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Agaricus blazei is a rare medicinal and edible fungus with a crispy taste and delicious flavor. Both fruiting body and mycelium are rich in polysaccharides, sterols, terpenoids, peptides, lipids, polyphenols, and other active ingredients, which have strong pharmacological activities such as anti-tumor, lipid-lowering, glucose-lowering, immunomodulation, optimization of intestinal flora, and anti-oxidation. Therefore, it is a kind of fungal resource with a great prospect of edible and medicinal development. Among the reported chemical components of A. blazei, blazeispirol is a series of sterol compounds unique to A. blazei, which has a spiral structure and is different from classical steroids. It is an important active ingredient found in the mycelium of A. blazei and has significant hepatoprotective activity. It can be used as a phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic marker of A. blazei strains and is considered an excellent lead compound for drug development. According to the skeleton structure characteristics, the 17 discovered blazeispirol compounds can be divided into two types: blazeispirane and problazeispirane. In order to further explore the resource of blazeispirol compounds of A. blazei, the discovery, isolation, structure, biological activity, and biosynthetic pathways of blazeispirol compounds of A. blazei were systematically reviewed. Besides, the metabolic regulation strategies related to the fermentation synthesis of blazeispirol A by A. blazei were discussed. This review could provide a reference for the efficient synthesis and development of blazeispirol compounds, the research and development of related drugs and functional foods, and the quality improvement of A. blazei and other medicinal and edible fungi resources and derivatives.

Objective: To detect the expression of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in the synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJSC), and to discuss the possible interactions between COMP, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3, TGF-β1 and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in the development of this neoplastic disease., Methods: Patients in Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from January 2011 to February 2020 were selected, who had complete medical records, TMJSC was verified histologically after operation. The expressions of COMP, TGF-β3, TGF-β1 and BMP-2 in the TMJSC of the temporomandibular joint were detected by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) at the protein level and mRNA level respectively, compared with the normal synovial tissue of temporomandibular joint. The histological morphology, protein expression and distribution of TMJSC tissues were observed microscopically, and the positive staining proteins were counted and scored. SPSS 22.0 statistical software was used to analyze the expression differences between the related proteins in TMJSC tissue and the normal synovial tissue of temporomandibular joint and to compare their differences. P < 0.05 indicated that the difference was statistically significant., Results: Immunohistochemical results showed that the positive expression of COMP in TMJSC tissues was mostly found in synovial tissues and chondrocytes adjacent to synovial tissues, and the difference was statistically significant, compared with the normal temporomandibular joint synovial tissues. The positive expression of COMP was significantly different between recurrent TMJSC and non-recurrent ones. The positive expressions of TGF-β3, TGF-β1 and BMP-2 were higher than the normal synovial tissue, and were also mostly found in the synovial cells and adjacent chondrocytes, which was further confirmed by Western blot. According to the RT-PCR results, the expressions of COMP , TGF-β3 , TGF-β1 and BMP-2 in TMJSC were higher than those in the normal synovial tissue., Conclusion: The expression of COMP in TMJSC of temporomandibular joint increased significantly, compared with the normal synovial tissue. There may be interactions between COMP and cytokines related to the proliferation and differentiation, like TGF-β3, TGF-β1 and BMP-2, which may play a potential role in the pathogenesis of TMJSC.

Objective: To investigate the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at different time-points on postoperative gastrointestinal function in patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery., Methods: Eighty patients with colorectal cancer undergoing laparotomy were randomly assigned to intravenous anesthesia, EA A, EA B, and EA C groups ( n ＝20 cases in each group). All the patients in the four groups received intravenous anesthesia with midazolam, sufentanil, cisatracurium besylate and Propofol, postoperative gastrointestinal decompression and drug analgesia. EA (2－3 mA, 2 Hz) was applied to Zhongwan (CV 12) and Tianshu (ST 25), Neiguan (PC 6), Zusanli (ST 36), Shangjuxu (ST 37), Xiajuxu (ST 39) on the right side for 30 min, once (one day before surgery) in the EA A group, twice (one day and 30 min before surgery) in the EA B group, and 3 times (one day, 30 min before and one day after surgery) in the EA C group. The acupoints used after surgery were PC 6, ST 36, ST 37 and ST 39. The time of postoperative ventilation, defecation, food-intake and water drinking, stomach tube removal and abdominal drainage tube removal, the volumes of stomach tube drainage and abdominal drainage, and postoperative adverse reactions were recorded., Results: The first ventilation time, after surgery in the EA C group was significantly earlier than those in the intravenous anesthesia, EA A and EA B groups ( P <0.05); and the water intake and abdomicnal drainage tube removal time after surgery in the EA C group were significantly earlier than those in the intravenous anesthesia group ( P <0.05). No significant differences were found among the 4 groups in the time of defecation, food intake, stomach tube removal, stomach tube drainage and abdominal drainage volumes, and numbers of patients with nausea, vomiting, fever and other adverse reactions ( P >0.05)．., Conclusion: EA treatment combined with intravenous anesthesia conducted before and after surgery is effective in promoting the recovery of gastrointestinal function in patients undergoing colorectal cancer laparotomy, and is obviously better than simple pre-operative EA.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and resistance changes of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) strains isolated from children patients of Chinese Bacterial Resistance Surveillance Network (CHINET) from 2005 to 2017. Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by disk diffusion method (KB method) and automated systems. Results were analyzed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2017 edition standards. Results: Among the 4 481 CRE clinical strains, the overall prevalence of CRE in children was 6.4%, including 8.8% in neonatal period, 7.3% in infancy, 3.8% in early childhood, 4.0% in preschool, 4.7% at school age and 7.4% of puberty. The CRE prevalence of citrobacter spp . remained stable in 2005-2017, whereas other bacteria showed an upward trend, which was higher than that of the adult group ( P< 0.01). Among the 4 481 CRE strains, there were 2 905 strains of Klebsiella spp. (64.8%), 813 strains of Escherichia coli (18.1%), 549 strains of Enterobacter spp. (12.3%), and 65 strains of Citrobacter spp. (1.5%). Among the 4 481 CRE strains, 20.7%, 13.3%, and 11.8% were from the intensive care unit (ICU), neonatal department and internal medicine wards, respectively. Specimens were distributed as respiratory (42.8%), urine (26.3%), and blood (14.9%). The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing exhibited that the CRE strains were highly resistant to most commonly used antimicrobial agents in clinical practice, such as imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem, as well as penicillins and cephalosporins, etc. Conclusion: The prevalence of CRE strains in children is increasing year by year, and their antimicrobial resistance to common antibacterial agents in clinical practice is extremely serious, to which serious attention needs to be paid. According to the results of antimicrobial susceptibility testings, the antibacterial agents should be rationally selected to effectively control the spread of CRE.

Objective: To investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of ADAMTS14 gene rs4747096 and osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint in Chinese Han females., Methods: As a case-control study, a total of 213 Chinese Han females were involved in the present study, which contained 103 temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis patients and 110 healthy people who had no symptoms or signs of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis as control. Peripheral blood samples were collected from each participant. Genomic DNAs of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis patients and healthy control were extracted from peripheral venous blood, which were stored in -80 °C refrigerator by using DNA extraction kits. The designed primers were used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of specific DNA fragments. Genotype was determined by sequencing the PCR products. The software Chromas 2.22 was used to analyze the genotype. The genotype distributions, allele frequencies and genetic models between the patients and controls were compared. The age distribution was checked by t-test. Genotype and allele frequency were detected by Chi-square test., Results: In the present study, there were no significant differences between the osteoarthritis patients and healthy controls in terms of age. The genotype distribution was in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the two groups. The genotype frequency of the ADAMTS14 (rs4747096) in the experimental group was 38.8% (AA), 55.4% (AG), and 5.8% (GG), respectively. The genotype frequency in the control group was 40.9% (AA), 43.6% (AG), and 15.5% (GG), respectively. The difference of genotype frequency of the ADAMTS14 (rs4747096) was significant between the experimental group and the control group (P=0.047). There was no significant difference in allele frequency between the two groups (P=0.415). AA and AG genotypes significantly increased the risk of the disease compared with GG in dominant model (OR=1.114, 95% CI: 1.015-1.223, P=0.028)., Conclusion: A significant correlationship was found between the ADAMTS14 (rs4747096) SNP and the temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis in Chinese Han females. The distribution of rs4747096 may be different between temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis and healthy population.

Objective: To investigate the antibiotic resistance status of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from hospitalized children in Shanxi Children's Hospital. Method: E-test and Kirby-Bauer methods were applied to determine drug sensitivity of the isolates collected from the body fluid specimens of hospitalized children in Shanxi Children's Hospital from January 2012 to December 2014. The antimicrobial sensitivity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Streptococcus pneumoniae to the conventional antibiotics were analyzed, in order to compare the annual trends of non-invasive isolates, while the differentiation of sensitivity from specimens. The comparison of rates was performed by Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test. Result: A total of 671 isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae were obtained, which could be divided as non-invasive isolates(607), invasive isolates from non-cerebrospinal fluid(non-CSF)(40) and invasive isolates from cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)(24). The antimicrobial sensitivity(isolates(%)) of the 671 isolates were respectively vancomycin 671(100.0%), linezolid 671(100.0%), levofloxacin 665(99.1%), penicillin 595(88.7%), ceftriaxone 516(76.9%), cefotaxime 512(76.3%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprin(SMZ-TMP) 103(15.4%), clindamycin 28(4.2%), tetracycline 26(3.9%), erythromycin 12(1.8%). From 2012 to 2014, the susceptibility rates of non-invasive isolates to penicillin every year were 95.0%(96/101), 97.3%(110/113), 87.3%(343/393), respectively, and there was significant difference among the three years(χ(2)=13.266, P <0.05), and the values of MIC(50, )MIC(90) and the maximum values of MIC(mg/L) of penicillin were 0.064, 2.000, 6.000 in 2012, which grew up to 1.000, 3.000, 16.000 in 2014. There was no significant difference in the susceptibility rate of non-invasive isolates to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime during these three years, (χ(2)=1.172, 1.198, both P >0.05). On the other hand, the values of MIC(50, )MIC(90) and the maximum value of MIC(mg/L) of ceftriaxone and cefotaxime both increased from 0.500, 2.000, 8.000 in 2012 to 0.750, 4.000, 32.000 in 2014. There was no significant difference in the susceptibility rate of non-invasive isolates to the rest antibiotic. Based on the same examining standard of CSF, the antimicrobial sensitivity(isolates(%)) of the non-invasive isolates to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, SMZ-TMP were respectively 281(46.3%), 278(45.8%), 78(12.9%), were significantly lower than the susceptibility rate of the invasive isolates from non-CSF (28(70%), 28(70%), 14(35%), χ(2)=8.453, 8.817, 15.094, all P <0.012 5), and lower than the invasive isolates from CSF (18(75%), 18(75%), χ(2)=7.631, 7.905, P <0.012 5; 11(45.8%), P =0.001). The sensitivity of the isolates to the rest antibiotics were similar( P >0.05). Conclusion: More than 95.0% strains of the streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from the hospitalized children in Shanxi Children's Hospital were sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid, levofloxacin, and the susceptibility rate of penicillin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime were 88.7%, 76.9%, 76.3%. However, less than 20.0% of streptococcus pneumoniae were sensitive to erythromycin, clindamycin, SMZ-TMP and tetracycline. The susceptibility rate of penicillin of non-invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae declined by these years, and the differences to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime can be neglected, but the values of MIC(50, )MIC(90) and the maximum value of MIC of all were linearly rising. The susceptibility rate of antibiotics to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime of the non-invasive isolates was lower than the invasive isolates.

Objective: To retrospectively analyze the clinical features, treatment and prognosis to the diffuse tenosynovial giant cell tumor (D-TSGCT) arising from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and to give a reference for the early diagnosis and treatment of this disease., Methods: In this study, 15 patients finally diagnosed as D-TSGCT of TMJ histopathologically at the Peking University Hospital of Stomatology from October 2003 to August 2015 were selected and reviewed. Their clinical manifestations, imaging and histological features, diagnoses and differential diagnoses, treatments and follow-ups were summarized and discussed., Results: D-TSGCT of TMJ showed obvious female predominance (12/15), the main symptoms included painful preauricular swelling or mass, limited mouth-opening and mandibular deviation with movement. D-TSGCT on computed tomography (CT) scan often showed ill-defined soft tissue masses around TMJ, enhancement after contrast administration, usually with widening of the joint spaces and with bone destruction of the condyle, the fossa and even the skull base. On magnetic resonance images (MRI), the majority of lesions on T1 weighted images and T2 weighted images both showed the characteristics of low signals (6/11). The lesions could extend beyond the joints (9/11) and into the infratemporal fossa (4/11) and the middle cranial fossa (4/11). Surgical resection was performed in 14 cases and biopsy in 1 case. Postoperative radiotherapy was performed in 3 cases. In follow-ups, 3 cases showed recurrence postoperatively., Conclusion: D-TSGCT arising from TMJ should be differentiated with TMJ disorders, other tumors and tumor-like lesions of TMJ and parotid neoplasms, etc. CT and MRI examinations have important values in the diagnosis and treatment design of D-TSGCT. Because of the local aggressive and extensive behavior, complete resection should be performed as soon as possible. Postoperative radiotherapy was helpful for the extensive lesions including destruction of skull base and may be a good supplementary therapy. Because of the possibility of recurrence and malignancy, long-term follow-up was suggested.

SWAT model, an extensively used distributed hydrological model, was used to quantitatively analyze the influences of changes in land use and climate on the runoff at watershed scale. Liuxihe Watershed' s SWAT model was established and three scenarios were set. The calibration and validation at three hydrological stations of Wenquan, Taipingchang and Nangang showed that the three factors of Wenquan station just only reached the standard in validated period, and the other two stations had relative error (RE) < 15%, correlation coefficient (R2) > 0.8 and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency valve (Ens) > 0.75, suggesting that SWAT model was appropriate for simulating runoff response to land use change and climate variability in Liuxihe watershed. According to the integrated scenario simulation, the annual runoff increased by 11.23 m3 x s(-1) from 2001 to 2010 compared with the baseline period from 1991 to 2000, among which, the land use change caused an annual runoff reduction of 0.62 m3 x s(-1), whereas climate variability caused an annual runoff increase of 11.85 m3 x s(-1). Apparently, the impact of climate variability was stronger than that of land use change. On the other hand, the scenario simulation of extreme land use showed that compared with the land use in 2000, the annual runoff of the farmland scenario and the grassland scenario increased by 2.7% and 0.5% respectively, while that of the forest land scenario were reduced by 0.7%, which suggested that forest land had an ability of diversion closure. Furthermore, the scenario simulation of climatic variability indicated that the change of river runoff correlated positively with precipitation change (increase of 11.6% in annual runoff with increase of 10% in annual precipitation) , but negatively with air temperature change (reduction of 0.8% in annual runoff with increase of 1 degrees C in annual mean air temperature), which showed that the impact of precipitation variability was stronger than that of air temperature change. Therefore, in face of climate variability, we need to pay attention to strong rainfall forecasts, optimization of land use structure and spatial distribution, which could reduce the negative hydrological effects (such as floods) induced by climate change.

Four kinds of thinning treatments were designed including thinning from below, thinning from above, mechanical thinning and crop tree release with the same thinning intensity on the 14-year-old pure Cunninghamia laceolata and Pinus massoniana plantations in Guangxi, and 6 kinds of size inequality indices were applied including stand deviation, variation coefficient, skewness, Gini coefficient, Kuznetz coefficient and Lorenz asymmetry coefficient to evaluate the change of individual volume inequality after the 4 kinds of thinning regimes applied. The results showed that stand deviation, variation coefficient, Gini coefficient and Kuznetz coefficient decreased and skewness increased after thinning from below or above compared with before thinning, while after crop tree release these four indices increased and skewness was uncertain. Lorenz asymmetry coefficient increased after thinning from below while it decreased after thinning from above or crop tree release compared with before thinning. There was no distinct rule for the 6 kinds of size inequality indices after mechanical thinning. The size inequality increased after crop tree release while it decreased af- ter thinning from above or below. The study suggested that Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient and Lorenz asymmetry coefficient could be used to compare the size inequality statically and dynamically among different stands, and could be discriminated the difference of size inequality caused by the different thinning regimes. Lorenz asymmetry coefficient even could be applied to tell the size inequality was mainly from the larger or smaller individuals. Crop tree release method in close-to-nature management could lessen the competition pressures of crop trees and increase the size inequality of the stand effectively which would be helpful to maintain the dominant position of crop trees.

Objective: To investigate the methylation status of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) gene promoter and its clinical significance in children with stage IV non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and to provide a basis for further etiological study and early diagnosis of this disease., Methods: Fifty-five children with a confirmed diagnosis of stage IV NHL (40 cases of T-NHL and 15 cases of B-NHL) were selected as the case group, and 20 children with diseases other than hematologic malignancies were selected as the control group. Bone marrow samples were collected from these subjects. Methylation-specific PCR (MS-PCR) was applied to evaluate the methylation status of ZO-1 gene promoter, and the integrated optical density (IOD) was determined. RT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of ZO-1., Results: MS-PCR showed that the methylated bands of ZO-1 gene promoter were found in 39 (70.9%) of 55 patients in the case group before treatment, while no ZO-1 gene promoter methylation was detected in the control group. With close tracking of 47 cases in the study group, consisting of 32 cases of T-NHL and 15 cases of B-NHL, the rates of ZO-1 gene promoter methylation prior to treatment were 72% and 67%, respectively, (P>0.572). The cases of T-NHL and B-NHL showed no significant changes in methylation rate in the early and middle phases of chemotherapy (P>0.05), but they showed significant changes in methylation rate in the late phase of chemotherapy (P<0.05). RT-PCR showed that the NHL cases carrying methylated ZO-1 gene had no mRNA expression of ZO-1, while all children in the control group had mRNA expression of ZO-1. There was no linear relationship between the total number of peripheral blood leukocytes and ZO-1 gene IOD (r=0.093, P=0.575); a positive correlation was found between the number of malignant cells in bone marrow and ZO-1 gene IOD (r=0.669, P<0.001)., Conclusions: ZO-1 gene shows a hypermethylation status in children with NHL, and the methylation level is positively correlated with the number of malignant cells in bone marrow. ZO-1 may be used as a novel molecular marker in early diagnosis, outcome assessment, prognostic evaluation, and detection of minimal residual disease.

Objective: To give a reference for the early diagnosis and treatment of the cysts arising from the temporomandibular joint., Methods: Nine patients finally diagnosed as temporomandibular joint cysts at the Peking University Hospital of Stomatology from May 1998 to August 2013 were selected and reviewed. Their clinical manifestations, imaging features, diagnoses and differential diagnoses, treatments and follow-ups were summarized and discussed., Results: In the 9 patients, 3 were males and 6 females. Their ages ranged from 33 to 62 years with a median age of 39 years; the course of the disease ranged from 2 weeks to 3 years with a median of 4 months. The image examinations were performed with conventional X-ray examinations in 7 cases, CT scans in 8 cases, MRI in 6 cases and ultrasound in one case. Of the 9 cases, 7 were finally diagnosed as ganglion cyst and 2 as synovial cyst. Ganglion cysts mainly presented as the mass of preauricular area or joint area, with no obvious symptoms or only local discomfort, occasionally with pain. The synovial cysts manifested as the painful swelling of preauricular area and limited mouth-opening, accompanying with occlusal disorders. The treatments included surgical resection in 8 cases, repeated arthrocenteses and lavages in one case. The follow-ups were from 3 months to 9 years, one case with recurrence, and the remaining eight cases without recurrence., Conclusion: MRI examinations are very helpful in the early diagnosis and treatment planning of temporomandibular joint cysts. Surgical resection can have good results. Repeated arthrocenteses and lavages also have a good result, which may be an alternative choice for synovial cyst, but more accumulation of clinical experience is further needed.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of the CCCG-97 and BFM-90 protocols in the treatment of pediatric patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL) retrospectively, and to explore the optimal therapeutic strategy., Methods: Forty-five consecutive untreated patients (age of 18 years or less) with newly diagnosed B-NHL (including Burkitt Lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma), treated in our hospital between July 1999 and December 2008 were enrolled in this study. The patients were classified into 2 groups by different protocols. From July 1999 to December 2004, twenty-one 3- to 13.8-year-old children were enrolled in the CCCG-97 group, with 1 in stage I/II, and 20 in stage III/IV(St Jude staging). From January 2005 to December 2008, twenty-four 2.8- to 14.1-year-old cases were enrolled in the BFM-90 group, with 3 in stage I/II, and 21 in stage III/IV (St Jude staging). The survival rates were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis., Results: Forty of the 45 patients (88.9%) reached complete response (CR) after 2 courses of chemotherapy. In the CCCG-97 group, the CR rate was 95.2% (20/21 pts), while that in the BFM-90 group was 83.3% (20/24 pts). At a median follow-up time of 62 (17 to 131) months, the 5-year event-free survival (EFS) was 71.8% for all patients, and 69.1% for Stage III/IV, respectively. In the CCCG-97 group, the 3-year EFS was 76.2%. In the BFM-90 group, it was 75.0%. There was no significant difference in survival rates between the CCCG-97 and BFM-90 groups (P=0.975). Unfavorable events recorded were as follows: Death of progression before achieving CR during induction therapy in 4 cases, and relapse after achieving CR in 6 cases. The relapse rates were 19.0% (4/21 pts) in the CCCG-97 group and 8.3% (2/24 pts) in the BFM-90 group, with a non-significant statistical difference (P=0.292). Major toxicities were myelosuppression and mucositis, especially in the BFM-90 group, but were tolerable and manageable. five patients in the BFM-90 group received rituximab, 2 patients (Stage III) achieved CR, while the other 3 patients (Stage IV) had progressive disease or relapse., Conclusions: Short-pulse and intensive chemotherapy, stratified according to stage of disease, can improve the survival rate of pediatric mature B-NHL. The efficacy of the CCCG-97 protocol and BFM-90 protocol is comparable and the toxicity is tolerable.

Crop residue, as an important element of agro-ecosystem, can influence the flow of nutrients, carbon, water, and energy in agro-ecosystem. As a crucial indicator of distribution of crop residue, crop residue fractional cover is a key parameter of agro-ecosystem carbon cycle process model. Since remote sensing can easily obtain quantities of data, many researches were carried out on monitoring crop residue fractional cover with remote sensing. The present paper summarizes crop residue fractional cover estimation methods and latest progress in remote sensing, and these methods are classified into five categories according to the differences in methodologies and data sources. The principle of every method is described and compared. The advantages and shortages are also discussed and analyzed. Eventually, this paper points out some methods that should be improved, and presents the prospects of crop residue fractional cover estimation in the future.

In the present study, VV polarization microwave backscatter data used for improving accuracies of spectral classification of crop is investigated. Classification accuracy using different classifiers based on the fusion data of HJ satellite multi-spectral and Envisat ASAR VV backscatter data are compared. The results indicate that fusion data can take full advantage of spectral information of HJ multi-spectral data and the structure sensitivity feature of ASAR VV polarization data. The fusion data enlarges the spectral difference among different classifications and improves crop classification accuracy. The classification accuracy using fusion data can be increased by 5 percent compared to the single HJ data. Furthermore, ASAR VV polarization data is sensitive to non-agrarian area of planted field, and VV polarization data joined classification can effectively distinguish the field border. VV polarization data associating with multi-spectral data used in crop classification enlarges the application of satellite data and has the potential of spread in the domain of agriculture.

Crop biomass is one of the key indicators not only in crop condition monitoring, but also in crop production estimation. With the development of 3S technology, it is feasible to estimate crop biomass at large scales with remote sensing. In the present paper, the researches on crop biomass estimation models with remote sensing were reviewed, and the methods of crop biomass estimation were classified into six categories according to their differences in data source and methodology. The advantages and deficiencies of each method were discussed and analyzed. Finally, the paper presents the prospect of the methods of crop biomass estimation.

To validate the HJ-1A HSI red edge indices, spectral reflectance data from EO-1 Hyperion of close date were used to simulate the band reflectance of HJ-1A HSI. Four red edge indices (red vale position, red edge position, red edge slop and red edge swing) were extracted from both simulated and actual HJ-1A HSI band reflectance. Comparisons of the 4 red edge indices between simulated and actual HJ-1A HSI were made to validate the red edge indices product of HJ-1A HSI. The average correlation coefficient of red edge reflectance between actual and simulated HJ-1A HSI is 0.946 and its standard deviation is 0.011, thus a high consistency could be found. The correlation coefficients of red edge indices between simulated and actual HJ-1A HSI were 0.414, 0.543, 0.808 and 0.802 for red edge position, red vale position, the red edge swing and red edge slop respectively. An obvious regular varying trend was found for these 4 red edge indices along different vegetation cover fraction. The standard deviations of differential images between real and simulated HJ-1A HSI red edge indices are 5.75, 1.86, 5.7 e(-4) and 0.024. The result showed that the red edge indices from HJ-1A HSI is consistent with that from simulated indices from Hyperion; the vegetation variation could be effectively reflected in HJ-1A HSI red edge indices.

Objective: To investigate the types of disc position of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and their relationship with age and gender in asymptomatic volunteers by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)., Methods: A total of 100 asymptomatic volunteers were divided into 5 groups (11-, 21-, 31-, 41-, 51 - 60 years old), 10 male and 10 female were included in each group. A total of 200 TMJs were scanned with Siemens Trio Tim 3.0T MRI system oblique-sagittally at closed- and open-mouth positions. Visual evaluation of MR images were performed on 3 neighbour slices of each TMJ (lateral, central, medial)., Results: There was a normal disc-condyle relationship in 59 of the 100 asymptomatic subjects. The normal disc position, anterior disc displacement and insidious anterior disc displacement (IADD) were observed in 140 (70.0%), 14(7.0%) and 46(23.0%)joints respectively, which showed no significant differences among different age groups or between genders (P > 0.05). The maximum mouth opening of the 100 asymptomatic volunteers was (46.3 +/- 5.5) mm, with no significant difference among the various types of disc position (P > 0.05)., Conclusions: Disc displacement does exist in the asymptomatic volunteers, however, its occurrence is not associated with age and gender. IADD is the main type of the disc displacement in asymptomatic volunteers. There is no close relationship between the imaging manifestation of the disc displacement and clinical symptoms.

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of establishing a murine hemangioma model with injection of recombinant adeo-associated virus mediated human vascular endothelial growth factor-121 (rAAV-hVEGF(121)) gene., Methods: rAAV-hVEGF(121) was constructed, identified and then implanted to the left back ear of each mouse (1.0 x 10(11)VG in 50 microl per mouse and 10 nude mice received the injection), the rights served as controls with an injection of the same volume of phosphate buffered solution (PBS). The skin color and swelling of left back ear were observed every other day. Histological examination was carried out after mice were sacrificed 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 weeks after injection., Results: The rAAV-hVEGF(121) was correctly constructed and confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis, polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing analysis. The skin of left back ear became red 2 weeks after injection and gradually exhibited a red lump which was at its utmost 12 weeks after injection. Such phenomena were not observed in right back ear. Histological examinations showed aggregates of endothelial cells by 2 weeks and at 8 weeks the swollen tissue contained many cysts filled with a mass of red cells. CD-34 staining suggested most of the newly-formed cells were endothelial cells., Conclusions: A hemangioma model was established in mice with injection of recombinant rAAV-hVEGF(121) gene.

To improve the reliability and credibility of genotyping hepatitis E virus (HEV) and to explore the possibility of unifying standards of HEV genotyping by designing HEV universal primers for amplification of a long genomic fragment of different HEV genotypes. A set of universal primers (HEVuPrimer) was designed based on conserved regions determined by alignment analysis of 82 HEV strains with complete genome in GenBank. HEVuPrimer was compared with a set of previously used primers (MXJ primers) for their sequence-matching to different HEV strains and applied to amplify HEV genomic fragments from HEV reference strains with known different genotypes and clinical serum samples with anti-HEV-IgM by RT-nPCR. HEV genotyping based on the fragments amplified with HEVuPrimer was compared and validated with that based on HEV full genome and fragments obtained with MXJ primers. HEV genotyping by the phylogenetic analysis supplemented with the percent of nucleotide identity of the HEVuPrimer-determined fragments showed good correspondence with that based on HEV full-length genome. In addition, HEVuPrimer was much better than MXJ primers in matching sequences of HEV strains available from GenBank, and was able to amplify all the reference HEV strains with different genotypes. Among 124 samples with anti-HEV-IgM, 60 were positive for HEV RNA determined by a 644bp amplicon of RT-nPCR with the HEVuPrimenr. All the positive isolates belonged to HEV genotype 4 with nucleotide homology of 80.0%-99.9%, and could be further divided into 4 subgenotypes. Moreover, a novel subtype was identified with 6 HEV strains isolated very recently. The RT-nPCR using the HEVuPrimer and phylogenetic analysis of the amplified region provided strong evidences for its feasibility in HEV genetic classification. Our data have new implication for the consensus of genotype classification of HEV.

Objective: Salmonella isolates recovered from retail meats that were collected in supermarkets and free markets in Xi'an and Yangling areas of Shaanxi province were studied to determine antibiotic susceptibility., Method: Antimicrobial susceptibility to 14 antibiotics of 193 salmonella isolates were determined by using agar dilution method, which was recommended by National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standard (NCCLS), and E.coli ATCC25922 and E.faecalis ATCC29212 as standard control strains., Results: The 44.6% of the salmonella isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, followed by resistance to kanamycin (40.9%), tetracycline (37.8%), amoxicillin (26.9%), ampicillin (25.4%), gentamicin (23.3%) and chloramphenicol (21.8%). Some isolates also showed resistance to fluoroquinolones, the rates for ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin and gatifloxacin were 22.3%, 21.8%, 20.8% and 21.2%, respectively. 55 isolates (28.5%) were multidrug resistant (MDR) strains, 28 of 193 isolates (14.5%) could resist at least 13 antibiotics, 24 isolates (12.4%) were resistant to from 4 to 12 antibiotics., Conclusion: Salmonella isolates recovered from retail meats in Xi'an district of Shaanxi province were seriously resistant to antimicrobials commonly used as human and veterinary medicine.

Objective: To investigate the expression of cell surface E-cadherin in leukemia cell and the correlation of cell membrane localization of beta-catenin with E-cadherin expression., Methods: Bone marrow samples from 46 patients with acute leukemia and 17 normal donors were analyzed. Cell surface expression of E-cadherin and membrane localization of beta-catenin were labeled by immunofluorescence and analyzed with a laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscope in 14 specimens., Results: Cell surface E-cadherin expression level was significantly lower in leukemia cells (with the median fluorescent intensity of 16.78) than in normal hematopoietic progenitors (26.03). Correlation analysis showed that cell membrane localization of beta-catenin was correlated with E-cadherin expression (r = 0.74, P = 0.002). After E-cadherin was induced to express in leukemic cell by 5-Aza-CdR, membranous expression of beta-catenin was elevated while the nuclear expression reduced, indicating that E-cadherin-mediated adhesions could recruit beta-catenin to cell membrane., Conclusion: The loss of E-cadherin in leukemia cells may result in beta-catenin translocating to the nuclear and transcriptional activation of its target genes.

Aim: To investigate the effect of a GST tag on the antigenic structure of GST fusion-expressed and ORF2-encoded recombinant proteins of hepatitis E virus (HEV)., Methods: The monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were prepared with a GST fusion protein, p166Chn-GST, which was derived from a Chinese HEV strain. Then they were tested by indirect ELISA, competition ELISA and Western blot with different GST fusion, His fusion or non-fusion recombinant proteins derived from HEV reference strains of all 4 genotypes and other non-HEV recombinant proteins., Results: Three mAb named 1A8, 9B4 and 8H10 were obtained. All of them reacted to p166Chn-GST but did not react to GST. mAb 1A8 and 9B4 reacted to 4 p166-GST proteins of different HEV genotypes and 2 N- or C-terminal truncated p166Chn-GST proteins named p146Chn-GST and p137Chn-GST, but they did not react to 4 p166-His proteins of different HEV genotypes and a non-fusion p179Chn protein. No detectable signals were found when 1A8 and 9B4 were subjected to HEV antigen competition ELISA or Western blot after SDS-PAGE. No cross reaction was observed between the two mAb and HEV-irrelevant GST fusion proteins, either., Conclusion: A novel antigenic epitope recognized by mAb 1A8 and 9B4 appears on the GST fusion-expressed and ORF2-encoded HEV recombinant proteins and it is dependent on the conformational folding of both GST and HEV sequences.

Objective: To investigate pig7 expression level in acute leukemia (AL) and its clinical significance and explore the possible mechanisms for pig7 silence in terms of methylation control., Methods: Expression levels of pig7 mRNA in bone marrow samples from 138 patients with de novo AL and 21 normal controls and in 6 leukemic cell lines were detected by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Differentiation induction effect by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and concomitant change in pig7 expression were also monitored in NB4 cells. Endonuclease analysis was employed to determined the identity of pig7 transcript present in AL samples. Methylation specific PCR (MSP) was used to elucidate if hypermethylation was responsible for pig7 silence in AL., Results: Compared with that in normal control, pig7 expression was markedly decreased (0.62 vs 18.30, median, P < 0.01) in AL patients on progression (at diagnosis, relapse or refractory). No significant difference was observed between acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). AL at diagnosis had a higher pig7 level than those with relapsed or refractory disease (1.43 vs 0.16, median, P < 0.05). The complete remission (CR) rate after chemotherapy was found to be significantly correlated with pig7 expression levels (P < 0.05). Differentiated NB4 cells showed an increased level of pig7 expression (from 1.61 +/- 0.72 to 44.75 +/- 3.93, P < 0.01). Only one form of pig7 transcripts i.e., Small integral membrane protein of late endosome (SIMPLE), was detected in AL patients. Hypermethylation of pig7 promoter was identified in K562 and HL-60 cells, in contrast to non-methylation predominant in U937 cells., Conclusion: Aberrant down-regulation of pig7 provides novel insights into leukemogenesis and therapy response prediction in AL.

To characterize antigenic epitopes of hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 4 that was first identified in China a few years ago, a recombinant protein, p166Chn, encoded by HEV genotype 4 ORF2 was used to prepare anti-p166Chn McAbs. Simultaneously, twenty N- or C-terminal truncated p166Chn proteins were generated. Immunoreactivity between the McAbs and the truncated proteins as well as seven p166 recombinant proteins derived from different HEV genotypes and subgenotypes was detected by indirect ELISA, Western blot and competition inhibition ELISA. Two reactive profiles were observed with different McAbs and different truncated proteins. The McAbs, represented by 1G10, reacted with those N-terminal truncated proteins beginning at upstream of aa477 and those C-terminal truncated proteins ending at down-stream of aa613, suggesting that the epitope recognized by 1G10 relied on the region of aa477aa613 and was conformation-dependent. While McAb 2F11 was reactive to those truncated p166Chn proteins beginning at upstream of aa474 or ending at downstream of aa617, indicating that the epitope recognized by 2F11 was also conformation-dependent and relied on a longer peptide of aa474aa617. However, the two groups of McAbs didn't inhibit each other when tested by a competition inhibition ELISA, which confirmed the different spatial positions of the two epitopes. Furthermore, when p166 proteins derived from different HEV genotypes and subtypes were applied, all of the McAbs prepared against pChn166 of genotype 4 identified in China could react with the proteins of genotype 1, 2 and 3 distributed worldwide. The data suggested that the two identified epitopes were HEV genotype-common and played significant effects on cross immunoreactivity between different HEV genotypes.

Objective: Osteoarthritic lesions of Temporomandibular joint(TMJ) were assessed by dental cone beam computed tomography(CBCT), and compared with conventional radiographic technology., Methods: The study was conducted retrospectively on 511 joints of 350 patients, who had undergone dental CBCT, panoramic radiography, transcranial projection and transpharygeal projection of TMJ. The results were compared and the accuracy with CBCT was assessed. The types of osseous condylar abnormalities were observed., Results: (1) The occurrence of osteoarthritis in male and female were 59.04% and 69.66%, respectively, with no significant difference. (2) Compared with CBCT, panoramic radiography, transpharygeal projection examination showed no significant difference, with the accuracy being 90.64% and 94.10%, respectively; However, transcranial projection indicated a significant difference in comparison with CBCT and the accuracy was 86.97%. (3) A higher occurrence of osteoarthritic lesions of the condyle was sclerosis (39.86%). Bony proliferation or osteophyte (28.18%) and ill-defined cortical bone (18.90%) were followed., Conclusion: Cone beam CT, which reproduces multiple images including axial, coronal and sagittal planes of the joint, provides a complete radiographic investigation of the bony components of the TMJ. It is one of the best choices of imaging diagnosis of TMJ osteoarthritis. Panoramic radiography and transpharygeal projection examination are also good choices for showing osseous condylar abnormalities in the clinic, but transcranial projection examination is inferior.

Aim: To evaluate the immunogenicity of experimentally combined hepatitis A and hepatitis E (cHA+E) vaccine and analyze the interactions between the two antigenic components in vaccine., Methods: Nine different dosage ratio of the cHA+E vaccine, A500 + E200, A500 + E100, A500 + E50, A250 + E200, A250 + E100, A250 + E50, A125 + E200, A125 + E100 and A125 + E50 (U+mg)/L, was prepared from an inactivated hepatitis A (HA) vaccine and a hepatitis E (HE) vaccine. 120 mice were immunized with the cHA+E vaccine, HA vaccine and HE vaccine alone in different doses, respectively. Mice were bled before immunization and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 weeks post immunization. Specific antibodies against hepatitis A and E viruses were detected by ELISA and neutralization assay., Results: After immunization with different dosages of cHA+E vaccine, all animals developed hepatitis A virus antibody (anti-HAV) and hepatitis E virus antibody (anti-HEV). Anti-HAV responses increased with the concentration of the HA vaccine component in the cHA+E vaccine. Anti-HAV neutralizing antibody titers reached 1:1 024 when mice were immunized with cHA+E vaccine prepared from higher dosage (500 U/mL) of the HA vaccine. The titers only reached 1:512 when lower dosages (250 and 125 U/mL) of HA vaccine were applied. However, different dosages (200, 100 and 50 mg/L) of the HE vaccine component in the cHA+E vaccine developed no effects on the production of anti-HAV neutralizing antibody. In addition, comparing with the single HE vaccine, the cHA+E vaccine induced higher level of anti-HEV response. The anti-HEV level increased with the concentration of HA vaccine component in the cHA+E vaccine. However, there was no obvious relationship between the anti-HEV levels and the different dosages (200, 100 and 50 mg/L) of the HE vaccine component in the cHA+E vaccine. Immune sera elicited by the cHA+E vaccine neutralized HEV infectivity when detected by an in vitro RT-nPCR-based HEV neutralization assay., Conclusion: In cHA+E vaccine, the HA vaccine component can increase the immunogenicity of the HE vaccine component, and the HE vaccine component plays no adverse effects on the immunogenicity of the HA vaccine component.

Aim: To express and characterize a novel hepatitis E virus (HEV) recombinant protein which contains HEV neutralization epitope(s)., Methods: The gene fragment encoding for amino acid 452-617 of HEV open reading frame 2 protein (pORF2) was inserted into the plasmid pET28a(+). The recombinant plasmid was used to transform the E. coli BL21(DE3) strain. The recombinant protein was expressed by IPTG induction, purified by Ni-NTA chromatography and analyzed by SDS-PAGE, Western blot and electronmicroscopy. Immune responses to the recombinant protein were determined by the immunization of mice., Results: The expressed HEV recombinant protein was in a naturally-soluble form with a molecular weight of 22,000. The protein assembled into a virus like particle (VLP) with a diameter of approximate 20 nanometers. Moreover, this novel protein was reactive to serum samples obtained from the patients with HEV infection. After the mice were immunized with the protein, they developed anti-HEV antibodies which could neutralize HEV infection in cell culture., Conclusion: An E. coli-expressed recombinant protein containing 166 amino acid of HEV pORF2 can form VLP with good immunogenicity and antigenicity. This novel HEV VLP is valuable for the development of HEV vaccine and new diagnostic kit.

Monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) were prepared against a recombinant protein p166Us derived from US-1 strain of hepatitis E virus (HEV). The immune reactivity of the McAbs to seven p166s derived from different genotypes and subtypes of HEV, which included p166Bur (genotype I a), p166Pak (genotype I b), p166Mor (genotype I c), p166Mex (genotype II), p166Us (genotype III), p166Nz (swine HEV, genotype III) and p166Chn (genotype IV), was tested by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a Western blotting assay. The immunological relationship between the McAbs and native HEV particles or anti-HEV positive serum samples was analyzed by an antigen-competitive or antibody-competitive ELISA. Totally, six McAb-producible hybridoma cell lines, designated by the name of 4D3, 2E3, 11E11, 12H5, 3A3 and 1F1 respectively, were cloned and obtained in this study. The McAb of 4D3 could react to all of the seven p166 recombinant proteins. This kind of reaction could be inhibited by each of 4 genotypes of native HEV particles or anti-HEV positive serum samples. The McAbs produced by 2E3, 11E11 and 12H5 reacted to p166Us, p166Nz and p166Chn, but did not react to p166Bur, p166Pak, p166Mor and p166Mex. The reaction of McAb of 2E3, as an example of the McAbs of 2E3, 11E11 and 12H5, could be only inhibited by genotype III and IV HEV or anti-HEV positive serum. The McAb of 3A3 could bind to p166Us as well as p166Nz. The McAb produced by 1F1 was reactive to the p166Us only. However, neither of I , II , IV genotype HEV particles or antisera could inhibit both of their reactions to p166Us. The data as mentioned above suggested that there are multiple-type antigenic epitopes such as genotype I, II, III and IV common, III and IV common, and III specific epitopes within HEV ORF2 encoded p166 proteins of different genotypes and subtypes of HEV. Moreover, the antigenic epitopes on recombinant protein p166s and these on native HEV particles possess identical immunological characteristics.

Aim: To investigate the effects of different vectors and gene fragments on antigen expression of hepatitis E virus (HEV) DNA immunization., Methods: Gene fragments encoding p166 and p179, which contain the neutralization antigenic epitopes of a Chinese strain of HEV genotype IV, were cloned into two different eukaryotic expression vectors (pTR421 and pCDNA3.1), respectively. The in vitro expression level of p166 and p179 in HepG2 cells transfected by each of the recombinant plasmids with lipofectamine2000 was examined by means of immunofluorescence and Western blot. Meanwhile, the in vivo expression level in muscles of mice was examined with immunohistochemistry staining., Results: Four recombinant plasmids, pTR421-166, pTR421-179, pCDNA3.1-166 and pCDNA3.1-179, were constructed successfully and confirmed correct with restriction endonuclease analysis and nucleotide sequencing. The antigen expression was only detected in HepG2 cells transfected by pTR421-179 and in myocytes of the mice injected with pTR421-179. Neither in vitro nor in vivo antigen expression was detected with pTR421-166 although p166 was only 13 amino acids shorter than p179 at N terminus. Neither pCDNA3.1-166 nor pCDNA3.1-179 was expressed in vitro and in vivo., Conclusion: Selection of the vectors and gene fragments is critical to HEV gene expression and HEV DNA vaccine.

Objective: To develop a simple method for genotyping of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and to investigate HEV genotype distribution in Nanjing area., Methods: Twenty-seven full HEV sequences currently-available in GenBank were analyzed with MegAlign and MapDraw programs of DNA STAR software. Degenerate primers were designed and applied to amplify a fragment in HEV ORF1 region. HEV genotypes were determined by the size of the PCR products and by single restriction endonuclease analysis., Results: The PCR products of HEV genotype 1 and 2 were 275 bp and 269 bp in size. Distinctively, the PCR products of genotype 3 and 4 were 317 bp and 314 bp in size. Moreover, the PCR products of genotype 1 could be digested by Nae 1, but the products of genotype 2 could not. Distinctively, the PCR products of HEV genotype 3 could be digested by Not 1, but the products of genotype 4 could not. Six HEV reference strains standing for different HEV genotypes were clustered into their own types as predicted. Within 43 HEV IgM-positive clinical specimens collected in Nanjing, 19 were HEV PCR-positive and identified as genotype 4., Conclusion: A simple method of PCR combined with single restriction endonuclease analysis is developed for HEV genotyping. This assay allows rapid identification of a large number of HEV isolates directly from clinical specimens. Among patients with hepatitis E in Nanjing, most were infected with HEV genotype 4.

Objective: To establish a PCR-based neutralization assay of hepatitis B virus (HBV), which may be applied for detecting neutralizing antibodies against HBV and used as an in vitro model to screen new HBV vaccines., Methods: Immune serum was mixed with HBV stock. The mixture was incubated and then inoculated onto Hep G2 cell monolayers. After adsorption, washing and incubation, HBV DNA was extracted from the cells and detected by PCR. The neutralization effect was determined based on the PCR results., Results: Two HBV stocks suitable for the neutralization assay were selected from 18 serum samples collected from patients with hepatitis B. The neutralization assay was optimized in the conditions of using 10 infectious doses of the HBV stock and incubating the cell culture for 24 hours prior to PCR detection. Four immune sera obtained from mice immunized with commercial HBV vaccine and 2 serum specimens from mice immunized with 2 new HBV vaccine candidates definitely blocked the in vitro HBV adsorption. However, 4 sera obtained from normal mice and 2 sera from mice immunized with 2 hepatitis E virus vaccine candidates did not show any neutralizing activity., Conclusion: The established new PCR-based in vitro HBV neutralization assay is a simple, rapid and economic assay. It may be used as a model for primary evaluation for HBV vaccine candidates prior to primate assay.

This article summarizes the structure and heredity characteristics of sex chromosomes and mtDNA, presents the advantages and disadvantages of genetic markers' on them in the practice of forensic medicine which aims at promoting more widely using of the non-euchromosome DNA genetic markers in the forensic science.

Aim: To construct HEV-specific phage combinatorial anti-body library and screen anti-HEV antibodies with neutralizing activity from the library., Methods: The total RNA was extracted from B-lymphocytes of 6 HE patients. Kappa chain and Fd segment of IgG gene were amplified respectively by RT-PCR using a set of Fab-specific primers. The amplified gene were inserted successively into vector pComb3 and electrotransformed E. coli XLI-Blue cells. Furthermore, the recombinant phage was rescued by being concultured with helper phage VCSM13 to construct HEV-specific phage anti-body library., Results: Fab displayed on the surface a as fusion protein with the N terminal of coat protein III, and 1. 8 x 10(7) clone library was established. Specific antibodies to HEV ORF2 recombinant antigen were acquired after five rounds of panning with HEV ORF2 recombinant antigen including neutralizing epitope., Conclusion: Four clones exhibited specific binding to HEV ORF2 recombinant antigen including neutralizing epitope is identified by ELISA. The results show that we have got the recombinant phage antibodies.

Light hydrocarbon analytical method of "PTV with Back Flushing" presented here is characterized as follows: a) with "PTV" inlets temperature programmed; b) with gas line system of "Back Flushing"; c) with direct injection of oil samples. After oil sample injection, "Back Flushing" is on when light hydrocarbon components enter into analytical chromatographic column. At the same time, the temperature of inlet increases. The high temperature and "Back Flushing" blow the heavy components in the oil samples out of the analytical system. Besides, the analytical method of "Head Space" was established. Both "PTV with Back Flushing" and "Head Space" have the advantages of long column life and short analysis time. The resolution for lighter components < C9 meets the criterion of ASTM D5134-98, with the good repeatability. Ten oil samples from 6 oil areas were analysed by using the two methods. The relative deviations between the two analytical results represented by 19 geochemistry parameters were about +/- (1%-25%). The reasons for the deviation are discussed. It is pointed out that in geochemistry study it is not acceptable to combine the data obtained from two analytical methods. The analytical results obtained by injecting crude oil directly into injector are more reliable. The results obtained in "Head Space" analytical method should be calibrated when used in geochemistry study.