Search

Objective To investigate the mechanism of nerve growth factor β (NGF β) in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Methods High glucose cell model was established and divided into control group, OE-NGFβ group and NC-NGFβ group. Diabetic neuropathy model was established and divided into rat control group, OE-NGFβ group and NC-NGFβ group. RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression changes of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), autophagy-related gene 12 (ATG12), microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3B) and P62 in cells and rat sciatic nerves. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in blood samples of DPN rats were detected by ELISA. Results Compared with control group,the mRNA and protein levels of IGF-1, ATG12, LC3B and P62 in the OE-NGFβ group were significantly increased(P

Objective To investigate the effect of YTH domain family protein 1(YTHDF1) on apoptosis and oxidative damage in H9c2 cells under hypoxic reoxygenation(H/R) conditions. Methods The H/R model was constructed with H9c2 cells.Cells were transfected with YTHDF1 small interfering RNA(siRNA) and overexpression plasmid,and cell viability was measured by MTT colorimetric assay.Apoptosis,superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity,malondialdehyde(MDA) content in cells and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activity in cell culture medium supernatant were measured by Hirst staining and flow cytometry.The protein levels of YTHDF1,cleaved caspase-3,Bax and FasL in the cells were determined by Western blot,and the apoptosis and oxidative damage of H9c2 cells in the control,H/R,YTHDF1 gene interference and overexpression groups were compared. Results LDH activity and MDA content were significantly increased,SOD activity and cell viability were significantly decreased after H/R injury(P

Background: The global outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) began in December 2019. The high levels of stress experienced by nurses during this pandemic may have immediate and long-term effects on their mental health. Purpose: To explore the stress and psychological problems of nurses during this pandemic and to identify strategies used by these nurses to relieve stress. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted that included a basic information datasheet, stress of nursing staff during COVID-19 outbreak scale, psychological distress scale, and stress relief methods survey form. Convenience sampling was used and a total of 469 practicing nurses participated in this study. Results: Most of the participants expressed concerns about living problems (72.7%). On the stress questionnaire, the facets of "burden of taking care of patients" and "worries about social isolation" earned the first and second highest scores, respectively. In terms of items, "worrying about infecting family members and friends" and "worrying about being separated from family after being infected" earned the two highest scores (2.35 ± 0.79 and 2.17 ± 0.92, respectively). Scores for psychological distress averaged 5.49 ± 3.83, with stress anxiety (1.32 ± 0.84) earning the highest mean subscale score followed by distress and irritability (1.17 ± 0.92) and depression (1.12 ± 0.94). Nearly twothirds (61.8%) of the participants earned psychological and emotional distress scores within the 'normal' range, and 3.4% earned scores indicating severe distress. "Receiving education and training" was the most common method used by the participants to relieve stress (2.27 ± 0.51). Conclusions: The following six strategies are proposed based on the above findings: (1) Caring: provide psychological assessment and care; (2) Supporting: create a friendly team atmosphere and provide support; (3) Inquiring: recruit volunteers with relevant experience; (4) Informing: provide timely, open, and transparent epidemicprevention information; (5) Equipping: provide complete and appropriate epidemic-prevention education and training; (6) Assisting: establish a strategy for family support and caring to reduce the stress and worries of nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anxiety is a common issue among pre-surgery patients, and also popular explored among medical surgical patients. But for gynecologic laparotomy patients' pre-surgery anxiety and the effects of the nursing education for anxiety still rare. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of multimedia education program on pre-surgery anxiety in gynecologic laparotomy patients. Methods: Using a two groups compared study design. All participants were over 20 years of age and will receiving gynecologic laparotomy. Participants were distributed into with a multimedia education group (experimental group, n = 100) or with pamphlet group (control group, n = 100). Outcome measurements included state-trait anxiety inventory, disease related data, and personal demographics. We examined outcome indicators before nursing intervention and follow up at one hour after nursing intervention. Results: A post-test comparison of the two groups showed a statistically significant intergroup difference in terms of both state-trait anxiety and breathing (p < .05). In addition, a mean differential comparison showed statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of state-trait anxiety, blood pressure, pulse rate, and breathing rate (p < .05). Conclusions / Implications for Practice: This study demonstrates the efficacy of multimedia education in decreasing pre-surgery anxiety in gynecologic laparotomy patients. Findings may be referenced in the development of multimedia nursing instructions. The authors suggest that these instructions may be disseminated via hospital websites to allow patients to read prior to admission in order to increase readiness and reduce surgery-related anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purposes of this study were to determine the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), sources of health information, and reasons for using CAM among people in Taiwan in the previous year. The relationships between CAM use, demographic characteristics, and health status were examined. Methods: The participants in this study were people 18 years old or older in Taiwan. Stratified random sampling and probability proportional to size methods were employed for sampling. The Computer Assisted Telephone Interview system was used to conduct a questionnaire-based survey with a total of 2,266 valid samples. Results: The rate of CAM use for health promotion or treatment of diseases during 2011 was 37.6%. Taking Chinese herbal medicine was the most common type of CAM use and people typically utilized CAM to manage musculoskeletal and connective tissue conditions such as waist or back pain or stiff or painful neck and shoulders. Relatives and friends were the primary sources of health information for CAM use, and the primary reasons for using CAM were the beliefs that conventional medical treatments were based on misdiagnoses or often had side effects. Women, adults between 20 and 59 years of age, people with a high level of education, those with a medicinerelated educational background, and those who were employed, had a high income level, lived in highly-urbanized areas, or had poor health were more likely to use CAM. Conclusions: When using CAM for health promotion or treatment of disease, people in Taiwan cited diverse experiences. We recommend that health authorities and agencies incorporate CAM-related issues as part of health policy, and schools and healthcare institutions consider CAM as required education and training. Moreover, empirical studies on CAM should be emphasized in order to ensure the effectiveness and safety of CAM use in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective It has been proven that toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) plaied an important role in the development of tumor. In our previous study, we found that the expression of TLR5 was remarkably higher in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues than that in normal tissues, but the activation of TLR5 signaling pathway in NSCLC was still unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of TLR5 in different types of NSCLC cell lines, and analyze the activity of the signaling pathway after stimulated by its specific exogenous ligand flagellin. Methods The TLR5 protein was detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot in three kinds of NSCLC cell lines, and the TLR5 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR. Select the cell line of TLR5 highest expression as the research object, and select the suitable concentration of flagellin. NF-κB luciferase activity was detected to validate the TLR5 activation pathway through inhibitory signaling pathways by 0 μg/mL, 0.01 μg/mL, 0.1 μg/mL, 1 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL TLR5 antibody. The chosen cell line was transfected by TLR5 shRNA plasmid, and p-IKBα, IKBα, p-ERK1/2, ERK1/2 and p-JNK of untrasfected and transfected cells were detected in the activity of TLR5 signaling pathway by Western blot at 0 min, 10 min, 30 min and 60 min, respectively. Results The expression of TLR5 was the highest in the lung adenocarcinoma cell line SPC-A-1 by immunofluorescence, mainly expressed on the cell membrane. NF-κB luciferase activity of SPC-A-1 cells was the highest, and the activity was increased in a dose-dependent manner. 0.1 μg/mL flagellin could significantly increase the NF-κB luciferase activity (P0.05). SPC-A-1 cells transfected TLR5-shRNA were also stimulated by flagellin (0.1 μg/mL). At 0 min, 10 min, 30 min and 60 min, p-IKBα and p-JNK proteins could not be detected, and the levels of IKBα and ERK1/2 had no significant changes (P>0.05), but the levels of p-ERK1/2 significantly increased as time went on (P

The British Education Reform Act of 1988 introduced the national curriculum and national assessment in England and Wales. The curriculum was structured into four key stages, and pupils were assessed at or near the end of each key stage (ages 7, 11, 14 and 16). The school performance tables were published to help parents make informed decisions. This article aims to present an account of the development and changes in the England national curriculum assessment from its original blueprint in 1987 to the current time through reviewing official papers, documents, and related academic articles. This article also examines the current assessment projects and programs for the 12-year Basic Education in Taiwan. Based on the recent assessment innovation efforts of the 12-year Basic Education and the assessment experience of England, the author proposes suggestions for the design and implementation of the assessment of the 12-year Basic Education Curriculum as follows: 1) Establish expected achievement standards for each learning stage based on the 12-year Curriculum Guidelines. 2)Enhance the long-term trends monitoring function of National Taiwan Assessment of Student Achievement (TASA). 3)Integrate regional TASA and remedial instruction-technology-based testing programs. 4) Re-clarify the purposes of the Comprehensive Assessment Program for Junior High School Students. 5) Plan and implement comprehensive teacher assessment policies.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the conversational repair skills of Mandarin Chinese-speaking children with high-functioning autism (HFA) as compared with those of typically developing children (TD). Ten school-aged children (age 9 to 12) with HFA were recruited and matched against ten TD children in the control group based on age, gender, and verbal intelligence level. During three different conversation situations (free talk, story picture description, play), an examiner engineered 9 episodes of communicative breakdowns. Each consisted of a stacked series of three prompts for responding to requests for clarification (RQCLs) (i.e.‘What?’, ‘I don’t understand’, ‘I still don’t know’). Verbal responses to each RQCL were then coded for further analyses. The results showed that (1) In response to the stacked series RQCLs, children with HFA were similar to the control group children in evidencing repetition, revision, and addition types of repair. Furthermore, children with HFA showed fewer cue type of repair and more inappropriate type of repair than TD group. (2)For both groups, the pattern of responding over the series of RQCLs was similar in varying the repetition and revision types of repair strategies. However, the pattern in the addition, cue, and inappropriate types of repair strategies were different. Children with HFA were significantly more likely to respond to an RQCL with an inappropriate response than the language and age-matched controls. It is suggested that teachers and parents could facilitate the conversational repair skills of children with high-functioning autism by offering them opportunities to manage different types of communicative breakdowns.

Jilin Province is an important ecological security barrier in Northeast China as it is located at the junction of the Northeast forest belts and the northern sand prevention belts. In recent years, Jilin Province has actively carried out ecological protection and restoration projects, resulting in a continuous improvement trend for the overall ecological environment. However, the evolution patterns and mechanisms of habitat quality are largely unkown. We applied the InVEST model and geographic detector method to analyze the changes in habitat quality and evaluate the main driving factors from 2000 to 2020. The results showed that the average habitat quality in Jilin Province showed a slight downward trend, and that the spatial heterogeneity characteristics of habitat quality in east and west gradually increased. The degree of habitat degradation presented a single nuclear radiation pattern centered on Changchun City. Vegetation factors and terrain factors were the first and secondary causes of spatial heterogeneity of habitat quality, respectively. The average habitat quality within the eco-redline of Jilin Province was showing an increasing trend year by year, which was consistent with the overall distribution of regions with extremely high habitat quality levels. There was a local spatial dislocation (the phenomenon of extremely high habitat quality levels not within the eco-redline) in the eastern part of Jilin Province. Our results could provide reference basis for ecosystem protection and the spatial pattern optimization.

Objective: To investigate the incidence, clinical features of U2AF1 gene mutation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia(AML) and its effect of prognosis., Methods: A total of 161 patients with AML were enrolled. The second-generation sequencing method was used to detect U2AF1 gene mutation, and the relationship between U2AF1 mutation and clinical features, prognosis was analyzed., Results: The mutation rate of U2AF1 gene in 161 AML patients was 3.73%. The counts of peripheral blood leukocytes and platelets in the U2AF1 gene mutation group were lower than those in the wild type group. The complete response rate of U2AF1 gene mutation group was 66.67%, while that in wild type group was 55.48%, which shows no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.70). The median EFS of wild type group and the mutant group was not reached and reached to 133 days, respectively (P=0.03), while the medium OS in two groups was not reached and reached to 210 days (P=0.01)., Conclusion: The AML patients with U2AF1 mutation positive have a poor prognosis as compared with the wild type group, which may be a poor prognostic factor for acute myeloid leukemia.

Objective: To compare the clinical therapeutic effect of intensive moxibustion plus acupuncture and simple acupuncture therapy in the treatment of frozen shoulder so as to provide a reference for clinical practice., Methods: A total of 60 patients with frozen shoulder were randomly divided into intensive moxibustion plus acupuncture group and simple acupuncture group ( n ＝30 per group). Acupoints Jianyu (LI15), Jianzhen (SI9), Jianliao (TE14), Tiaokou (ST38), Chengshan (BL57) and Ashi points (Extra) were punctured with filiform needles which were manipulated till the patients experienced feelings of soreness and distension in the local region, followed by retaining the needles for 40 min. For patients of the moxibustion plus acupuncture group, after acupuncture, an ignited moxa-stick segment was applied to the affected shoulder for 40－50 min. After the treatment, all patients were ordered to make a shoulder exercise (anteflexion, rear protraction, abduction and upthrow movements, etc.). The visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to assess the pain severity, and the Constant-Murley shoulder assessment scale (the total score is 100 points, including 15 points in pain severity and 20 points in daily living activities, 40 points in joint motion range, and 25 points in myodynamia) used to assess the functional state of the shoulder, and the "Standards for Diagnosis and Therapeutic Effect Evaluation of Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine"(1994) were employed to evaluate the therapeutic effect., Results: Following the treatment, intra-group comparison showed that the VAS score was significantly reduced in both groups in comparison with their own pre-treatment ( P <0.05), and the total scores of Constant-Murley scale, the scores of activities of daily living and active motion range, as well as the scores of pain integration and myodynamia, were all considerably increased in the two groups in comparison with their own pre-treatment (all P <0.05). The therapeutic effect of the moxibustion plus acupuncture was significantly superior to that of the simple acupuncture in reducing VAS score and increasing total score of Constant-Murley scale, and scores of activities of daily living and active motion range, as well as the scores of pain integration ( P <0.05). Of the two 29 cases in the moxibustion plus acupuncture and simple acupuncture groups, 19 (65.52%) and 10 (34.48%) were cured, 8 (27.58%) and 12 (41.38%) experienced improvement, 2 (6.90%) and 7 (24.14%) were failed, with the effective rate being 93.10% and 75.86%, respectively. The therapeutic effective rate of the moxibustion plus acupuncture was evidently higher than that of the simple acupuncture ( P <0.05)．., Conclusion: The therapeutic effect of intensive moxibustion plus acupuncture is superior to that of simple acupuncture in improving symptoms of frozen shoulder in patients.

Objective: To analyze the infection characteristics of sputum and venous blood pathogen in the patients with hematological malignancies and respiratory symptom in the Hematology Department in tropical region and to investigate its drug-resistance so as to provide etiological evidence for clinical treatment., Methods: The pathogens and their drug-resistance of 2466 samples in the patients with hematological malignancies and respiratory symptom in the Department were analyzed retrospectively from January 2013 to November 2017. The samples were collected from sputum and venous blood., Results: The sputum sample culture in patients with hematologic diseases showed that 224 strains were isolated, out of them 98 strains (43.75%) were fungi mainly candida albicans (41 strains); and then 88 Gram-negative strains (39.28%), among them the main pathogenic bacteria were Escherichia coli(22 strains) and klebsiella Klebsiella pneumoniae(12 strains); and then 38 Gram-positive strains (16.96%), among them the main pathogeni-bacteria were Enteroccocus (14 strains) and Gram-positive bacilli (14 strains). The blood samples culture of patients with hematologic diseases showed that 61 strains were isolated, out of them the isolated rate of Gram-positive bactetia was higherst, which accounted for 55.74%(34/61), mainly including staphylococcus lominis (19 strains); and the isolated rate of Gram-negative bacteria was 44.26% (27/61), among them main pathogenic bacteria was Klebsiella pneumoniae (12 strains). The resistance test of pathogenic bacteria to drugs showed that the resistant rate of Gram-negative bacteria to tigecycline, imipenem and atl-962 duenner was lowest, while the Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria such as Enterococcus, Gram-positive bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to vancomycin, tigecycline and linezolid was high., Conclusion: the patients in hematology department are infected easily in the hospital in tropical region. The main pathogens are fungal strains in the respiratory tract of patients with hematological malignancy according to the sputum culture results. The clinician in tropical regions should choose suitable antibiotics for anti-infective therapy, which is different from the situation in North China or other northern areas.

Objective: To evaluate the control effect of comprehensive measures of schistosomiasis after its transmission interruption in Kaihua County, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide the references for further consolidation of schistosomiasis control., Methods: The data of Oncomelania hupensis snail survey and control, as well as environmental reform in Kaihua County were collected and analyzed from 1996 to 2015., Results: From 1996 to 2015, totally 2 635 snail habitats and 102.75 hm 2 area with snails were found, and 125.4 thousand snails were dissected and no one was schistosome infected. The accumulated snail control area was 4 932.98 hm 2 , and the area with snails was effectively reduced by the comprehensive control measures., Conclusions: The schistosomiasis control effect could be consolidated by the comprehensive control measures emphasizing environmental reconstruction, and the snail surveillance work still should be strengthened.

Objective: To understand the changes of schistosomiasis epidemic situation, so as to provide the evidence for formulating schistosomiasis control strategy in the Hexi reservoir area., Methods: From 2012 to 2015, Xinyuan Village, Meishan Town in the north entrance of Hexi reservoir was selected as a monitoring site. According to the requirements of the monitoring program of schistosomiasis surveillance in Zhejiang Province, the Schistosoma japonicum infection was investigated by using the serological screening (IHA), and the basic situation of the surveillance site was also investigated., Results: From 2012 to 2015, 167 environments (21.68 hm 2 ) were surveyed, and 2 slices (0.1 hm 2 ) were found with Oncomelania hupensis snails. The detection rate of frames with snails was 0.12%, and the living snail density was 0.0192 snails per 0.1 m 2 . Totally 374 snails were dissected and no schistosome infected snails were found. A total of 970 local residents and 8 748 mobile people were investigated with the serological tests, and no schistosome infected people were found. In addition, 3 085 cattle were investigated and no infected ones were found., Conclusions: The schistosomiasis epidemic situation is stable in the Hexi reservoir area, but we still should strengthen the monitoring of imported source of infection and snail status, and increase the efforts of environmental transformation.

Purpose: To detect the change of secreted frizzled-related protein-1（SFRP1） in gingival crevicular fluid during periodontal initial treatment and explore the relationship between SFRP1 and the activity of chronic periodontitis., Methods: Twenty-two patients with moderate to severe periodontitis were selected, and 5 healthy volunteers were enrolled into the study as control group. The bleeding index(BI),periodontal probing depth(PD)and clinical attachment loss(CAL) were recorded at 1 week after supragingival scaling, one month after subgingival scaling. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected at 1 week after supragingival scaling, one week after subgingival scaling, one month after subgingival scaling. The level of SFRP1 in GCF samples was detected by ELISA. SPSS19.0 software package was used for data processing., Results: The amount of SFRP1 in GCF of moderate to severe periodontitis group was (40.80±4.85) pg, and that of normal control was (33.42±2.24) pg at 1 week after supragingival scaling. The amount of SFRP1 in GCF was significantly higher in moderate to severe periodontitis compared to normal control group (P<0.05). In moderate to severe periodontitis group, the amount of SFRP1 in GCF significantly increased at l week after subgingival scaling (45.99±5.23) pg compared to 1 week after supragingival scaling and 1 month after subgingival scaling (36.92±4.00) pg (P<0.05); There was significant decrease in the amount of SFRP1 in GCF at 1 month after subgingival scaling,compared to 1 week after supragingival scaling and l week after subgingival scaling (P<0.05)., Conclusions: The BI, PD in the periodontitis groups were significantly improved at 1 month after initial therapy,and the amount of SFRP1 in GCF changed with different periodontal inflammation state．

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of tooth extraction and non-extraction orthodontic treatment on frontal smiling esthetics., Methods: A literature research was performed using Wanfang database, Chinese Biological Literature database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Scientific Journals Database of VIP, Medline and the Cochrane Library, dating from the establishment of the databases to 31st, August, 2014. Weighted mean difference (WMD) was calculated and meta analysis was performed by Review Manager 5.2., Results: A total of 8 controlled studies were included. The results of meta analysis showed no significant difference between extraction and non-extraction treatment on subjective evaluation of smile esthetics [5.74-7.05 for extraction; 5.53-7.02 for non-extraction; WMD=0.09, 95%CI (-0.28, 0.46), P=0.64], buccal corridor [0.12-0.19 for extraction; 0.11-0.18 for non-extraction; WMD=0.01, 95%CI (-0.00,0.02), P=0.09], maxillary visual arch width [26.3-52.17 mm for extraction; 25.43-52.37 mm for non-extraction; WMD=-0.13, 95%CI (-1.01, 0.75), P=0.77] and smile height [5.7-10.39 mm for extraction; 5.4-9.97 mm for non-extraction; WMD=0.38, 95%CI (-0.27, 1.03), P=0.25]., Conclusions: Based on the results of this meta analysis, it can't be concluded that extraction treatment could affect the frontal smiling esthetics based on the present clinic evidences. Given the small sample size and the potential heterogeneity, more well-designed prospective studies should be performed in future.

Objective: To evaluate clinical efficacy of different HPV methods in screening of cervical cancers., Methods: Between August 2011 and November 2011, 424 women in the China-Japan Friendship Hospital were enrolled in this study. All participants were undergone liquid-based cytology test (LCT), Hybrid capture II (HC-II) and real-time (RT) PCR high risk HPV DNA test for HPV16 and HPV18 genotyping. Those results were classified into two group: 424 women at HC-II group with LCT and HC-II test and 421 women at PCR group with LCT and PCR test. All women with atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance (ASCUS) or above in cytological result with high risk HPV positive at two group underwent cervical biopsy by colposcopy.In the mean time, women with negative in cytological results and with HPV 16 and(or) HPV 18 positive also underwent histo-pathological examination by and colposcopy. The results in two groups were discussed:LCT+HC-II group (424 patients) and LCT+PCR12+2 group (421 patients)., Results: (1) There was no significant difference in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II or above disease between LCT+HC-II group and LCT+PCR12+2 group (χ(2) = 3.35, P > 0.05).Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for detection of CINII or above using HC-II and PCR12+2 were 77.8%, 79.4%, 20.4%, 98.1% and 96.3%, 78.2%, 23.2%, 99.7%, respectively. (2) In LCT+PCR12+2 group, it was found 34 women with HPV16 positive, 5 women with HPV 18 positive including 1 women combined with HPV 16 positive, 74 women with other high risk HPV positive and 309 women with HPV negative. Compared to the infection of other high-risk HPV types, HPV 16 and HPV 18 infection leads to a higher chance of cervical lesions with CIN II or above [51.3% (20/39) and 8.1% (6/74) ]. (3) A significant difference of causing cervical cancer and CINII or above was found among women who were infected with HPV 16 and/or HPV 18 infection, with other high-risk HPV types and negative in high-risk HPV infection (χ(2) = 93.98, P < 0.01)., Conclusion: LCT combined with PCR genotyping HPV could identify CIN II or above disease efficiently.

Objective: To investigate characteristics of cervical cytology and management in pregnant women., Methods: From Aug. 2006 to Jan. 2010, 5152 pregnant women who received antenatal and postpartum examination underwent cervical cytological screening by liquid-based cytological test (LCT) in China-Japan Friendship Hospital. The cytological diagnosis was in accordance with the Bethesda system (TBS) 2001 diagnosis and classification system. The abnormal LCT results were followed up at 3 months after postpartum. The diagnosis of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were based on colposcopic examination and biopsy during pregnant. The diagnosis of atypical glandular cells (AGC) was based on curettage and biopsy at postpartum 6 weeks. The histopathology of biopsy were compared and analyzed., Results: (1) Cervical cytological changes related with pregnancy: among 5152 cases, it was found navicular cells in 3215 cases (62.40%), decidual cells in 783 cases (15.20%), reactive glandular cells in 369 cases (7.16%), and trophoblastic cells in 55 cases (1.07%). (2) LCT results: among 5152 cases, the normal samples were 4125 cases (80.07%), the inflammatory samples were 542 cases (10.52%), and the samples of abnormal epithelial cells were 485 cases (9.41%). Among those abnormal cases, 291 cases (5.65%) were in atypical squamous cells (ASC), 153 cases (2.97%) were in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 33 cases (0.64%) were in HSIL, 1 case (0.02%) were in SCC and 7 cases (0.14%) were in AGC. (3) Histological pathology results: all women with HSIL and SCC underwent colposcopic examination and biopsy, it was found 28 cases in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)II-III, 1 cases in adenosquamous carcinoma. 7 women underwent curettage and biopsy at postpartum 6 weeks which were diagnosed by AGC, the histopathological diagnosis was all negative. The concordance rate of cytopathologic and histopathologic diagnosis was 71% (29/41). (4) FOLLOW-UP: 485 women with abnormal LCT results were all followed up to 3 months at postpartum. Women with HSIL, SCC and AGC undergoing biopsy showed normal LCT results during follow-up. Those women with ASC and LSIL did not undergo colposcopic examination and biopsy. The regression rate was 72.3% (321/444) at postpartum 3 months., Conclusions: The navicular cells were primarily morphological characteristics of cytology during pregnant and postpartum women. Some changes were easily confused with malignant lesions. It should be careful discrimination, and avoid excessively diagnosis and misdiagnosis. It suggested that we should follow up those women closely and expand the indication of colposcopic biopsy.

Objective: to compare the effect and complications of loop electro-surgical excision procedure (LEEP) and laser CO(2) vaporization in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II., Methods: a total of 338 CINII women were recruited into this multi-center comparative study. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination for cervical epithelial cell abnormalities. And colposcopic examination was submitted to LEEP (n = 195) or laser CO(2) vaporization (n = 143) respectively. A post-treatment follow-up of 3, 6 and 12 months was carried out to compare the effect of two methods., Results: among 195 women undergoing LEEP, the frequency of cure, persistent and recurrent CIN was 89.2% (n = 174), 4.1% (n = 8) and 3.6% (n = 7) respectively. And among 143 women receiving laser CO(2) vaporization, the frequency of cure, persistent and recurrent CIN was 86.7% (n = 124), 4.9% (n = 7) and 0.70% (n = 1) respectively. There was no statistical difference in cure rates, persistence or recurrence of CIN (P > 0.05). The recovery time, the operative frequency and intra-operative blood loss were significantly different in two groups., Conclusion: both LEEP and CO(2) vaporization are both effective and reliable for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II. However, pathological specimens may be harvested during LEEP. It is of vital importance to conduct preoperative colposcopic assessment and standard postoperative follow-ups.

Objective: To study the distribution of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) variants and their clinical significance in Han women with Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)., Methods: Randomly making a collection of DNA samples of cervical cells from 77 Han out-patients infected with HPV16, PCR amplification of HPV16 DNA fragments containing E6 and E7 genes and sequenced. To study the HPV16 variants types in these out-patients and explore the relationship between the HPV16 variants and CIN by comparing the E6 genes sequenced with the reference strains downloaded from the GenBank. RESULTS Among 77 patients, the minimum age is 21 years old, the maximum age is 56 years old, and the average age is 36.39 +/- 6.86 years old. 61 patients (accounting for 79.2%) were diagnosed as CIN II and higher grade lesions while 16 patients (accounting for 20.8%) as CIN I. In this research, only European variant and Asian variant were found by Parsimony analyses of the sequences. There are 38 Asian variants and 39 European variants. With Chi2 test, Chi2 = 0.0034, P = 0.9535 > 0.05, it suggested that there was no enough evidence to support Asian- and European-variants had the different risk in the cause of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer., Conclusion: It was not found Asian- and European-variants of HPV16 had different effect on the cervical cancer, but found only two major variants-Asian- and European-variants in Han people in this research. So we have reason to speculate that there are two major HPV16 variants (Asian- and European-variants) in China's Han women, while other variants, especially high cancer-causing Asian/American variant are not common.

Objective: To investigate the distribution of HPV 16 variants in Han women patients without Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in the diagnosis and treatment center for cervical disease, department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in China-Japan friendship hospital with HPV 16 E5 sequence phylogenetic analysis., Methods: PCR amplification of HPV 16 E5 sequences and sequenced. The association between variations types and different cervical lesions was analyzed., Results: In this research, We first found that variant classification based on HPV 16 E5 DNA sequence (236 bp) alone had high rate of accuracy. In addition, for the first time, our research revealed that single-4075T can distinguished the As variant from all other variants., Conclusion: If E5 sequence was used for phylogenetic analysis, it will greatly reduce the experimental costs and improve efficiency and cost-effectiveness. For the first time, our research revealed that single 4075T can distinguished the As variant from all other variants.

Objective: To investigate the possibility of detection of the human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 capsid protein to predict the course of mild or moderate cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)., Methods: Immunocytochemical analysis using antibody against HPV L1 capsid protein was carried out on 274 samples obtained from women performed TriPath Pap tests, positive for high-risk HPV DNA detected by hybrid capture II (HC-II) or cytologic diagnosed atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) or more severe. For cytological diagnosed, there were ASCUS 105 cases, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) 119 cases, atypical squamous cells cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H) 9 cases, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) 36 cases, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) 5 cases. But for the pathologic diagnosed, there were chronic cervicitis 96 cases, CINI 85 cases, CINII 55 cases, CIN III 32 cases, and SCC 6 cases., Results: Of the 274 cases, HPV L1 capsid protein was positive in 69.8% (67/96) of cervicitis, 83.5% (71/85) of CINI, 41.8% (23/55) of CINII, 3.1% (1/32) of CINIII and 0(0/6) of SCC. Cytologic diagnosis revealed a higher expression rate in LSIL (75.6%, 90/119) than that in ASCUS (63.8%, 67/105) or in HSIL + SCC (9.8%, 4/41; all P < 0.01). Of 71 cases with ASCUS and LSIL without treated, none of HPV L1 positive cases (0/55) progressed in cytology, while 19% (3/16) of HPV L1 negative cases progressed to ASC-H, HSIL (P < 0.01)., Conclusion: The expression rates of HPV L1 protein in liquid-based cell specimen is decreased as the cytopathology diagnosis severe degree, which may imply the histopathology diagnosis of cervix, predict the progression of cervical lesion, and help to treat the cases with ASCUS and LSIL.

Objective: To explore the clinical significance of detection of multiple human papillomavirus infection in cervical lesions detected by flow fluorescent hybridization technology with Luminex multi-analytic profiling (xMAP)., Methods: Cervical exfoliated cell specimens were collected from 301 randomly selected women accepting opportunistic screening for cervical lesions with the cytological results and hybrid capture 2 (HC-2) assay>or=atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance (ASC-US), 48 with the pathological diagnosis>or=cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)2 (case group) and 253 with normal histological result or only inflammation (control group), aged (34+/-9) (21-59). The samples were tested with xMAP technology with blind method. The coincidence of the xMAP and HC-2 was assessed. The HPV genotype, multiple HPV infection rate, and their relationships to the patients' clinical-pathological features were analyzed., Results: The rates of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of xMAP technology to detect>or=CIN2 cervical lesions were 80.49%, 80.00%, and 80.07% respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 47.06% and 96.30% respectively. The Kappa Index for agreement between xMAP technology and HC-2 was 0.56. The prevalence rate of high-risk HPV infection was 28.24% (85/301). The prevalence rate of multiple HPV infection was 11.30% (34/301), significantly lower than that of single type high-risk HPV infection (16.94%, P<0.05). The proportion of multiple HPV infection in total positive HPV results was 35.05% (34/97). The proportion of duplex and treble HPV infection were 29.90% (29/97) and 5.15% (5/97) respectively. The multiple HPV infection rate of the case group was 37.50% (18/48), significantly higher than that of the control group (6.32%, 16/253, P<0.01). The common duplex HPV infection modes were 16+51/58 (n=4), 51/58+52/59 (n=4), 11+16 (n=3), and 11+52/59 (n=3), 18+52/59 (n=3). The common treble HPV infection modes were 11+16+52/59, 16+18+31, 16+18+52/59, 31+33+39, and 31+33+52/59 (all n=1). HPV16, 52/59, 51/58, 18, 11, and 31 were the common types in multiple HPV infections., Conclusion: Flow fluorescent hybridization technology is able to detect multiple HPV infection that is associated with cervical lesions and to identify the HPV genotypes.

Objective: To evaluate the contraception efficacy, mode of bleeding, side effects and other positive effects of drospirenone-ethinylestradiol (Yasmin) in healthy Chinese women., Methods: This was a multicenter, randomized, control study of 768 healthy Chinese women who consulted about contraception. The subjects were randomized into Yasmin group (30 microg ethinylestradiol plus 3 mg drospirenone, 573 cases) or desogestrel group (30 microg ethinylestradiol plus 150 microg desogestrel, 195 cases) with the ratio of 3:1. Each individual was treated for 13 cycles. Further visits were required at cycle 4, cycle 7, cycle 10 and cycle 13 of treatment Weight, height, body mass index were evaluated at each visit. The menstrual distress questionnaire (MDQ) was given to the women at baseline, visit 3 (cycle 7) and visit 5 (after cycle 13)., Results: The values of basal features were similar between two groups (P > 0.05). The Pearl index (method failure) of Yasmin was 0. 208/hundred women year which was lower than that of desogestrel (0. 601/hundred women year). The mode of bleeding was similar between two groups after trial without showing any significant difference. According to MDQ subscale, the improvement of water retention and increasing appetite during inter-menstrual period and water retention and general well-being during menstrual period in the Yasmin group (-0.297, -0.057, 0.033, 0.150 respectively) was more obvious than that in the desogestrel group (-0.108, 0.023, 0.231, -0.023 respectively) with a significant difference (P < 0.05). Some other values which improved in both two groups, especially the improvement of breast tenderness and pain and skin abnormality in Yasmin group (18.0%, 89/494; 12.6%, 62/494) was more distinct than that in desogestrel group (11.3%, 19/168; 5.4%, 9/168). The mean weight increased in desogestrel group (0.57 kg) while it decreased in Yasmin group (-0.28 kg) with a significant difference (P < 0.01)., Conclusions: Both Yasmin and desogestrel have good efficacy on contraception and similar modes of menstrual bleeding. Yasmin is better than desogestrel in terms of weight control and premenstrual syndrome of oral contraceptive.

Background & Objective: 5-Aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) is a new ablation treatment for tumors, while its function mechanism in cervical cancer is unclear. This study was to investigate the effects of ALA-PDT on cervical cancer cell lines., Methods: The effects of ALA-PDT on proliferation of 8 human cervical cancer cell lines were examined by MTT assay to find out the optimal function parameters of ALA-PDT and the most sensitive cell line. The effect of ALA-PDT on apoptosis of cervical cancer cell line Me180 was investigated by using Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining, Hoechst 33342 staining and May-Grunwald-Farbstoff Giemsa staining. Cell cycle of Me180 cells was observed by flow cytometry with PI staining. The effect of ALA-PDT on the expression of survivin in Me180 cells was detected by Western blot and real-time fluorescence reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)., Results: Among the 8 cell lines, Me180 cell line was most sensitive to ALA-PDT; 2 mmol/L ALA, 10 J/cm(2) light dose and 3-hour treatment were the optimal function parameters of ALA-PDT, and the 50% inhibition concentration (IC(50)) of ALA-PDT under this situation for Me180 cells was 7.28x10(-4) mmol/L. ALA-PDT induced apoptosis and G0/G1 phase arrest of Me180 cells, and suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of survivin in Me180 cells., Conclusion: ALA-PDT can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of cervical cancer cell line Me180 in vitro, which may relate with the suppression of survivin expression.

Objective: To study the effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) on human cervical cancer, and to identify the best administration regimen with the least phototoxic reaction., Methods: Seventy-two BALB/c nude mice underwent subcutaneous injection of human cervical cancer cells of the line Me180 so as to establish animal models, and then randomly divided into 6 equal groups: pure topical administration group (undergoing injection of ALA 60 mg/kg around the tumor), pure intravenous administration group (undergoing injection of ALA 250 mg/kg into the caudal vein), topical administration and PDT group (undergoing injection of ALA 60 mg/kg around the tumor and radiotherapy of 630 nm He-Ne laser 6 h after the drug administration), intravenous administration and PDT group (undergoing injection of ALA 250 mg/kg into the caudal vein and radiotherapy of 630 nm He-Ne laser 6 h after the drug administration), and control group (undergoing none of the treatment). 24 h later 6 mice from each group were killed with their tumors taken out. On the days 3, 7, 14, and 21 after treatment the remaining mice underwent measurement of the tumor size. HE staining and pathological examination were performed. Immunohistochemical study was conducted to detect the protein expression of the apoptosis-inhibiting genes of survivin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of the apoptosis-inhibiting gene of Bcl-2 and apoptosis-promoting genes of P53, Bax, and Bad., Results: The tumor volumes after treatment of the pure topical administration and pure caudal vein administration groups were (0.09 +/- 0. 02) cm3 and (0.14 +/- 0.04) cm3 respectively, both significantly smaller than that of the control group [(0.67 +/- 0.06) cm3, both P < 0.01]. The tumor volume of the pure topical administration group 7-14 days after treatment was the smallest. HE staining showed remarkable subcutaneous necrosis in the 2 PDT groups. Immunohistochemistry showed remarkable down-regulation of protein expression of survivin and VEGF in the PDT groups. RT-PCR showed that the mRNA expression levels of survivin and Bcl-2 were both significantly lower than that of the control group (both P < 0.01), and the mRNA expression levels of P53, Bax, and Bad were higher than those of the control group, however, not significantly (all P > 0.05)., Conclusion: ALA-PDT is effective in treatment of cervical cancer. Topical ALA administration + PDT is recommended in treating cervical cancer so as to minimize the side-effects and inconvenience of phototoxic reaction brought by PDT.

Objective: To investigate the effect of the regimen of lamivudine (LAM) combined with hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) in prevention and treatment of re-infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and recurrence of hepatitis B after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for HBV related end stage liver disease., Methods: The clinical data of 183 adult liver transplantation patients who lived more than 6 months and were followed up for 14.6 months with complete data were studied retrospectively. According to the HBV prevention strategy, these recipients were divided into two groups: group of pure LAM (n = 106) and group of LAM plus intramuscular injection of low dose HBIG (n = 77)., Results: The rate of HBsAg negative conversion 1 week after OLT of the LAM group was 82.10% (87/106), significantly lower than that of the LAM + HBIG group [94.81% (73/77), P = 0.010]. The rates of HBV reinfection, HB recurrence, and YMDD mutation of the lamivudine group were 16.98% (18/106), 11.32% (12/106), and 8.49% (9/106) respectively, all significantly higher than those of the LAM + HBIG group [6.49% (5/77), 2.60% (2/77), and 1.30% (1/77) respectively, P = 0.035, 0.028, and 0.035 respectively]. All the patients with YMDD mutation were treated with adefovir (ADF) with improvement. Analysis showed no obvious difference in the effect of LAM given intramuscularly or intravenously., Conclusion: The protocol of combination of LAM and HBIG is highly effective, safe, and cost-effective in preventing the recurrence of HBV after OLT. YMDD mutation can be treated by ADF with satisfactory results.

Objective: To detect the high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infectious condition in women with abnormal cytology and evaluate its values in the screening of high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion., Methods: We used hybrid capture 2 (hc2) method to examine 949 patients with abnormal cervical cytology results [ > or =atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) according to the 2001 The Bethesda System diagnosis criteria]. All subjects also received colposcopy for tissue studies., Results: Among 949 patients with abnormal cytology, the diagnoses of atypical squamous cells (ASC), low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) were made in 432, 310, and 207 patients, respectively. The high-risk HPV positive rate in ASC, LSIL, and HSIL were 40.3%, 44.8%, and 89.4%, respectively. The numbers of patients with pathologically confirmed results of negative intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1, 2, 3 (CIN 1, 2, 3), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were 335, 388, 118, 101, and 7, and the high-risk HPV positive rate was 17.3%, 66.2%, 92.4%, 97.0%, and 100%, respectively. Among patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), rate of HSIL in high-risk HPV positive group and negative group were 10.2% and 0.8%, respectively (P < 0.01). In screening HSIL, the sensitivities of cytology [ > or = ASC cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H)] and cytology ( > or = ASC-H) plus high-risk HPV testing were 0.925 and 0.991, and the specificities were 0.510 and 0.748, respectively (P < 0.01). Sensitivitives of cytology ( > or = LSIL) and cytology (> or = LSIL) plus high risk HPV in detecting HSIL were 0.898 and 0.982, respectively, while the specificitives were 0. 567 and 0.779, respectively (P < 0.01)., Conclusions: The positive rate of high-risk HPV increases with the gravity of cervical lesions. In patients with abnormal cervical cytology, high-risk HPV testing can improve the sensitivity and specificity in the screening of HSIL.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical application value of flexible multi-analyte profiling (xMAP) technology in detecting high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV)., Methods: Totally 1 061 women, aged 21-65 years, were randomly enrolled into the study. Cervical exfoliated cells were used in xMAP technology and hybrid capture II (hc2). Pathological diagnosis was used as golden standard. Consistency of these two methods was assessed., Results: The sensitivity and specificity of xMAP technology were 80.31% and 85.83%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 44.5% and 96.9%, respectively. The Kappa value for consistency between xMAP technology and hc2 was 0.58., Conclusions: The specificity of xMAP technology is similar to hc2 test, but the sensitivity is inferior to hc2. However, these two methods show good consistency in the detection of HR-HPV.

Objective: To evaluate the 3 different clinical management strategies for patients with cervical cytological atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) recommended by the guideline of The 2001 Bethesda system and the 2001 American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP)., Methods: 1394 patients with a cytopathological diagnosis of ASC-US by use of liquid-based thin-layer preparation were managed by three different clinical strategies, and evaluated by the percentage of histological diagnosis > or = high-grade intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), i.e., cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2 and 3) as standard. 421 patients in Group A underwent colposcopically directed cervical biopsy, 475 patients in Group B were followed-up after 6 months by cytology, colposcopy and biopsy were performed if the results were > or = ASC-H or ASC-US and HPV-DNA (+). 498 patients in Group C: underwent HC-II test, colposcopy and biopsy were performed on those aged > or = 30 and with the HPV-DNA (+), if the patients were aged < 30 and with the HPV-DNA (+), HC-II test and cytology would be performed after 6 months; colposcopy and biopsy were performed on those with the results > or = ASC-H or HPV-DNA (+)., Results: (1) The results of histological diagnosis > or = CIN2 were found in 27 cases (6.41%) of Group A, 26 cases (5.78%) of Group B, and 34 cases (6.91%) of Group C. There was no statistically significant difference among these 3 groups (all P > 0.05). (2) Convenience was significantly different among these 3 groups (P < 0.01). The workloads for the doctors and the discomfort resulting from biopsy for the patients were the greatest in Group A. The patient's compliance of Group B was low because of the necessity to wait for follow-up six months later. The cost of Group C was relatively higher. (3) In Group C, 66% of the ASC-US patients with HPV-DNA (+) were aged > or = 30. The percentage of histological diagnosis > or = CIN2 was 5.69% in those aged > or = 30 and was 1.22% in those aged < 30., Conclusion: Both protocols B and C are practical for clinical management of ASC-US in China. HPV infection is the necessary cause of cervical carcinoma, so the protocol C (cytology and HC-II test) is better for cervical lesion screening. The ASC-US patients aged > or = 30 and with HPV-DNA (+) are at high risk.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of flow-through hybridization and gene chip (HybriMax) on female low genital human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and to identify the most common HPV genotypes., Methods: Five hundred and ninety-one of 7520 women who received cervical cancer screening in China-Japan Friendship Hospital during Jun 2004 to May 2005 were selected for 21 genotypes HPV detecting by HybriMax, including 138 women with normal cytological diagnosis and 453 women with abnormal cytological diagnosis. The abnormal patients were classified into groups according to their histological diagnosis as chronic cervicitis, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, II, III, cervical cancer and condyloma acuminata. Among them 413 women were tested with HC-II for 13 types of high-risk HPV, and 101 paraffin-embedded specimens from these 453 patients were detected for HPV16, 18 with in situ hybridization (ISH). The accordance of the results was compared. The infection rates of each HPV type for each group were calculated., Results: The total accordant rate of HybriMax and HC-II on 13 types of high-risk HPV detecting was 92.5% (382/413) and was 100.0% in group of cancer. The accordance was good, and the Kappa index (KI) was as below: overall 0.814, in normal group 0.750, in chronic cervicitis 0.781, in CIN I 0.755, in CIN II 0.619, in CIN III 0.548, in condyloma acuminata 0.800. The accordant rate of HybriMax and ISH was 89.1% (90/101), and KI was 0.766. The 10 most common genotypes were (in descending sequences): in normal group 16, 68, 18, 52, 58, 11, 53, 31, 39, 33; in abnormal group 16, 52, 58, 18, 33, 31, 81, 53, 68, 66, in cervical cancer 16, 18, 52, 58, 33, 66, 68, 31, 51, 53., Conclusions: HybriMax has good accordance to HC-II and ISH for HPV detection. It provides useful information on viral genotype and is more suitable for clinical use. The 6 most common genotypes in abnormal cytological group are 16, 18, 52, 58, 33, 31.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of integration of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) DNA into the host genome in cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL)., Methods: Multiplex PCR was used to detect the HPV/HPV16 infection and integration status of HPV16 in the surplus cells from liquid-based cytological samples from 108 patients with cervical cancer precursor lesions. Consensus primers GP5+/GP6+ were used to amplify a 150 bp long fragment in the conserved region of the HPV L1 gene so as to detect the presence pf HPV. Scion Image 4.0 electrophoresis image analysis soft was used to calculate the E2/E6 ratio so as to evaluate the episomal and integrated status of HPV16 infection: in episomal form, both targets should be equivalent, and in integrated form, E2 gene would be absent, while in mixed form of episomal/integrated mixed form, the copy number of E2 would be less than that of E6., Results: Sixty-two out of the 108 patients (57.41%) had HPV infection. HPV16 were found in 32 of the 108 samples (29.63%). Among the 32 cases HPV16 DNA was exclusively episomal in 15 cases (46.88%), concomitant in 13 cases (40.62%), and integrated in 4 cases (12.50%). The prevalence of integrated and/or concomitant forms of HPV-16 DNA increased with progression of cervical disease. The prevalence of integrated form was 54.55% in the patients of CIN3 type, 50.00% in CIN2 type, 28.07% in CIN1 type, and 11.54% in the inflammatory type with significant differences between any 2 groups (all P < 0.01)., Conclusions: HPV16 integration into the host genome is already present in some of CIN lesions. The multiplex PCR estimation of the HPV L1, HPV16 E2, E6 genes and E2/E6 ratio could be a simple method for detecting HPV/HPV16 infection and its integration status in liquid-based residual samples. It would be a helpful complementary tool for cytological screening to identify those patients at high risk of developing high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and cervical cancer.

Objective: To evaluate the criteria for diagnosis of atypical squamous cells (ASC) and its two subtypes: undetermined significance ASC (ASC-US) and atypical squamous cells-cannot exclude high-grade intraepithelial lesion (HSIL, ASC-H) defined in 2001 the Bethesda system (TBS)., Method: One thousand one hundred and eighty six pap smears and liquid-based thin-layer preparations with diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined signification (ASCUS) according to TBS 1991 criteria, were re-classified by a cytopathologist using TBS 2001 criteria., Results: The cytologic diagnosis according to TBS 2001 criteria was: negative in 285 cases (24.0 %), ASC-US in 627 cases (52.9%), ASC-H in 254 cases (21.4%), low-grade intraepithelial lesion (LISL) in 16 cases (1.3%), and HISL in 4 cases (0.3%), respectively. Out of 1186 cases, 168 received histological examination. Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) II-III were diagnosed in 18.9 % of patients with ASC-H, 5.2% of patients with ASC-US, and 14.3% of patients with ASCUS defined by using TBS 1991 criteria, respectively (P < 0.05). During the follow-up of 6 months, 4 cases of ASC-US changed to LSIL, one ASC-US changed to HSIL, 2 ASC-US changed to LSIL, and 2 ASC-US to HSIL., Conclusions: New classification of ASC recommended by 2001 TBS has apparent clinical significance. Colposcopically directed cervical biopsy should be performed immediately if ASC-H is diagnosed. In ASC-US patients, checking of cervical smear in an interval of 3 approximately 6 months is necessary. It is suggested to use ASC-US and ASC-H instead of ASCUS in cytological diagnosis.

Background and Objective: Clinical studies showed there was no satisfying treatment of the patients with recurrent advanced ovarian cancer by using chemotherapy of combining platinum, and it is very important for oncologist to seek the second-line drugs to treat the patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. The current study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of single agent Topotecan hydrochloride in the patients with recurrent advanced ovarian cancer., Material and Method: A total of 31 patients with recurrent ovarian cancer in a multiple centers clinical trial were treated with Topotecan 1.25 mg/m2 qd, i.v. inf. for 5 consecutive days every three weeks., Result: Among 21 evaluable cases, overall response rate was 33.33%. Among 29 ITT population the response rate was 24.14%, including 3 CR and 4 PR. Main side effects were hematologic toxicities, 31.0% patients and 37.5% courses developed Grade III-IV leukocytopenia, 20.7% patients and 14.3% courses developed Grade III-IV thrombocytopemia. Non-hematologic toxicities were mild., Conclusion: Topotecan is effective for treating the patients with recurrent ovarian cancer who failed with platinum-based regimes.