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The effects of La-Ce rare earth treatment on inclusions， continuous casting castability and steel properties of Q345D structural steel were analyzed by field test. The results showed that the alloy yield of RE in Q345D structural steel was 21. 5%. Compared with the heats without RE addition， the desulfurization rate increased by 37. 5%， and the unit inclusion density decreased from 80. 16/mm2 to 60. 78/mm2 . The inclusions in molten steel before La-Ce rare earth treat ment were mainly MgO-Al2O3-CaO composite inclusions. The modification effect of La-Ce rare earth treatment on small size （ D≤5 μm ） inclusions was more obvious. Small size inclusions were modified into （La-Ce-S） and （La-Ce-Al-S-O） rare earth inclusions. La-Ce rare earth treatment can significantly reduce the aspect ratio of MnS inclusions in steel， so that the morphology of MnS inclusions after rolling was closer to ellipse without long linear， which was the main reason for the increase of transverse impact energy of Q345D structural steel by 20%.

The high-speed ice-ball impact damage research of epoxy resin/carbon fiber 3D four-way braided composites was carried out. Using the air gun impact test system, ice balls with three different impact velocities were used to conduct impact tests. After the test, industrial CT scans were performed on the main damage positions of the test pieces, and the internal damage forms were observed. The composite macro constitutive model based on surface unit-cell and interior unit-cell and a strain rate related material model of the ice were used to establish the finite element model. The simulation model was compared with the test. The results show that the damage of the matrix in the surface unit-cell area is more serious than that in the interior unit-cell area, the damage area of the front surface is generally larger than that of the back surface, the oblique impact angle has an influence on the damage area and damage location. As the impact angle decreases, the damage area of the composite material also decreases. Increasing the thickness of plate can improve the ability to absorb energy and reduce the damage area of the material.

BackgroundThe sodium-cooled fast reactor adopts the three loops design with sodium-sodium-water. When a double-ended guillotine (DEG) break occurs in the steam generator (SG) tube, a large leakage sodium-water reaction (SWR) accident occurs, which threatens the safety and integrity of the secondary loop. A protection system is therefore designed to ensure secondary loop integrity.PurposeThis study aims to analyze the influence of protection system critical parameters on the large leakage SWR with paralleling SGs.MethodsFirst of all, a large leakage SWR model, including the water/steam leakage rate, hydrogen bubble growth, pressure wave propagation, and protection system models were established. Then, the large leakage SWR model was verified using the experimental data, and the 3-DEG large leakage SWR was simulated on the basis of the secondary loop structure. The integrity of the secondary loop and the protection system response were analyzed. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed for the critical parameters of the protection system, including the bursting pressure of liquid rupture disks, bursting delay time of rupture disks, location of liquid rupture disks, length of the release pipe, and volume of the primary accident discharged tank. Parameters with key influence on the integrity of the secondary loop and the protection system response were determined.ResultsThe 3-DEG large leakage sodium water reaction accident results in a peak pressure of 2.003 MPa in the reaction zone and 1.329 MPa in the critical equipment of the secondary circuit except for the reaction zone. The smaller bursting pressure and delay time, and the location of liquid bursting disks at the bottom chamber and the release pipe shorter length are more conducive to the integrity of the secondary loop and the protection system response.ConclusionsThis study provides a reference value for the design requirements of large leakage SWR protection systems with paralleling SGs.

The coseismic and postseismic effects are crucial elements in analyzing fault interactions and the regional seismic risk. In this paper, we developed a three-dimensional viscoelastic finite element code to simulate the coseismic and postseismic deformation. We calculated the coseismic and postseismic deformations caused by the strike-slip fault with a conceptual model, and compared the results with the analytic and semi-analytic solutions so as to verify the reliability of the code. Meanwhile, we also analyzed the influence of different parameters on the coseismic and postseismic deformation, uncovering a significant effect of the earth's lateral heterogeneity on the coseismic displacement. And the viscosity of the middle-lower crust and upper mantle plays a major role in controlling the postseismic displacement. At last, we used the three-dimensional viscoelastic model to calculate the changes of the coseismic and postseismic Coulomb stress caused by the 2008 MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, and analyzed the subsequent effect on the 2013 MW6.6 Lushan earthquake and the 2017 MW6.5 Jiuzhaigou earthquake. The calculation results show that the Coulomb stress changes caused by the Wenchuan earthquake is positive near the hypocenters of the Lushan earthquake (0.013 MPa) and the Jiuzhaigou earthquake (0.009 MPa), indicating the Wenchuan earthquake might have triggered both the Lushan earthquake and Jiuzhaigou earthquake.

Objective To investigate the influence of different concentrations of CaCl2 on the hemolytic activity of candida strains. Methods A total of 25 candida strains were selected, including 21 candida strains recovered from clinical specimens, and 4 reference strains of C. albicans (ATCC 90028) (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA), C. glabrata (ATCC 90030), C. krusei (ATCC 6258), and C. tropicalis (ATCC 13803) respectively. CaCl2 was added at concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 2.5 g % (wt/vol). Plates were cultured at 37 ℃ in a 5% CO2 atmosphere for 24 ⁃ 72 h, and the hemolytic index (Hi) was analyzed. Results Comparsions of the hemolytic indices among the groups treated with 0.5% CaCl2 (Hi = 2.247 ± 0.079), 1% CaCl2 (Hi = 2.013 ± 0.092), 2.5% CaCl2 (Hi = 2.150 ± 0.066) and the control (Hi = 2.749 ± 0.103) reached statistical significance (P < 0.001). Conclusion CaCl2 may produce a de⁃ crease activity in the hemolysis of candida species.

To observe the effect of processed Polygonum multiflorum on mRNA expression levels of five subtypes of CYP450 enzymes in rat liver. SD rats were randomly divided into the normal control group, processed P. multiflorum high dose and low dose groups (5.40 g•kg⁻¹ and 1.08 g•kg⁻¹). The rats in administration groups were continuously given with processed P. mutiflorum for 7 days by ig administration, and the rats in normal control group were given with the same volume of distilled water. After successive administration of 7 days, the serum biochemical indications were detected, and Real-time quantitative PCR technology was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of five subtypes of CYP450 enzymes in rat liver. Experimental results showed that AST was decreased significantly in both low and high dose groups. ALT was significantly decreased in low dose group and significantly increased in high dose group. The mRNA expression levels of five subtypes of CYP450 enzymes in rat liver were decreased in high dose and low dose groups in a dose-dependent manner. Especially the high dose processed P. multiflorum could significantly inhibit CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 mRNA expression levels in rats. The study showed that high dose P. multiflorum water extract had hepatotoxicity, and the degree of liver damage was increased with the increase of dose. It shall be noted that 5.40 g•kg⁻¹ water extract of P. multiflorum could significantly inhibit CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 mRNA expression levels in the liver of rats., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Applications of network pharmacology are increasingly widespread and methods abound in the field of drug development and pharmacological research. In this study, we choose rosiglitazone compound as the object to predict the targets and to discuss the mechanism based on three kinds of prediction methods of network pharmacology. Comparison of the prediction result has identified that the three kinds of prediction methods had their own characteristics: targets and pathways predicted were not in accordance with each other. However, the calcium signaling pathway could be predicted in the three kinds of methods, which associated with diabetes and cognitive impairment caused by diabetes by bioinformatics analysis. The above conclusion indicates that the calcium signaling pathway is important in signal pathway regulation of rosiglitazone compound, which provides a clue to further explain the mechanism of the compound and also provides a reference for the selection and application of methods of network pharmacology in the actual research.

In this study, the human umbilical vein endothelial cell model was used to study the regulating effect of lipophilic components in Salvia miltiorrhiza on angiogenesis, and explore its possible mechanism. The cell model was established to determine the effect of lipophilic components in S. miltiorrhiza on the proliferative activity and migration capacity of endothelial cells. Then the realtime fluorescence quantification PCR technology was applied to detect the changes in the gene expressions of angiogenesis-related cytokines VEGF-A, VEGF-C and MMP-9. The results showed that 5 mg x L(-1) lipophilic components in S. miltiorrhiza could inhibit the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, and reduce the expression of VEGF-A and MMP-9 genes. It indicated that lipophilic components in S. miltiorrhiza may inhibit the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells by inhibiting the expression of VEGF-A and MMP-9 genes, so as to show the inhibitory effect on angiogenesis.

The objective of this study is to fully investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanisms of action of Gegen Qinlian decoction (GD) on type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM). A rat model of type 2 DM was established with the combination of high-fat diet and multiple low doses of streptozotocin (STZ). Biochemical indicators related to glucose metabolism disorders, insulin resistance, oxidative stress were observed. The type 2 DM rats were administrated with GD for 80 days, the above-mentioned indexes were detected. The results indicated that the hepatic glycogen synthesis level was promoted, fasting blood glucose level and fasting blood insulin level were significantly reduced, insulin sensitivity index was significantly improved; the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was increased and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was reduced; pathologic morphology of pancreas and kidney was ameliorated in the GD group. It was indicated that the therapeutic mechanisms of action of GD on type 2 DM might be related to its effect of ameliorating glucose metabolism disorders, relieving insulin resistance, increasing the tissues' sensitivity to insulin, improving the antioxidative ability of living system, GD has therapeutic effect on type 2 DM and protective effects against damaged pancreatic function.

Partial least squares (PLS) has been widely used in spectral analysis and modeling, and it is computation-intensive and time-demanding when dealing with massive data To solve this problem effectively, a novel parallel PLS using MapReduce is proposed, which consists of two procedures, the parallelization of data standardizing and the parallelization of principal component computing. Using NIR spectral modeling as an example, experiments were conducted on a Hadoop cluster, which is a collection of ordinary computers. The experimental results demonstrate that the parallel PLS algorithm proposed can handle massive spectra, can significantly cut down the modeling time, and gains a basically linear speedup, and can be easily scaled up.

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a process analysis and monitoring tool with many advantages, while it needs to set up quantitative or discriminative calibration models in advance, and needs to adjust these models when the process conditions are varied, which makes it difficult for ordinary user to take its full advantage of it. To tackle this problem, this paper presented a novel, simple and model-free methodology for online process monitoring based on two reciprocal viewpoints of measuring the variability of spectroscopy-both the similarity and dissimilarity of process spectrum, i.e., the adaptive moving window standard deviation function(AMWSW) and similarity function(S). The methodology was validated by a column chromatography process of traditional Chinese medicine using near infrared spectroscopy. The online trend curves of AMWSW and S obtained by proposed method were validated by a comparison with the content variation curves of multiple indicative components analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and these trend curves demonstrated their potential for real-time process status monitoring, accurately determining the beginning point, the peak point, the end point of the elution, and the phase change from water solution to ethanol solution. The proposed methodology can also be used to other process analysis techniques, such as ultraviolet/visible, infrared, Raman, fluorescence, chromatograph and mass spectrum.

This study was to comprehensively evaluate the chemical quality of main species of epimedium planted in China. The contents of 5 marker compounds, epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, icariin and baohuoside I, as well as total flavonoids of 22 samples of 8 officinal species of Epimedium were determined by HPLC and UV, separately. Some physical and chemical tests (H2O, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and EtOH extract) were also carried out to investigate their chemical qualities. There were significant differences in types and contents of prenyl-flavonoid glycosides such as epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, icariin and baohuoside I in different species, meanwhile, the physical and chemical parameters results also showed that there were obvious differences in chemical quality among different species of epimedium herb. The results provide theoretical and experimental basis for the establishment of comprehensive quality assessment system of epimedium in China.

Chloroplast genome sequences have comprehensive application prospects in DNA barcoding and chloroplast engineering in traditional Chinese medicine. The complete chloroplast genome of Magnolia officinalis sequenced by high-throughput pyrosequencing and a sequencing procedure was established. Fourteen contigs were obtained after de nove assembly. The sequencing percent of coverage was 99.99%. The chloroplast genome is 160 183 bp in size, and has a typical quadripartite structure with the large (LSC, 88 210 bp) and small copy (SSC, 18 843 bp) regions separated by two copies of an inverted repeat (IRs, 26 565 bp each). chloroplast genes were successfully annotated, of which 17 genes located in each IR region. The chloroplast genome features in Magnolia officinalis are nearly identical to those from other Magnoliid chloroplast genomes. Phylogenetic analyses were performed based on 81 shared coding-genes for a total of 9 Magnolia samples of 5 closely related species. Results showed that distinguishing among species was generally straightforward at the species and population level. This study confirmed the effectiveness of our chloroplast genome sequencing procedure. The chloroplast genome can provide distinguishing differences to help identify Magnolia officinalis and its closely related plants.

This study was to report the effect of Tangshen Formula on phospholipids metabolism in diabetic nephropathy patients. A normal phase-HPLC-TOF/MS method was used in this study for the determination of seven species of phospholipids in human plasma. Then, the concentration changes of potential phospholipids biomarkers were discussed in diabetic nephropathy phase III and phase IV patients among different groups, including before and 3, 6 months after administration of Tangshen Formula. Significant increases of PE750, PI885, PC792, PC826, PC830, PC854 and PC802 levels were observed 6 months after administration of Tangshen Formula and conventional western medicine, as well as a decrease of LPC540 level, when compared with those before medication. Concentrations of all the potential phospholipids biomarkers showed a tendency towards normal levels; however, both the improvement degree and onset time of these compounds were not same. Additionally, Tangshen Formula treatment based on conventional western medicine treatment was more efficient in adjusting the levels of these compounds when compared with western medicine treatment alone, especially for the phase IV patients. These results indicated that Tangshen Formula was capable in regulating and improving phospholipids metabolism in diabetic nephropathy patients, which may be related with the direct or indirect inhibition of protein kinase C pathway and the corresponding reduction of phospholipase A2 activity. Therefore, Tangshen Formula may be used as an effective drug for diabetic nephropathy therapy, at least as an adjunctive therapeutic drug.

This study is to report the tissue distribution of arsenic after giving different doses of realgar and Liushen pills to Beagle dogs, in order to provide basis for the safety evaluation of Liushen pills. ICP-MS was used to measure arsenic concentration, and HPLC-ICP-MS was used to analyze arsenic speciation. The concentration of total arsenic and As(III) + DMA (arsenite + dimethylarsenic acid) increased with dosing of realgar. Total arsenic concentration in most tissues and As(III) + DMA concentration in all tissues of Liushen pills group are lower than that of realgar group, but AsB concentration in liver, spleen and kidney of Liushen pills group increased. The concentration of total arsenic showed a dose-dependent manner with dosage administered. It was indicated that components in Liushen pills can reduce solubility of arsenic in realgar, which may decrease toxicity of realgar.

For modeling the nonlinear relationship existing between samples' near infrared (NIR) spectra and their chemical or physical properties, a novel modeling method was put forward in the present paper, which builds model by combining Isomap and partial least squares (PLS). Isomap is a newly proposed nonlinear dimension reduction algorithm, and belongs to the algorithm family of manifold learning, which is a new branch of machine learning. Isomap is based on multidimensional scaling (MDS) algorithm; however, it replaces the Euclidean distance in MDS with an approximated geodesic distance, so it can effectively find out the intrinsic low dimensional structure from high dimensional data. By combining Isomap and PLS, refered to as Isomap-PLS, a novel nonlinear modeling method for NIR spectra analysis was proposed. In this method, Isomap was used to extract nonlinear information from high dimensional NIR spectra while keeping the invariance of geometric property, and then PLS was adopted to remove linear information redundancy and build a calibration model. The parameters of the Isomap, i.e. the number of the nearest neighbor k and output dimension d, can affect the performance of the method. In this paper, a grid search approach was used for parameter optimization. The Isomap-PLS modeling method was applied to two public benchmark NIR datasets, and the modeling results were compared with that of PLS. The results demonstrated that in both datasets, each model built with Isomap-PLS had a smaller rooted mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) than the corresponding model built with PLS. Moreover, for some properties, the RMSECV of Isomap-PLS was significantly reduced by a factor of 2-5 compared with that of PLS. It can be concluded that by taking the virtue that Isomap can reflect the intrinsic nonlinear structure of NIR spectra, Isomap-PLS can effectively model the nonlinear correlations between spectra and physicochemical properties of the samples, and so it gains more power in calibration and prediction than PLS.

Objective: To establish a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) amalgamated to double UV waves method for simultaneous determination of loganin and paeonol in Liuwei Dihuang pills., Method: A HPLC method was developed. The separation was carried out on a Agilent Zorbax SB C18 column (5 microm, 4.6 mm x 250 mm). The mobile phase consisted of water (A) and acetonitrile (B) with linear linear gradient elution [0-8 min, (B) from 1% to 12%; 8-21 min, B keep 12%; 21-40 min, (B) from 12% to 90%; 40-50 min, B keep 90% for 10 min]. The detection was Photodiode Array with the detection wavelengths were at 236 nm and 274 nm. The column temperature being 30 degrees C and the flow rate was 1.0 mL min(-1). Extracting the chromatergraph from 274 nm and 236 nm, we amalgamated the two chromatographs by matlab programmed., Result: The calibration curves of loganin and paeonol were linear in the ranges of 0.0362-1.09 microg (r =0. 9998) and 0.0450-1.35 microg (r =0.9998), respectively. The average recoveries of loganin and paeonol were 97.3% (RSD 1.4 %) and 103.0% (RSD 1.9%), respectively. Three different batches of Liuwei Dihuang pills were determined with this method., Conclusion: This is a more convenient, reasonable and credible quality control method for the traditional Chinese medicine.

Metabonomics technology has been widely applied in the field of biology and pharmacy nowadays. The integration on mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and other modern analytical techniques, made up of the metabonomics technology platform, have accelerated the study on metabonomics. In this paper, the past results of metabonomics studies are reviewed, and the applications of metabonomics to traditional Chinese medicine are prospected.

The traditional near infrared (NIR) spectra modeling algorithm-partial least squares (PLS) can't effectively reflect the nonlinear correlations existing between the near infrared spectra and the chemical or physical properties of samples. Locally linear embedding (LLE) is a newly proposed nonlinear dimension reduction algorithm, which is a kind of manifold learning algorithm. It can find out the intrinsic dimension from high dimensional data effectively, and map the high dimensional input data points to a global low dimensional coordinates while keeping the spatial relations of the adjacent points, i. e. the geometry structure of the high dimensional space. No application of LLE in the information processing of NIR spectra has been reported. By combining LLE and PLS, a novel nonlinear modeling method LLE-PLS for NIR spectra was proposed. In the proposed method, LLE and PLS were adopted to deduct the dimensions of NIR spectra and build regressor, respectively. The LLE-PLS method was applied to correlate the NIR spectra with the concentrations of salvia acid B in the elution of column chromatography of Salvianolate. The results showed that LLE-PLS outperformed other preprocessing methods such as multiplicative scattering correction, the 1st derivative, vector normalization, minimum-maximum normalization, detrend, debias, and the 2nd derivative. After parameter optimization, LLE-PLS can accurately predict the concentration of salvia acid B, with a minimum RMSECV of 0.128 mg x mL(-1) and r2 of 0.9988, suggesting that LLE-PLS is better than PLS in modeling and prediction. The parameter of the number of nearest neighbor k of LLE-PLS and output dimension d can affect the performance of the method. The research showed that k is robust to RMSECV, and an excessively low or high output dimension d will result in a greater error because of insufficient or excessive information extraction. It can be concluded that LLE-PLS can effectively model the nonlinear correlations between spectra and physicochemical properties of the samples. And it is feasible to actualize online monitoring of the process of column chromatography of Salvianolate by coupling NIR spectra with LLE-PLS modeling method.

Aim: To develop HPLC-UV/ELSD and HPLC-UV/MS3 fingerprints of Japan Jiuxin pill using multi-dimensional hyphenated methods and study on its chemical base., Methods: Separation was performed on Altima C18 analytical column (250 mm x 4.6 mm ID, 5 microm). The mobile phases consisted of water containing 0.2% formic acid and acetonitrile was used as gradient elute. The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1). An electrospray ion trap mass spectrometer was utilized for qualitative analysis and both positive and negative secondary ion scan mode were applied., Results: HPLC-UV/ELSD and HPLC-UV/ MS3 fingerprints of Japan Jiuxin pill with well separation and reproducibility were obtained. Totally 21 components in the complex formula were identified and the chemical structural information of glycocholic acid and its isomer were suggested., Conclusion: The research is propitious to offer an effective and reliable pattern for analyzing Japanese Kampo Medicines as well as its quality control.

A new approach to the real-time control of extraction procedures based on fiber optic near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) was described. Various extraction samples of gardenia were rapidly scanned by NIR, and the SIMCA monitoring model was developed. The model was applied to evaluate the extraction procedures of 26 unknown samples, and all the samples from abnormal procedures were successfully identified. It is suggested that near infrared spectroscopy, combined with SIMCA method, is a rapid, convenient and efficient tool for real-time procedure monitoring, which needs no quantitative determination and can effectively monitor whether the current procedure is in normal or not. The presented approach, therefore, offers a new way for the quality control in real-time of traditional Chinese medicine.

Aim: To establish the fingerprint of Corydalis saxicola Bunting injection., Methods: It was performed by HPLC Kromasil column was used with acetonitrile and H2O as mobile phase. The flow rate was 0.5 mL x min(-1). The detection wavelength was 254 nm. The mass spectrometry detection was performed on a trap equipped with an ESI interface and operated in positive-ionization mode., Results: Eleven components of Corydalis saxicola Bunting were identified by LC-MS and 7 of them were quantified., Conclusion: The fingerprint chromatogram could represent the characteristics of Corydalis saxicola Bunting injection. Evaluation of resemblances and results of precision were satisfactory. This method could be used as quality and quantity control.

Aim: To evaluate the quality of Qingkailing injections effectively, and to develop a credible method for the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine., Methods: Fingerprints of 18 Qingkailing injection samples from various manufacturers were obtained by HPLC/ELSD, and quality evaluation was performed by constellation graphical clustering method., Results: HPLC/ELSD and constellation graphical clustering method properly revealed the quality information apparently and accurately., Conclusion: It was an apparent, credible and efficient method for quality evaluation of Chinese medicines.

Aim: To set out the procedure for estimation of measurement uncertainty for the determination of ginsenosides R(g1), Re and R(b1) in Radix ginseng by HPLC., Methods: To facilitate the identification and analysis of the uncertainty sources arising from the procedure of analysis, a cause and effect diagram was constructed and simplified. Each uncertainty component whether associated with individual sources or with the combined effects of several sources, was evaluated with respect to the significance of its contribution to the overall measurement uncertainty and was expressed as standard uncertainty. All the standard uncertainties were then combined according to the appropriate rules to give a combined standard uncertainty and an expanded standard uncertainty. Results The expanded standard uncertainties for the HPLC determination of ginsenoside R(g1), Re, and R(b1), are 0.12c, 0.14c and 0.13c, respectively., Conclusion: Measurement uncertainty is applicable to set the limit of the ginsenosides in Radix ginseng. The establishment of the methodology for the evaluation of measurement uncertainty is important to the studies of Chinese materia medica standards.

Aim: To develop a method of identifying the existing of Panax notoginseng in products of traditional Chinese medicine compound Danshen., Methods: Total ion chromatograms (TIC) of Panax notoginseng, P. ginseng, and P. quinquefolius were obtained by means of LC/MS. Extracted ion chromatograms (EIC) posses m/z of 770, 800, 932, 946 and 1,108 of above-mentioned three herbs was compared between species. EIC 800 and 946 were selected as differentiation marks to distinguish P. notoginseng from the other two species. The EIC 800 and 946 of P. notoginseng were also compared to the EICs obtained by the same method from Chinese patent medicines of compound Danshen pellet, compound Danshen tablet, and compound Danshen injection. EIC 800 and 946 of P. notoginseng and its products possess similar peaks, relative retention time, and relative integral areas. Main chemical constitutes of P. notoginseng were also identified by using LC/MS/MS., Results: EIC 800 and 946 were obviously different between P. notoginseng, P. ginseng, and P. quinquefolius. Patent medicines of compound Danshen pellet, compound Danshen tablet, which consist of extractions from P. notoginseng, possess the characteristic EICs. The selected EICs were stable and reproductive., Conclusion: EIC 800 and 946, which correspond to ginsenoside Rg1, Re, and their isomers, can be used as identifying mark of P. notoginseng to differentiate it from other herbs, and also can be used to tell apart P. notoginseng from other herb extractions in Chinese patent medicines of compound Danshen.

Aim: To establish the two-dimension information fingerprints chromatograph of traditional Chinese medicine and investigate via pattern recognition., Methods: Hierarchical cluster was applied to fingerprints described by one-dimension information data and by two-dimension information data respectively and corresponding results was compared., Results: The gross classes, in which the samples denoted by two-dimension information data, classified by all kinds of hierarchical cluster methods had less differences and more robustness than the methods containing the samples expressed by one-dimension information data. The classes to which the unknown samples would be belonged were determined by hierarchical cluster analysis and artificial neural network (ANN), and the same results were obtained., Conclusion: The fingerprints characterized by two-dimension information data could provide more overall and special information as compared with the methods indicated by one-dimension information data.

Objective: To investigate the effects of various concentrations of taurine on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic cataracts in rats by biochemistry, radioimmunology and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)., Methods: One hundred Sprague-Dowley (SD) male rats, weight 180 approximately 200 g, were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal control, STZ plus saline, STZ plus 2% taurine, STZ plus 4% taurine and STZ plus 8% taurine groups. After being fasted for 12 hours, the rats of the STZ group (with or without taurine) were prepared by STZ intraperitoneal injection (55 mg/kg b.w.). Taurine-treated groups received 2%, 4% and 8% taurine injections once daily for 12 weeks (5 ml/kg b.w.). STZ group without taurine received a saline injection once daily for 12 weeks (5 ml/kg b.w.). During the experiment period, blood sugar was measured by ONE TOUCH II. At the end of experiment, several biochemical parameters were measured by Beckman CX-7, insulin was measured by (125)I-insulin radioimmunological detecting kit and the level of taurine in the aqueous humor and the lens was measured by Beckman 5500 capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) model., Results: Three weeks after the administration of STZ, the lenses showed vesicle and light opacity in the STZ group. Taurine suppressed the occurrence of early stage cataract obviously. Four to 12 weeks after the administration of STZ, the lens opacity in the 4% and 8% taurine treatment groups was markedly delayed as compared with that of the STZ group. The level of blood glucose in the 4% and 8% taurine groups was decreased evidently compared to that of the STZ group on 4 days, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks (the 4% taurine group). No difference could be detected between the STZ group and taurine treatment groups in 12 weeks. In the 4% and 8% taurine groups, the level of triglycerides decreased markedly compared to that of the STZ group and was near that of the control group. There were no differences of other biochemical parameters among all groups. In the 8% taurine group, the level of taurine in the aqueous humor and lens was increased obviously compared to that of the STZ group (P = 0.036 or P = 0.000, respectively)., Conclusion: The intervening effect of taurine on STZ-induced diabetic cataract is dose-dependent. This effect is not only related to decreases in the levels of blood sugar and triglycerides, but is also related to an increase in the taurine level in the aqueous humor and lens of diabetic rats, which enables the lens to escape from oxidant injury.

Aim: N-Glycans in recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) are essential to in vivo biological activity. This paper is to develop a method for mapping sialyated or asialyated N-glycans of EPO., Methods: At first, N-glycans linked to asparagines in glycoprotein EPO were released by peptide N-glycosidase F. To map asialyated N-glycans, sialic acid in N-glycans were removed by incubating N-glycans with sialidase. Oligosaccharides were labeled with a sensitive fluorescent dye 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (APTS), and all of the labeled oligosaccharides released from EPO were mapped by capillary gel electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence. The relationship between N-glycans and bioactivity of EPO was investigated on the basis of N-glycan mapping spectra., Results: N-Glycans of seven different batches of EPO were mapped. Each sample was analysed twice, with and without sialidase treatment. The results showed that N-glycans of each sample were approximately the same. But when the expression vector was different, the types of N-glycans and their relative content were quite different. In case of asialyated N-glycan mapping, the retention time of each oligosaccharide delayed greatly, and most importantly, the resulted sialic acid peak can be used as a quantitative standard to determine sialic acid content in N-glycans of EPO. In addition, the difference of N-glycan mapping was observed when the in vivo biological activity of EPO was different., Conclusion: The approach in this article for determining N-glycan mapping can be applied to determine the source of EPO and the difference between each batch. It is also a suitable tool for routinely controlling the inner quality of EPO by coupled with peptide mapping.

Aim: To determine 3 kinds of biologically active components (9 compounds) in Gardenia, namely geniposidic acid, gentiobioside, gardenoside, genipin geniposide, chlorogenic acid, crocin 1, crocin 2, crocin 3 and crocetin simultaneously and quantitatively., Methods: An HPLC method detected by 3 different UV-vis waves--240 nm for geniposidic acid, geniposide, gardenoside, genipin gentiobioside, 330 nm for chlorogenic acid, 440 nm for crocin 1, crocin 2, crocin 3 and crocetin respectively, has been developed: Phenomenex Luna C18 column(250 mm x 4.6 mm ID, 5 microns) with linear gradient elution using methanol-acetotrile (9:1) and 0.3% aqueous formic acid., Results: This method successfully determined 9 compounds in Gardenia (from 5 different areas) simultaneously and quantitatively., Conclusion: This is a more reasonable and credible quality control method for the Chinese traditional medicine.

Aim: To analyze the phenylethanoid glycosides in Cistanche deserticola Y. D. Ma and its alternatives., Methods: An HPLC/MS/MS method has been developed for the analysis of seven kinds of phenylethanoid glycosides in Cistanche deserticola Y. D. Ma, C. salsa (C. A. Mey) G. Beck and C. tubulosa (Schenk) R. Wight. The [M - H]- ions were observed for five standards and Cistanche extracts. The glycosidic linkages, the core, and the attached sugar (s) of the phenylethanoid glycosides can be determined from the collision-induced dissociation spectra of the molecular., Results: Seven kinds of phenylethanoid glycosides (echinacoside, acteoside, cisacteoside, isoacteoside, 2'-acetylacteoside, cistanoside A, osmanthuside B) in Cistanche deserticola Y. D. Ma, six kinds (echinacoside, acteoside, cisacteoside, isoacteoside, 2'-acetylacteoside and cistanoside A) in C. salsa (C. A. Mey) G. Beck and five kinds (echinacoside, acteoside, cisacteoside, isoacteoside and 2'-acetylacteoside) in C. tubulosa (Schenk) R. Wight were detected., Conclusion: The difference of the relative distribution of these phenylethanoid glycosides in each extract was found out. Phenylethanoid glycosides are the specific constituents in Cistanchis, which can be used to distinguish different species in Genus Cistanchis.

Capillary electrophoresis in its different operation modes has been demonstrated that it is suitable to be integrated into a planar microdevice which is called integrated capillary electrophoresis chip (ICE chip) or microchip. The use of microfabrication and micromachining allows the integration of complex channel nets and functional units such as pre- and post-column reaction chambers on a single chip, providing good sensitivity and high separation efficiency with low reagent consumption and short analysis time. In the last 10 years an important number of publications have been reported in this area. In the present paper, the development and applications are systematically reviewed with 39 references.

A method for identification of semen Cuscutae, a traditional Chinese herb, was developed. The proteins in semen Cuscutae were extracted under acid or basic conditions and separated by high performance capillary electrophoresis. The electrophoretograms of acidic or basic extractants from Cuscuta chinensis Lam., Cuscuta australis R. Br. and Cuscuta japonica Choisy showed significant differences, which can be used to identify the three different semen Cuscutae. The results of the identification for 13 pharmacognosical samples agreed well with those of scanning electronic microscopy and tissue microanalysis.

The optimum experimental condition for simultaneous UV-spectrophotometric determination of the contents of aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine in aspirin compound tablets (APC) and the basic principle and application of partial least squares method(PLS) in simultaneous multicomponent determination have been studied. Confidence intervals of the three components are 100.1 +/- 0.23% (aspirin), 100.0 +/- 0.25% (phenacetin) and 100.1 +/- 0.33% (caffeine) (confidence 95%). No information has ever been available in the literature for the application of PLS in pharmaceutical analysis. Compared with other traditional computing methods, PLS is a more perfect multicomponent determination method. It is especially applicable to analyzing samples in batches. It is faster and produces more accurate and reliable results. PLS provides a new method for in-line UV-visible spectrophotometric automation.