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Sports-related traumatic brain injury (srTBI) is a traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by sports, which can result in cognitive and motor dysfunction. Currently, research on the molecular mechanism of srTBI and related drug development mainly relies on monolayer culture models and animal models. However, many differences exist in cell populations and inflammatory responses between these models and human pathophysiological processes. Most of the researches derived from the models can't effectively conducted translational research. Emerging three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models bridge the limitations of traditional models in simulating the pathophysiological processes of human srTBI and provide new means to understand srTBI. A literature has reported the research progress of emerging 3D in vitro models in neurological diseases, but there is a lack of systematic summary of the mentioned models in srTBI studies. Here, we review the research progress of emerging 3D in vitro models of srTBI, discuss the advantages and limitations of existing models, and further prospect the future trend of srTBI models. This paper aims to provide a new research perspective for researchers in tissue engineering and sports medicine to study the molecular mechanisms of srTBI and develop neuroprotective drugs.

Objective: To assess the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of dual specificity phosphatase 9 (DUSP9) gene rs5945326 locus with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)., Methods: Genotypes for the rs5945326 locus were determined for 206 pregnant women with GDM (GDM group) and 189 unaffected pregnant women (control group). Allelic and genotypic frequencies of the GDM and control groups were compared. For individuals with various genotypes, the level of blood glucose, serum lipids, and body mass index (BMI) were also compared., Results: The frequencies of AA, AG and GG genotypes for the GDM group were 32.2%, 52.2% and 15.6%, respectively, and 41.2%, 43.9% and 15.0%, for the control group, respectively. No significant difference was detected in the distribution of above genotypes between the two groups (chi-square=3.601, P=0.165). The frequencies of alleles A and G were 58.3% and 41.7% in the GDM group, and 63.1% and 36.9% in the control group, respectively. No significant difference was detected between the two groups too (chi-square=1.894, P=0.188). The high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels of the GG genotype [(2.34×0.61) mmol/L] was significantly higher than that of the AG+AA genotype [(2.06×0.56) mmol/L] (t=2.993, P=0.003). No significant difference was detected in other clinical indexes between the two groups (P> 0.05)., Conclusion: The SNP rs5945326 in DUSP9 gene may be not associated with the risk of GDM. However, there are correlated with HDL levels.

Objective: To investigate different types of anastomosis and reconstruction techniques after pancreaticodudenectomy with meat-analysis., Methods: Systematically literature search was performed through Wanfang, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library database without restriction to regions, publication types, or languages. A total of 17 randomized controlled trials met the criteria and were evaluated by Jadad scale. Fixed and random-effects models were used to measure the pooled estimates, including pancreatic fistula, bile leakage, hemorrhage, delay gastric emptying(DGE), mortality, reoperation., Results: Meta analysis revealed that patients undergoing pancreaticogastrostomy had a lower incidence of pancreatic fistula and bile leakage(OR=0.60, 95%CI:0.44-0.82, P=0.001; OR=0.33, 95%CI:0.13-0.82, P=0.02) as compared to pancreaticojejunostomy. In pancreaticoenterostomy group, pancreatic duct-mucosa pancreaticoenterostomy had no significant differences with traditional end-to-end anastomosis in terms of overall postoperative morbidity, and development of postoperative pancreatic fistula, reoperation, perioperative death. External stent placement drainage group had a lower postoperative overall complication rate and incidence of pancreatic fistula, especially the II(-III( grade pancreatic fistula, and a shorter hospital stay than non-stent drainage group(all P<0.05)., Conclusions: Pancreaticogastrostomy should be recommended as digestive tract reconstruction after pancreaticodudenectomy and assistant external stent drainage is also necessary.

Objective: To study the biocompatibility of porous calcium phosphate ceramics nanocomposite., Methods: The biocompatibility was evaluated via experiments including the hemolysis test, hemopexis test, acute systemic toxicity test, pyrogen test, and intramuscular implant test, in which biphasic calcium phosphate nanocomposite (NanoBCP) presented as leaching solution, suspension or blocks of 5 mmx5 mmxl mm. Animals including New Zealand Rabbits, Kunming mice, SD rats were selected as the host., Results: The hemolysis of NanoBCP was 1.1% (<5%). Four coagulation index levels were within the normal range. In pyrogen test, the temperature of each experimental rat increased by 0.35, 0.40, 0.28 degrees C (<0.60 degrees C, in accordance with the pyrogen-free criterion for biomedical materials). No consequent death, dyspnoea, organ dysfunction, severe peritoneal irritation or ptosis was observed in acute systemic toxic test. Newly-formed fibrous tissue could be found after the implantation., Conclusion: The material possesses outstanding biocompatibility and degradability with no toxicity or irritation, contains no pyrogen, as well as better degradation properties than biphasic calcium phosphate.

Background: The lung and esophagus are always damaged during radiation on thoracic tumors to a certain extent. This study is to report the incidence of radiation pneumonitis and radiation esophagitis and to analyze the factors as predictors of radiation toxicity in the treatment of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for lung cancer., Methods: Between March 1999 and September 2003, 112 lung cancer patients treated with 3DCRT were reviewed at this Hospital. This population consisted of 87 men and 25 women, including 97 cases of non-small cell lung cancer and 15 of small cell lung cancer. The median age was 64 years old. Radiotherapy was delivered at 2Gy fraction, 5 fractions per week. The median total dose was 60Gy., Results: Grade 2 or more acute radiation pneumonitis developed in 7.1% (8/112) of patients while grade 2 or more late radiation pneumonitis appeared in 1.8% (2/112) of patients. Acute radiation esophagitis was observed in 8.9% (10/112) of patients with grade 2. No clinical and physical factor was relative to acute radiation pneumonitis by univariate and multivariate analysis. In the entire population, the univariate analysis revealed that many parameters (pre-treatment weight loss more than 5%, chemotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy) were significantly associated with acute radiation esophagitis. Multivariate analysis revealed that pre-treatment weight loss more than 5% was the most important risk factor for acute radiation esophagitis (P= 0.016)., Conclusions: No clinical and physical factor is relative to acute radiation pneumonitis and pre-treatment weight loss more than 5% is the most important risk factor for acute radiation esophagitis in this study.

Objective: To study the efficacy of chemotherapy for glioblastoma on the basis of brain irradiation., Methods: It was previously reported that the permeability of the blood brain barrier (BBB) to methotrexate could be increased by brain irradiation. In this study, glioblastoma patients were divided into 2 groups, 28 patients in each group. On group of patients was treated with CCNU or BCNU after having given 20-40 Gy irradiation to the brain. The other group of patients received radiation treatment alone., Results: The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rate of the two groups of patients was 57.1%, 22.5%, 15.0% and 17.9%, 7.1%, 3.6%, respectively. The median survival time was 29.7 +/- 7.0 and 9.7 +/- 3.5 months, respectively (P < 0.001)., Conclusion: Increase in permeability of the BBB after 20-40 Gy brain irradiation may provide an optimal chance for intracranial chemotherapy of glioblastoma.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of PHB membrane around dental titanium implants used in guided bone regeneration technique., Methods: Endosseous cylindrical implants were placed in dogs' mandibles after extraction of all the mandibular premolars and the first molars immediately. Ideal implant placement sites were modified by creating standardized 3 mm x 5 mm facial dehiscent defects. The defects were covered with PHB membrane and titanium membrane respectively, then the membranes were fixed on the periosteum by sutures, and the remainder served as controls. Tissue closure was achieved with mattress and interrupted single sutures, and antibiotic injection was given to the dogs in the following 3 days. The dogs were divided into three groups according to the healing time of 1, 2 and 3 months, then the three groups of dogs were sacrificed. After that, tissue blocks containing the implants and the control ones were removed and studied by gross observation, X-ray radiograph and fluorescence microscope, and the surfaces of the membranes were observed by scanning electron microscope. The specimen used for light microscope study were fixed with 10% formaldehyde for 24 hours, and decalcified with 0.5 mol/L EDTA for 2 weeks. After the titanium implants were carefully removed, the tissue blocks were embedded into the paraffin wax, and the sections were obtained., Results: The PHB membrane degraded slowly and partly 3 months after placement, and the biodegradable property of the PHB membrane deserved a longer period of study; The bone defects covered with PHB and titanium membrane were filled with much more new bone than that of the control group., Conclusion: PHB membrane can enhance bone formation and can be used for guided bone regeneration.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the in situ hybridization technique of paraffin-embedded skeletal tissues by non-radioactive labelling oligonucleotide, Five six-week-old male SD rats were selected and the proximal epiphyseal growth plates of bilateral tibiae were removed to be decalcified in 0.5 mol/L EDTA. The tissues were embedded by paraffin and the sections were treated and hybridized with RNase-free reagents. Control groups were set to testified the sensitivity and the specificity of the experiment. The results showed that this method preserved the integrate structures and effectively detected the mRNA of the tissues. These indicated that it was an efficient and practical approach to the biomolecular research of skeletal tissue.

The authors studied the expression level of IGF-I mRNA of osteoblasts cultured from the rats' calvarias, affected by four kinds of substitutive materials for bone tissues, using the technique in situ hybridization. The result showed that the substitutive materials could affect the expression level of IGF-I mRNA of osteoblasts. The measurement of expression regulation may be a parameter for evaluation of biocompatibility of substitutive materials for bone tissues.

Four kinds of substitutive materials for hard tissues were inserted into tibias of rat, effect of substitutive materials on IGF-I mRNA expression level of cell in the interfaces of bone and four kinds of substitutive materials were studied by the technique in situ hybridization. It showed that the biomaterials could affect the level of IGF-I mRNA expression, the enhanced expression level was associated with cell proliferation, formation of matrix and calcification, formation of new bone. Measurement of IGF-I mRNA could attribute to judge the functional state of cell, and to predict the final character of the interface.