and volume were increased, and the expression of N-cadherin protein was increased, while the apoptosis rate and E-cadherin protein expression were decreased (P＜0.05). LncRNA SNHG11 targetly regulated miR-184/CARM1 axis. Conclusion LncRNA SNHG11 promotes the growth of ovarian cancer by regulating miR-184/CARM1 signal axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the expression of G protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) and G protein coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) and their clinical value as prognostic biomarkers for ovarian cancer patients. Methods The paraffin embedded samples and clinicopathological data of 128 ovarian cancer patients were systematically collected. The expression levels of GPR120 and GPR40 in ovarian cancer samples were detected by immunohistochemistry, and the relationships between expression levels of GPR120 and GPR40 and clinicopathological characteristics of ovarian cancer patients were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw survival curves of patients with high and low expression levels of GPR120 and GPR40, and Cox proportional hazard model were used to analyze predictors of disease free survival (DFS) for ovarian cancer patients. Results The positive rates of GPR120 and GPR40 expression in ovarian cancer samples were 62.5% (80/128) and 56.3% (72/128), respectively. The positive expression rates of GPR120 in patients with FIGO stage Ⅱ — Ⅲ and histology G3 were significantly higher than those in patients with FIGO stage Ⅰ and histology G1—G2, respectively. Similarly, the positive expression rates of GPR40 in FIGO Ⅱ—Ⅲ and histologic G3 patients were significantly higher than those in patients with FIGO Ⅰ and histologic G1—G2, respectively. Survival analysis showed that the 4-year DFS rate of patients with high GPR120 expression was decreased compared with that of patients with low GPR120 expression (56.9% vs. 70.7%, Log-rank χ2 = 5.144, P=0.023). The 4-year DFS rate of patients with high GPR40 expression was significantly lower than that of patients with low GPR40 expression (57.7% vs. 68.4%，Log-rank χ2 = 4.491, P=0.034). The univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis identified that high GPR120 expression, high GPR40 expression, FIGO stage Ⅱ — Ⅲ and residual disease size ≥ 1 cm were independent prognostic factors for ovarian cancer patients. Conclusion GPR120 and GPR40 are useful biomarkers to predict aggressive features and poor prognosis of ovarian cancer patients, and their dysregulation might be implicated in malignant transformation and cancer progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis is a novel cell death mode different from autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis, which is initiated by cellluar iron overload and lipid peroxidation. In recent years, an increasing number studies have explored the role of ferroptosis related mechanisms in ovarian cancer, and found that altered the metabolism of iron and lipid in ovarian cancer cells, as well as the expression of P53, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ -binding motif (TAZ) can regulate the ferroptosis of cancer cells, thereby delaying the progression of ovarian cancer. Studies also confirmed that ferroptosis can not only improve the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to platinum drugs, enhance the effect of chemotherapy, but also improve the resistance of ovarian cancer cells to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, and improve the clinical benefits of PARP inhibitor treatment in ovarian cancer patients, PARP inhibitor and immunotherapy can promote the ferroptosis of ovarian cancer cells in the treatment of ovarian cancer. This shows that ferroptosis and chemotherapy, PARP inhibitors and immunotherapy have synergistic effects in inhibiting the growth of ovarian cancer cells. Therefore, ferroptosis may become a new target for the treatment of ovarian cancer in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the mechanism and clinical value of zinc finger protein 492 (ZNF492) gene mutation in ovarian cancer, and to provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer. Methods: The transcriptome data of ZNF492 mutant samples were downloaded by TCGA, and the samples were divided into two groups: ZNF492 mutant and non-mutant groups. The R package DESeq2 was used to analyze the differential genes between the two groups. The differentially expressed genes were analyzed by kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). The age, tumor stage and differentiation of ovarian cancer patients were obtained, and the Nomogram model was constructed and evaluated by multivariate COX regression prediction model of ZNF492 expression and clinical characteristics of ovarian cancer patients. Results: There were 100 up -regulated genes and 971 down-regulated genes in the differential genes between the ZNF492 mutant group (n=377) and the non-mutant group (n=2). The pathway enrichment analysis of differential genes between the two groups and 100 up-regulated genes in the ZNF492 mutant group showed that they were enriched transforming growth factor -β (TGF -β) signal path. The results of multivariate COX regression prediction model showed that higher age (≥65 years old), the higher tumor stage (Ⅲ-Ⅳ stage) and differentiation (G3) might be related to the poor overall survival (HR>1), while high expression of ZNF492 (≥0.672) was related to the better prognosis (HR＜1), among which the higher age patients (≥65 years old) had a poor prognosis (P＜0.01). Based on the above four factors, further construct the Nomogram prediction model. The model validation results showed that the C index was 0.593, the area under the curve (AUC) (0.610 and 0.566) of three-year and five-year ROC curves, and the clinical decision curve analysis (DCA) suggested that patients can take bold measures when the 3-year or 5-year survival rate was greater than 18% and less than 82% . Conclusions: Mutated ZNF492 may affect the occurrence and development of ovarian cancer by regulating TGF -β pathway and anti -apoptosis potential mechanism, and has strong clinical practical value in predicting prognosis. ZNF492 mutation is expected to be a marker of circulating tumour DNA and therapeutic target for ovarian cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynecological malignancies, which is characterized by difficulties in early diagnosis, high recurrence rate and mortality. Although most patients achieve clinical remission after aggressive treatment, more than 80% of patients may experience drug -resistant recurrence, usually accompanied by lymph node and extensive abdominal metastasis. There is an urgent need to find new therapeutic strategies for ovarian cancer to prolong survival and reduce recurrence. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a novel molecular targeted therapy that combines the specificity of antibody targeting tumor and light-absorbing dye exposure to near-infrared. NIR-PIT is an emerging targeted therapy for cancer, which plays an important role in the early diagnosis, treatment and drug resistance of tumors. This paper reviews the mechanism of anti-tumor effect of NIR-PIT and the current research progress of NIR-PIT in ovarian cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a rare malignant tumor of the ovary, the pathogenesis of which is still unclear, and the clinical manifestations and auxiliary examination are not specific, preoperative diagnosis is difficult, the diagnosis can only rely on the histopathological results and immunohistochemical results. It is very easy to be confused with other malignant tumors of the ovary and miss the best treatment time and delay the disease. We report a case of ovarian DLBCL in our hospital, in which the patient presented with the main complaint of abdominal distension and without other discomfort, and the atypical imaging examination. The patient was initially diagnosed as a pelvic mass after admission. The diagnosis was confirmed by exploratory laparotomy, and surgery and chemical treatment were given. Now we retrospectively analyze the clinical data of the patient and review the relevant literature to deepen the clinicians' understanding of this disease and effectively improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children ovarian dysgerminoma is uncommon in clinic practice. Combined with the history and the auxiliary examination, surgery in children ovarian dysgerminoma is the preferred approach. With the development and progress of the comprehensive treatment model, we need to consider the protection of children's fertility and the management of ovarian malignant tumor after surgical treatment. Here we report the data of a 12-year-old child with ovarian dysgerminoma. The patient first seen in the department of pediatrics due to abdominal pain, and then went to the department of gynecology after finding pelvic mass. Anal examination indicated that a mass of about 7.0 cm×6.0 cm, quality medium, border clear and movable could be palpated on the right side of the pelvic cavity. The examination of relevant tumor markers showed that alpha-fetoprotein and carbohydrate antigen 125 increased slightly. Laparotomy and intraoperative freezing suggested that benign lesions were considered in the left ovary and malignant lesions in the right ovary, so right adnexectomy +excision of left ovarian cyst was performed. Adjuvant chemotherapy and goserelin castration were given to protect ovarian function after surgery. The patient has been followed up for 11 months and has regular menstruation without special discomfort. The diagnosis and treatment process and characteristics of ovarian dysgerminoma in children were reviewed in order to improve clinicians'consideration of the diagnosis, treatment and management of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statins are 3-hydroxy -3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors that reduce plasma cholesterol level by reducing cholesterol biosynthesis and inducing changes in low-density lipoprotein receptor expression. It is widely used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and the prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In addition, statins may have potential anticancer effects by blocking cell cycle progression, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, and inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. Ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis and causes severe economic and psychological burden to patients. Statins exert anti-tumor effects and improve the chemoresistance of ovarian cancer by inhibiting mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway, promoting ferroptosis regulating autophagy and tumor microenvironment (TME). Studies have shown that statins, to some extent, can inhibit ovarian cancer cell proliferation, reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, improve the prognosis, synergize and enhance the anti-tumor effects of chemotherapy drugs, and reduce the recurrence rate. This article reviews the research progress of statins in the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer, in order to provide help for future clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian Brenner tumor is a rare pathological type of ovarian tumor, which can be divided into benign, borderline/atypical proliferalive and malignant. Its etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear, the clinical manifestations and imaging examinations are not specific, and it is easy to misdiagnose before surgery, and the diagnosis mainly depends on postoperative pathological examination. Recent studies have found that malignant Brenner tumor (MBT) gradually progresses from benign Brenner tumor of the ovaries, and the process of occurrence is related to the genetic variants of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene, CCND1 gene, and murine double microbody gene 2 (MDM2), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene and phosphoinositide 3-kinase catalytic alpha polypeptide (PIK3CA) gene. The treatment of ovarian Brenner tumor is mainly surgery, in which ovarian MBT can be supplemented with platinum-paclitaxel chemotherapy after surgery, and it is expected to be targeted therapy for its carcinogenic sites. Staging is an important prognostic factor, and early diagnosis and treatment is the key to improve prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the expression m1d significance of protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in ovarian epithelial carcinoma. Methods PAR2 mRNA expression levels in 410 cases of epithelial ovarian carcinoma and 88 cases of human normal ovary were analyzed from cancer Genome Atlas ( TCGA) database and tissue genotypic expression database ( GTEx). Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of PAR2 protein was performed in 149 patients with ovarian cancer who underwent primary surgical treatment at Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Then the relationship between mRNA/protein expression of PAR2 and clinicopathological features and prognosis was analyzed. Gene functions and related signaling pathways involved in PAR2 were studied by enrichment analysis. Results The mRNA expression of PAR2 in epithelial ovarian carcinoma was significantly higher than that in normal ovarian tissue ( 3.05 0.72 vs. 0.33±0.16, P= 0.004). There were 77 cases showing positive and 19 showing strong positive of PAR2 IHC staining among the 149 patients, accounting for 64.4% in total. PAR2 mRNA/protein expression was closely correlated with tumor reduction effect and initial therapeutic effect (P<0.05). Survival analysis showed that the progression free survival time (P=0.033) and overall survival time (P=0.011) in the group with high PAR2 mRNA expression was significantly lower than that in the low PAR2 mRNA group. Multivariate analysis showed tumor reduction effect, initial therapeutic effect were independent prognostic factors on both progression-free survival and overall survival ( P<0.05). The progression-free survival (P= 0.016) and overall survival (P=0.038) of the PAR2 protein high expression group was significantly lower than that of the low group. Multivariate analysis showed PAR2 expression, initial treatment effect and chemotherapy resistance were independent prognostic factors on both progression-free survival and overall survival (P <0.05). Based on Gene Ontology ( GO ) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes ( KEGG ), PAR2 target genes were mainly enriched in function related to intercellular connection, accounting for 40%. Gene enrichment analysis ( GSEA) showed that the Wnt/(3-catenin signaling pathway (P=0.023), the MAPK signaling pathway (P = 0.029) and glycolysis related pathway (P = 0.018) were enriched in ovarian cancer patients with high PAR2 mRNA expression. Conclusions PAR2 expression is closely related to tumor reduction effect, initial treatment effect and survival of ovarian cancer patients. PAR2 may be involved in Wnt/B-catenin signaling pathway and intercellular connection promoting ovarian cancer invasion and metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary is a rare clinical benign ovarian tumor with low incidence and unclear etiology. It is more common in young women, mostly with unilateral mass, often visit a doctor due to irregular menstrual bleeding or abdominal mass found in physical examination. Imaging examination showed changes such as "lake island sign", "fast in and slow out" and "centrality enhancement". Histopathology showed unilateral rounded cystic solid mass with "false lobule" as the characteristic lesion. Immunohistochemistry showed positive expression of inhibin, vimentin and actin. The diagnosis is mainly made by histopathology, and imaging examination has important reference value. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult and easily confused with ovarian fibroma, follicular membranous cell tumor, ovarian Kookenberg tumor, granulosa cell tumor, etc. Surgical treatment is the main means of treatment, mostly the affected side tumor resection or adnexectomy. Postoperative prognosis is good and ovarian function can be restored to normal. For the tumor with more nuclear mitosis and necrosis, it is necessary to be alert to the risk of recurrence, and long-term follow-up is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian granulosa cell tumor (OGCT) is a rare neoplasia of sex-cord stromal origin and accounts for 2%-5% of ovarian tumors. It can be divided into adult granulosa cell tumor (AGCT) and juvenile granulosa cell tumor (JGCT) according to the histopathological characteristics. Due to its secretion function, it often presents estrogen stimulation symptom. Mutation of FOXL2 gene c.402C→G is the most important pathogenic factor in AGCT and a molecular diagnostic marker. Surgery is the first choice for OGCT. The most important factor affecting the prognosis of patients is clinical stage. Inhibin β and AMH can be used as serological markers in diagnosis and detection of OGCT. OGCT generally has a favorable prognosis. Due to the characteristics of long-term recurrence, long-term follow-up should be insisted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]