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Orthodontic resident training has a long history abroad. Its purpose is to teach general practitioners in dentistry about basic knowledge and operating standards and to lay a solid foundation for the normalization and standardization of techniques. Osaka Dental University, established in 1911, is one of the oldest dental higher education facilities in Japan and Asia. Its systematic orthodontic resident training program has specific characteristics, including a thorough foundation in basic training, sufficient practice time in clinical work, and an emphasis on both clinical thinking ability and technical detail mastery. Recently, orthodontic resident training programs in China have achieved significant progress in a short period. In this manuscript, we introduce the orthodontic training program of Osaka Dental University in terms of enrollment, training arrangements, orthodontic basic education and clinical training in order to offer a reference for the continuous improvement of the standardized training system for resident doctors of stomatology in China.

Copyright of Interdisciplinary Studies of Literature is the property of Interdisciplinary Studies of Literature Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the cleaning and coating processes of product manufacturing, some cases require filling liquid into closed-end holes. We have developed a liquid infiltration method, i.e., gas removal, into closed-end holes by irradiating acoustic waves. The method uses gas oscillation inside the holes; however, the final removal process of break-up gas columns is still unclear. This study observed the multiple gas column oscillation inside a closed-end hole during acoustic wave irradiation and its removal process. We also visualized the liquid flow between columns using the PIV technique. As a result, we found that the gas removal occurrence depends on the size, distance, and the number of gas columns. The removal process shows that the gas columns were approached and coalesced. They were then ejected through capillary wave propagation, necking, break-up, and re-coalescence. The oscillation of the gas column near the hole exit induced the flow between columns and approaching the other gas column. The PIV analysis shows that the long-distance gas column cases induced smaller flow velocities and could not achieve gas removal due to liquid inertia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pressure measurement using a fiber optic prove hydrophone and simultaneous two-directional observation with a high-speed video camera have been conducted to investigate the collapse of a laser-induced bubble near a rigid wall and the corresponding Shockwave generation. Pressure measurements at multiple locations near the rigid wall and observations of frontal and overhead views relate to the locations of pitting damage due to bubble collapse observed by Philipp and Lauterborn (J. Fluid Mech., 1998). In y=s/Rmax ≅ 1.5 where s is the distance between the bubble center and the wall surface and Rmax is the equivalent bubble radius at the maximum growth, the second bubble collapse occurs on the rigid wall: the overhead view reveals that the bubble collapses asymmetrically with a toroidal (ring) shape and bubble blobs remain at the bubble center and on both sides of the ring in the direction of laser injection. It is shown that the area of the bubble blobs on the ring correlates with the high pressure on the wall. This suggests that the collapse of these blobs leads to the high pressures and asymmetric pitting damages on the wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) is a highly migratory pelagic species that is abundant in tropical and temperate seas. In this study, skipjack tuna marked with archival tags were released near Green Island in southeastern Taiwan in order to examine changes in their body temperature as they moved through their natural environments. Five fish were recovered, depths occupied ranged from 0 to 310 meters, ambient temperature ranged from 13.1°C to 28.3°C and peritoneal cavity temperature ranged from 17.0°C to 28.2°C, and diving patterns correlated with diurnal cycles. The heat budget model revealed physiological and behavioral thermoregulation in which peritoneal temperatures were maintained above ambient; this was particularly evident during daytime deeper dives. As skipjack tuna ascends to the surface, the average heat-transfer coefficient is 2.7 ± 0.6 (10-3/s), whereas when they return, the average heat-transfer coefficient is 0.9 ± 0.3 (10-3/s), indicating that body heat is retained. When fish dives below the mixed layer depth, the ambient temperature drops rapidly with the depth, while peritoneal cavity temperature descent slowly at a rate of about 7 minutes after the dive. Using our model, we were able to estimate peritoneal temperatures based on the ambient water temperature. According to our findings, skipjack bonito regulates thermoregulation by altering heat transfer coefficients via a physiological mechanism. This mechanism and behavior are comparable to those of species of Thunnus. In conclusion, skipjack tuna can cross the thermocline or expand its cruising range in cooler water in order to find or utilize additional resources more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collagen tripeptide (CTP), a collagen hydrolysate containing tripeptides comprised mainly of Gly-X-Y sequences, is known to have joint-protective effects by injection into the joints. CTP is also known to be effective by oral administration, as demonstrated by the concomitant reduction in cartilage damage in rabbits with knee osteoarthritis. In humans, ingestion of CTP improved friction sounds and hydrops of the knee joints and reduced knee pain. These reports suggest the joint protective effects exerted by CTP acting directly on articular chondrocytes. The interaction between chondrocytes and the extracellular matrix products they produce, including type II collagen, determine the mechanical properties of articular cartilage. Our study therefore aimed to investigate the effects of CTP on both cell proliferation and mRNA expression of type II collagen on chondrocytes in vitro. We cultured primary chondrocytes from bovine forelimb joints under hydrostatic pressure to avoid their transformation into fibroblasts and to maintain the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix. We found that CTP did not affect chondrocyte cell proliferation. The mRNA expression of type II collagen increased depending on CTP concentration. In contrast, the mRNA expression of type I collagen decreased with an increase in CTP concentration, suggesting that CTP suppressed the transformation of chondrocytes into fibroblasts. These results suggest that CTP exerts joint protective effects by directly acting on the type II collagen production of chondrocytes and maintaining their homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science / Nongyaoxue Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science / Nongyaoxue Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science / Nongyaoxue Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science / Nongyaoxue Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Purpose] Using the laterality quotient of left and right wrist actigraphy counts (acti-LQ), we evaluated the lateral differences in upper limb function. [Subjects] Forty students (Experiment 1) and fifteen right-handed students (Experiment 2) wore an accelerometer on both wrists for 24 hours. [Method] Experiment 1: we investigated the correlation between acti-LQ and the handedness questionnaire. Experiment 2: acti-LQs were compared among three conditions: 1) without limitation, 2) limitation of the range of motion (ROM) simulated by an athletic supporter attached to the right wrist, and 3) limitation of ROM simulated by an athletic supporter attached to the right elbow. [Result] Experiment 1: a significant correlation was found, which showed the validity of acti-LQ in evaluating the laterality of upper limb function. Experiment 2: a significant reduction in acti-LQ was found in right elbow limitation, which showed a compensatory increase in left upper limb activity. [Conclusion] Our results suggest that the laterality quotient derived from an accelerometer counts on both wrists is sensitive to the lateral differences in upper limb function. It also seems to be sensitive enough to evaluate lateral dysfunction due to orthopedic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Humanitas Taiwanica is the property of National Taiwan University, Humanitas Taiwanica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Synthetic Fiber Industry is the property of Sinopec Baling Petrochemical Company and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Kanto-Koshin district had an unusual heavy snowfall on 14-15 February 2014 due to a low pressure passing along the southern coast of Honshu Island. High-density observational data from multiple snow-monitoring network and interviews with local people were used to investigate spatial distribution of snow depth in the Kanto-Koshin district. Analysis of the spatial distribution of snow depth showed that the heavy snow area (over than 100 cm depth) extended all over Yamanashi Prefecture and the mountainous area on the border between Yamanashi Prefecture and the western Kanto district The heaviest snow depth area (over 150 cm) occurred locally at the north base of Mount Fuji. Data showed regional differences in the altitudinal dependency of snow depth. In the Kanto region, snow depth uniformly increased with increase of elevation up to about 200 m above sea level (A.S.L.), but altitudinal dependency of snow depth over 300 m A. S. L. was not obvious. In contrast, altitudinal dependency of Yamanashi and Nagano prefectures showed low gradients and high variation. In comparison with past heavy snowfall events, the exceptional snowfall event of February 14-15 was characterized by the distribution of snow cover more than 50 cm even on the western Kanto plain in addition to unusually widespread snowfall centered around Yamanashi Prefecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at examining Hula Girls (2006), a Japanese film that depicts the 1966 opening of the Joban Hawaiian Center, from the viewpoints of nationality and gender, thereby illuminating the film's ambivalent representation of the problematic relationships between (i) the country and the city, (ii) the residual mining industry and the emergent leisure industry, and (iii) the local, domestic industry and global (American) capitalism. The figures of the Hula Girls, the local girls who receive short-term, intensive training to become professional dancers for the Center, symbolize how Joban Mines Company, rebranding itself using a feminine image, attempts to counter the force of global capitalism and sell the local "resources" anew. The way the Hula Girls work, however, also shows the disturbing problems of "emotional labor" and gender injustice within the deep structures of capitalist society. Hula Girls, in summary, while celebrating the rebirth of the Joban Mines Area and a new cultural identity attained by the Girls, at the same time critically represents the transformation of labor from a feminist perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) and developed a short-form. This study included 157 children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD, ages 7-18, 128 boys) and 4,101 healthy controls (ages 7-15, 3,344 boys) from a general population with a controlled male-female ratio. Four factors (Unusual Interests, Sociality, Peer Relations, and Repetitive Behaviors) were extracted by exploratory factor analysis of control group data. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the 4-factor model fit well with data for another sample of the control and ASD groups. Logistic analysis showed that the former 3 factors could significantly predict ASD diagnosis. Thus, a short form of the ASSQ was developed, consisting of 11 items for these 3 factors. This short form showed sufficient internal consistency and high discrimination power for ASD diagnosis that was comparable to that of the 22-item version. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated an optimal cut-off of 7 for the 22-item version (sensitivity .949, specificity .801) and 5 for the short-form (sensitivity .936, specificity .818). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase behavior of aqueous solutions of copolymers of fumaramide (FAM) and IV-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) was studied by optical transmittance spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to reveal the effect of the fumaramide substituents upon the phase behavior. The clouding-point and clearing-point temperatures (Tcloud and Tclear, respectively) of aqueous solutions increased with increasing mole fraction of FAM (xF), indicating that the FAM unit increases the hydrophilicity of the copolymer. IR and DSC data indicate that cooperative dehydration and rehydration occurs around Tcloud and Tclear , respectively. The cooperativity of the phase transition was lower at higher xp presumably because of a broader distribution of comonomer composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, perfluorosulfonate ionomer (Nafion®) fibers were prepared by electrospinning an aqueous solution containing Nafion, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The fiber diameter increased from 400 nm to 1.8 pm with increasing TEOS content. In addition, Nafion hollow fibers were prepared by a two-fluid electrospinning of two immiscible liquids (sheath liquid: Nafion solutions containing PVA and TEOS; core liquid: heavy mineral oil) through a coaxial spinneret, followed by selective removal of the core. The core diameter and wall thickness could be controlled by varying the TEOS content and the flow rate of the spinning solution. Polyelectrolyte fibers and hollow fibers can be used for high-functional separation materials, catalysts, micro-tubular fuel cells, micro-fluidic devices, and high-capacity membrane modules for water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Purpose] To clarify the effect on muscles activities during knee extension of selective vibration stimulus of the vastus lateralis. [Subjects] The subjects were 10 healthy males (average age, 26.8 ± 9.2) who had no history of orthopedic or neurological disorders of the lower limbs. [Method] A continuous vibration stimulus was applied to the vastus lateralis, and we measured and compared the relative integrated electromyograms (%iEMG) of the activities of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris, as well as the knee extension strength before and after the stimulus. [Results] The %iEMG value of the vastus lateralis during knee extension was low after the stimulus, and the ratio of the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis %iEMG values was high. [Conclusion] Selective stimulus of the vastus lateralis during knee extension suppressed the activity of the vastus lateralis, relatively promoting the activity of the vastus medialis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, hydrocarbon polyelectrolyte membranes were prepared by phase inversion method from sulfonated syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS)/1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) solution. The prepared polyelectrolyte membranes showed flexibility and good handling characteristics. This is due to crystalline structure in the membranes, which functions as physical cross-links. Our investigation of sulfonation condition showed that sufficient sulfonation improved the ion-exchange capacity, water content, and proton conductivity of the membrane. The minimum value of the electrical resistance of the prepared membranes was 9.2Ω·cm, which compares with the reported value for the commercial perfluorosulfoanted membrane, Nafion1177 (10Ω2·cm). In addition, both the ion-exchange capacity and water content were two times higher than those of Nafion117. To reduce the water content of the membranes, hot-pressing was carried out, which reduced the water content but increased the electrical resistance. Fenton's test also showed that crystalline structure in the membranes improved the oxidation resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are bacterial polyesters that can be an alternative to petroleum-derived plastics. Transgenic plants harboring PHA biosynthetic genes are capable of producing PHAs directly from atmospheric CO2. The properties of PHAs greatly depend on their monomer composition. Therefore, fine regulation of monomer composition is essential to the production of PHAs with the desired properties. In order to synthesize PHA copolymer in plants, the supply of monomers and the expression of PHA synthase (polymerizing enzyme) having a broad polymerizing capacity are required. We found that the engineered enzymes with enhanced activity and/or altered substrate specificity are functional in plant cells. This finding enabled us to produce PHA copolymer in transgenic plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So (Koto) is a traditional Japanese horizontal harp; in order to establish a measuring system for quantitatively evaluating the durability of So-strings using So-nails (Koto-zume), the authors developed a measuring apparatus. The durability of three kinds of So-string (silk, multi-polyester, mono-polyester) were determined. The apparatus used a simulated standard So-nail playing method. A So-nail was attached to the shaft of a motor and rotated at a constant speed. The So-nail played the string until it was broken. The authors defined the number of times the string broke as an indicator of the durability of the So-string and developed standard experimental conditions to compare the durability of different strings. The length, tension and play speed were 20 cm, 147 N, and 180 rpm respectively. The silk, multi-polyester and mono-polyester strings broke at the times of 3267, 7450 and 11428 times, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the moderating effect of self-esteem on the relationship between public self-consciousness and social anxiety, and on the relationship between public self-consciousness and exhibitionism in Japan and South Korea. The participants were 213 university students in Japan and 234 university students in Korea. The results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that self-esteem was a moderator of the relationship between public self-consciousness and social anxiety and of the relationship between public self-consciousness and exhibitionism in Korea, but not in Japan. In Korea, public self-consciousness was related to social anxiety for people with low self-esteem, while for people with high self-esteem, public self-consciousness was related to exhibitionism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to examine the properties of sheepskin for prevention of pressure ulcer, experimental works were carried out using 8 type sheepskin specimens. Applied pressure to sacral region, namely contact pressure, and tissue blood flow in sacral skin of subjects who were stationary state in the dorsal decubitus on the sheepskin specimens were measured at the same time for 40 min with the apparatus equipped with an air-pack type pressure sensor and a Laser-Doppler tissue blood flow meter. Individual average contact pressures obtained from sheep skin specimens put directly on the blank mattress were distributed in wide range of 4.65 kPa to 14.84 kPa, and individual average tissue blood flows were recorded in range of 0.69ml/100ml/min to 2.60ml/100ml/min. Furthermore, the contact pressures decreased considerably and blood flows increased as the surface fiber weight increased from 1330 g/m² to 1600 g/m². On the other hand, in case of the polyurethane mattress developed for prevention of pressure ulcer was overlaid with sheepskin specimen, contact pressures remarkable reduced and standard deviations of blood flow indicated large values. Thus we concluded that overlaying sheepskin on the preventive mattresses of pressure ulcer such as polyurethane mattress is one of the effective measures from a viewpoint of prevention of pressure ulcer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research / Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu is the property of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research / Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu is the property of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research / Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu is the property of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research / Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu is the property of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Endovascular thrombectomy is a first - line treatment option for acute large vessel occlusive ischemic stroke after strict selection, which is an effective method to improve the good prognosis rate of patients. More and more evidence-based medicine proves that balloon guide catheter (BGC) can shorten the reperfusion time, increase the rate of initial reperfusion, and reduce the risk of distal embolism due to it's proximal blood flow occlusion, but the application of BGC in emergency endovascular thrombectomy is still limited. This review summarizes the clinical application progress of BGC to provide theoretical basis for it's application in emergency endovascular thrombectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nankai Business Review is the property of Nankai Business Review Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of University Chemistry is the property of Peking University, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)