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Objective: In order to realize the detection of apple sugar content, a nondestructive prediction method of apple sugar content based on the characteristic gray series of apple reflection spot image in darkroom system is proposed. Methods: The laser with the peak wavelength of 670 nm absorbed by the apple was used as the illumination light source, which was incident from the illumination port of the integrating sphere. The apple sample was placed at the sample port of the integrating sphere, and the reflection spot of the apple sample was obtained at the measuring port of the integrating sphere. Through the image collected by mobile phone, the gray information of the reflection spot image of apple under the irradiation of this wavelength was studied. It was found that the gray distribution of the reflection spot image of apple with different sugar content was different. Using partial least squares （PLS） algorithm, for 90 samples of three apple species in the training set, taking the pixel frequency （i.e. characteristic Gray Series） with gray value between 90~110 in the outer ring area of the reflected spot image as the sugar content related component, the three apple species were modeled and predicted respectively, so as to realize the nondestructive and rapid measurement of apple sugar content. Results: The predictive correlation coefficients of three kinds of apples in the training set were 0.89, 0.84 and 0.94 respectively. Based on the designed three kinds of apple sugar content prediction model, another 60 samples of the three apple species are verified. The prediction correlation coefficients of the three corresponding kinds of apple sugar degree in the verification set can reach 0.70, 0.73 and 0.76 respectively. Conclusion: Compared with the method of using multi wavelength fusion to predict apple sugar content, using a single strong absorption wavelength and the characteristic gray series of apple reflection spot image in darkroom system can be used as the basis of apple sugar content prediction, which provides a new research idea for apple sugar content prediction.

In view of requirements of informatization and intelligence of customer relationship management system of coal enterprises, the paper proposed a design scheme of intelligent customer relationship management system of coal enterprises based on SQL Server 2008. It gave data mining flow of the intelligent customer relationship management system, and detailedly introduced application of intelligent business tool of SQL Server 2008 in the intelligent customer relationship management system of coal enterprises, which includes structure of cluster deployment and software framework of the intelligent customer relationship management system of coal enterprises. The example analysis results validate feasibility of the system.

K-prototypes clustering algorithms combine K-means and K-modes to analyze mixed data objects. Classic K-prototypes clustering algorithms don't consider the effect degree of each attribute to the last clustering results when calculating the dissimilarity of data object. But in the real world, the importance of each attribute varies. In this paper we use information gain of the information theory to get the weight of each attribute. These weights are used to get a better clustering result when we calculate the dissimilarity. In order to improve the fuzzy ability, the proposed algorithm exploits the fuzzy theory to get a better capability for dealing with anti-noise and uncertain problems. Clustering experiments on four UCI data sets validate the effectiveness of our algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study predation by Coccinella septempunctata adults on 4 stages of Poratrioza sinica Yang Li, predation functional response, mutual interference, density influence and preference of C. septempunctata on P. sinica were investigated in laboratory and preying effect in field. The study indicated that functional response of adult C. septempunctata to P. sinica could be fitted by Holling 2 model, the daily maximum numbers of P. sinica eggs, 1 st -2 nd instar nymphs, 3 rd -5 th instar nymphs and adults preyed theoretically by the adult C. septempunctata were 112.6, 536, 415 and 113.9, respectively. In 30 days of adult's life cycle, density of P. sinica inside cages could be decreased by 80.1% in the field. Searching efficiency of C. septempunctata to P. sinica 1 st -2 nd instar nymphs was 0.9451 and processing time was 0.001865, which were better than those of other stages. The maximum rate of P. sinica 1 st -2 nd instar nymphs preyed was 80.2% as the prey density was 100 heads per dish, so the ratio of predator: prey was 1:100. The density had a greater impact than mutual interference on C. septempunctata. When different stages of P. sinica co-existed equally, C. septempunctata preferred P. sinica adult in 100 heads per dish while P. sinica nymphs in 300 heads per dish. The study showed that C. septempunctata has the potential to be predator of P. sinica and the newly-hatched nymphs could be controlled more effectively by C. septempunctata adult in field.

Plant cells response to water deficit through a variety of physiological processes. In this work, we studied the function of microtubule cytoskeleton during dehydration/rehydration cycle in moss (Atrichum undulatum) protonemal cells as a model system. The morphological and cytological change of protonemal cells during dehydration and rehydration cycle were first investigated. Under normal conditions, protonemal cells showed bright green colour and appeared wet and fresh. Numerous chloroplasts distributed regularly throughout the cytoplasm in each cell. After dehydration treatment, protonemal cells lost most of their chlorophylls and turned to look yellow and dry. In addition, dehydration caused plasmolysis in these cells. Upon rehydration, the cells could recover completely from the dehydrated state. These results indicated that moss had a remarkable intrinsic ability to survive from the extreme drought stress. Microtubule, an important component of cytoskeleton, is considered to play crucial roles in the responses to some environmental stresses such as cold and light. To see if it is also involved in the drought tolerance, dynamic organization of microtubules in protonemal cells of Atrichum undulatum subjected to drought and rehydration were examined by indirect immunofluorescence combined with confocal lasersharp scanning microscopy. The cortical microtubules were arranged into a fine structure with a predominant orientation parallel to the long axis of the cells in the control cells. After dehydration, the microtubule organization was remarkablly altered and the fine microtubule structure disappeared whereas some thicker cables formed. When the cells were grown under rehydration conditions, the fine microtubule arrays reappeared. These results provided a piece of evidence that microtubules play a role in the cellular responses to drought stress in moss. Furthermore, we analyzed the effects of the microtubule-disrupting agent colchicine on the morphology recovery of the protonemal cells during rehydration process. The cells were incubated with colchicine, followed by drought stress treatment and rehydration in the presence of colchicine to prevent recovery of microtubule organization. Results from immunofluorescence showed that microtubule arrays were broken down into smaller fragments. Compared to the cells treated with drought stress alone, the cells treated with drought stress in the presence of colchicine could not recover after rehydration treatment. The morphology resembled those of the drought treated cells, with obvious plasmolysis phenomena and loss of chlorophyll content. These results support the notion that microtubules were involved in the deccication tolerance mechanism in Atrichum undulatum.