Search

Objective: To explore the correlation of cytochrome B-245 alpha chain ( CYBA ) rs4673 and cholesteryl ester transfer protein ( CETP ) rs12720922 polymorphisms with the susceptibility of gene-ralized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP)., Methods: The study was a case-control trial. A total of 372 GAgP patients and 133 periodontally healthy controls were recruited. The CYBA rs4673 and CETP rs12720922 polymorphisms were detected by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Logistic regression models were used to analyze the correlation of CYBA rs4673 and CETP rs12720922 variants with the susceptibility of GAgP. The interaction between the two gene polymorphisms to the susceptibility of GAgP was analyzed by the likelihood ratio test. The interaction model adopted was the multiplication model., Results: The mean age of GAgP group and control group was (27.5±5.2) years and (28.8±7.1) years respectively. There was significant difference in age between the two groups ( P < 0.05). The gender distribution (male/female) was 152/220 and 53/80 respectively, and there was no significant difference between GAgP group and controls ( P >0.05). For CYBA rs4673, the frequency of CT/TT genotype in the GAgP group was significantly higher than that in the controls [18.0% (66/366) vs . 10.6% (14/132), P < 0.05]. After adjusting age and gender, the individuals with CT/TT genotype had a higher risk of GAgP ( OR =1.86, 95% CI : 1.01-3.45, P < 0.05), compared with CC genotype. There was no statistically significant difference in distributions of the CETP rs12720922 genotypes (GG, AA/AG) between GAgP patients and healthy controls ( P >0.05). A significant interaction between CYBA rs4673 and CETP rs12720922 in the susceptibility to GAgP was observed. The GAgP risk of the individuals with CYBA rs4673 CT/TT and CETP rs12720922 GG genotypes was significantly increased ( OR =3.25, 95% CI : 1.36-7.75, P < 0.01), compared with those carrying CC and AA/AG genotypes., Conclusion: CYBA rs4673 CT/TT genotype is associated with GAgP susceptibility. There is a significant interaction between CYBA rs4673 CT/TT genotype and CETP rs12720922 GG genotype in the susceptibility of GAgP.

Minimally invasive surgery develops rapidly in the periodontal treatments, especially in the periodontal regenerative treatment, in recent years. It supplements, to a certain extent, the insufficiency of the conventional periodontal regenerative treatment. The minimally invasive surgery has many advantages such as enhancing the healing process, reducing surgical chair time and minimizing patient discomfort, etc. It has been proved to improve the clinical effect and provide additional benefits compared to conventional approaches. At present, there are many studies on minimally invasive techniques used in tooth extraction or implant placement in China, but there are few reports on the application of periodontal minimally invasive surgical techniques. Thus based on the reviews of the literatures, this article describes the applications, advantages, indications, microsurgical instruments of minimally invasive periodontal surgery on the treatment of intrabony defect, including various minimally invasive surgical procedures. The review also demonstrates the therapeutic effects and research progress of minimally invasive periodontal surgery combined with biomaterials used in the treatments of intrabony defect. The present article may also provide reference for clinicians applying minimally invasive surgeries to treat intrabony defects.

Objective: To explore the correlation and interaction between epidermal growth factor (EGF) rs2237051 and peroxidase proliferators activate receptor-α (PPAR-α) rs4253623 polymorphisms and the susceptibility of generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP). Methods: Two hundred and nineteen Chinese patients with GAgP were enrolled from the patients of the Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from January 2001 to December 2015. The control group comprised 138 periodontally healthy volunteers recruited from the staff and students of the Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. The EGF rs2237051 and PPAR-α rs4253623 polymorphisms were genotyped using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Logistic regression models were conducted to analyze the correlation between the EGF rs2237051 and PPAR-α rs4253623 variants with GAgP. The likelihood ratio test was used to analyze whether there was an interaction between the two polymorphisms in the susceptibility of GAgP. The interaction model adopted was the multiplication model. Results: The mean ages of GAgP group (male:87; female:132) and control group (male: 53; female: 85) were (27.3±4.5) years and (27.1±4.2) years respectively and there was no significant difference in age and gender distribution between the two groups. For EGF rs2237051, the frequency of AA genotype in the GAgP group [49.5% (107/216)] was significantly higher than that in the control group [37.7% (52/138)], and the frequency of AG/GG genotype in the GAgP group [50.5% (109/216)] was significantly lower than that in the control group [62.3% (86/138)]( P< 0.05). Compared with AA genotype, individuals with AG/GG genotype had a 39% lower risk of GAgP after adjustment of age and gender ( OR : 0.61, 95 %CI : 0.40-0.95, P< 0.05). For PPAR-α rs4253623, the frequency of AA genotype in the GAgP group [76.2% (160/210)] was significantly higher than that in the control group [65.9%(81/123)], and the frequency of AG/GG genotype in the GAgP group [23.8% (50/210)] was significantly lower than that in the control group [34.1%(42/123)] ( P< 0.05). Compared with AA genotype, individuals with AG/GG genotype had a 40% lower risk of GAgP after adjustment of age and gender ( OR : 0.60, 95 %CI : 0.36-0.98, P< 0.05). EGF rs2237051 and PPAR-α rs4253623 showed a significant interaction in the susceptibility to GAgP. Compared with AA genotype, the risk of GAgP in individuals with both AG/GG genotypes of EGF rs2237051 and PPAR-α rs4253623 was reduced by 66% ( OR : 0.34, 95 %CI : 0.17-0.66, P< 0.01). Conclusions: EGF rs2237051 and PPAR-α rs4253623 are correlated with GAgP susceptibility, and there is a significant interaction between them in the susceptibility of GAgP. The G allele of the two loci has a protective effect on the disease of GAgP.

Objective: To explore the effect of systemic use of amoxicillin and metronidazole during mechanical therapy on the clinical parameters of the first molars and periodontal microorganisms in subgingival plaque and saliva in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP). Methods: A total of 23 GAgP patients were recruited from Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from January 2006 to December 2009 and then randomly divided into two groups according to random number table: 12 patients received scaling and root planning (SRP) only and 11 patients received SRP combined with systemic administration of antibiotics (amoxicillin and metronidazole for a week after supragingival scaling). Clinical examination of periodontal parameters and collection of saliva and pooled subgingival plaque samples from mesial-buccal sites of 4 first molars were performed before initial therapy and 2, 4 and 6 months respectively after mechanical therapy, and saliva samples were also collected 2 weeks after therapy. Eight different periodontal microorganisms were detected in these samples by PCR. In addition, semiquantitative analysis of red complex microorganisms [ Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), Treponema denticola (Td)] was performed. Results: Both therapies led to significant decrease of the plaque index (PLI), probing depth (PD) and bleeding index (BI) from mesial-buccal sites of first molars. Meanwhile the PD of antibiotics group [(4.21±1.50), (4.00±1.54), (3.84±1.89) mm of 2, 4 and 6 months respectively after therapy] was significantly lower than the SRP group [(5.29±1.27), (5.30±1.34), (4.98±1.36) mm of 2, 4 and 6 months respectively after therapy] at 3 different time points after mechanical therapy ( P <0.05). In the antibiotics group, the quantities of Pg, Tf and Td in subgingival plaque samples (the median quantity decreased to 0.0 ng at 2, 4 and 6 months after therapy) and saliva samples (the median quantity of Tf and Td decreased to 0.0 ng at 2, 4 and 6 months after therapy ( P <0.05), and the median quantity of Pg decreased to 16.3, 59.6 and 22.4 ng at 2, 4 and 6 months respectively after therapy) significantly decreased at 3 different time points after mechanical therapy compared with before therapy ( P< 0.05). While in the SRP group, there were no significant changes in the quantities of Tf and Td in saliva at 2, 4 and 6 months after mechanical therapy ( P >0.05) , and the quantities of Tf and Td in subgingival plaque significantly decreased only at 2 months after therapy ( P <0.05). Conclusions: SRP combined with systemic administration of amoxicillin and metronidazole could achieve greater improvement in PD of first molars and better control of the amounts of red complex microorganisms in the saliva and subgingival plaque of GAgP patients over a 6-month period.

Increases in drought frequency and intensity under climate change will have great impacts on the carbon cycle of forest ecosystems. Understanding the responses of soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity to drought is necessary, when we assess whether soil is a carbon sink or source. The effects of litterfall input on soil respiration, temperature sensitivity and its lagging effect were studied in moso bamboo forests under simulated drought by ceiling method in the field with three litterfall treatments, i.e., ambient litterfall (unchanged, LU), litter addition (LA) and litter removal (LR). The results showed that LU decreased annual soil respiration rate in drought treatment (2.34 Μmol·m -2 ·s -1 ), compared with that in the control (3.15 Μmol·m -2 ·s -1 ) with ambient natural rainfall. LR showed stronger effect on soil respiration than LA. Compared with LU, LR decreased soil respiration rate by 21.0% in ambient condition and by 20.9% in drought treatment, while LA led to 5.3% increase only in drought treatment. Such a result indicated that the effects of LA and LR on soil respiration rate were stronger than LU in the drought condition. Drought decreased the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration by 8.4%, while LA and LR reduced that by 15.4% and 7.6%, respectively. The cumulative CO 2 emissions during the whole 18 months were 7.35 and 5.40 kg CO 2 ·m -2 in the control and drought treatment. Compared with LU, LA increased the cumulative CO 2 emissions by 1.8% and 10.7%, and LR decreased that by 19.9% and 18.0% in the control and drought treatments. Our results indicated that the relationship between the litterfall amount (addition or removal) and soil respiration rate was nonlinear. The significant lagging effect may be caused by the decrease in root growth and microbial activity due to decreased soil water availability in drought treatment. Litterfall played a more important role in soil CO 2 emission under drought, and thus litterfall was a crucial factor in soil carbon emission in the context of climate change.

Objective: To evaluate bone formation in human extraction sockets with absorbed surrounding walls augmented with Bio-Oss and Bio-Gide after a 6-month healing period by histologic and histomorphometric analyses., Methods: Six fresh molar tooth extraction sockets in 6 patients who required periodontally compromised moral tooth extraction were included in this study. The six fresh extraction sockets were grafted with Bio-Oss particle covered with Bio-Gide. The 2.8 mm×6.0 mm cylindric bone specimens were taken from the graft sites with aid of stent 6 months after the surgery. Histologic and histomorphometric analyses were performed., Results: The histological results showed Bio-Oss particles were easily distinguished from the newly formed bone, small amounts of new bone were formed among the Bio-Oss particles, large amounts of connective tissue were found. Intimate contact between the newly formed bone and the small part of Bio-Oss particles was present. All the biopsy cylinders measurement demonstrated a high inter-individual variability in the percentage of the bone, connective tissues and Bio-Oss particles. The new bone occupied 11.54% (0-28.40%) of the total area; the connective tissues were 53.42% (34.08%-74.59%) and the Bio-Oss particles were 35.04% (13.92%-50.87%). The percentage of the particles, which were in contact with bone tissues, amounted to 20.13% (0-48.50%)., Conclusion: Sites grafted with Bio-Oss particles covered with Bio-Gide were comprised of connective tissues and small amounts of newly formed bone surrounding the graft particles.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical effect and safety of periodontal-orthodontic treatment in patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and malocclusion., Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted in 25 AgP patients, who had received periodontal-orthodontic treatment in Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. Clinical indexes, including probing depth (PD), bleeding index (BI) and percentage of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP%) were evaluated at three time points: Baseline (T0); active periodontal treatment finished and before orthodontic treatment (T1); and after orthodontic treatment (T2). Also changes of ratio of the residual alveolar bone height (RBH) and the occurrence of root resorption were evaluated by periapical radiographs., Results: (1) Compared with T0, all the clinical parameters including PD, BI, BOP% and percentage of sites with PD>3 mm were significantly improved (P<0.001). (2) Significant difference was observed in the average RBH between T0 (68.37%±15.60% and T2 (70.27%±14.23%). RBH in upper incisors [(58.79%±16.71% at T0, 65.54% (55.74%, 78.13%) at T2], upper canines [77.62% (66.06%, 87.17%) at T0, 79.57% (69.75%, 86.52%) at T2] and upper molars [74.30% (61.69%, 84.45%) at T0, 76.76% (68.12%, 85.09%) at T2] showed significant increase (P<0.05). (3) After orthodontic treatment, varying degrees of root resorption occurred in (23.94%±13.45%) of teeth per capita, among which the lower and upper incisors showed the highest incidence (68.48% and 65.31% in homogeneous teeth, respectively)., Conclusion: After active periodontal treatment, orthodontic treatment in AgP patients had not aggravated inflammation and alveolar bone resorption; root resorption occurred in two-thirds of incisors approximately.

Objective: To investigate the potential association between FADS1 rs174537 polymorphism and serum proteins in patients with aggressive periodontitis, which may provide benefits for diagnosis and treatment of aggressive periodontitis., Methods: A total of 353 patients with aggressive periodontitis (group AgP) and 125 matched controls (group HP) were recruited in the study. Genotyping of FADS1 rs174537 and serum biochemical indexes were tested at the study's start. The relationships between the levels of TP, GLB, ALB, A/G and genotyping were analyzed., Results: (1) The detection rate of allele G in group AgP was higher than that in group HP(68.1% vs. 61.2%, P=0.046,OR=1.35,95% CI 1.00-1.83); the detection rate of genotype GG in group AgP was higher than in group HP(45.5% vs. 34.4%,P=0.029, OR=1.60, 95% CI 1.05-2.44). (2) In group AgP, the patients with GG genotype exhibited significantly lower TP, GLB than the patients with GT+TT genotype [(77.08 ± 7.88) g/L vs. (79.00 ± 4.66) g/L, P=0.007; (28.17 ± 7.63) g/L vs.(29.88 ± 3.49) g/L,P=0.007) and the higher A/G(1.72 ± 0.22 vs.1.67 ± 0.22, P=0.040), but there was no significant difference in ALB between the patients with GG genotype and the patients with GT+TT genotype. In group HP, there were no significant differences in TP, GLB, A/G and ALB between individuals with genotype GT+TT and with genotype GG. (3)Compared with individuals with genotype GT+TT in group HP, the AgP patients with genotype GT+TT exhibited significantly higher TP, GLB [(79.00 ± 4.66) g/L vs. (75.20 ± 4.53) g/L, P<0.01; (29.88 ± 3.49) g/L vs.(26.55 ± 2.94) g/L, P<0.01) and the lower A/G(1.67 ± 0.22 vs. 1.88 ± 0.30, P<0.01), but there was no significant difference in ALB. There were no significant differences in TP, GLB, A/G and ALB the between the AgP patients with genotype GG and the healthy subjects with the same genotype either., Conclusion: FADS1 rs174537 polymorphism is associated with aggressive periodontitis. The patients with genotype GG in group AgP had relatively lower TP,GLB and higher A/G. Genotype GG might be a risk indicator for aggressive periodontitis by reducing host defense capability and contributing to inflammatory response in the occurrence and development of aggressive periodontitis.

Objective: To analyze the serum IgG titers to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans(Aa) and associated factors in patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP)., Methods: Venous blood samples were collected from 62 AgP patients and 45 periodontal healthy controls, unstimulated whole saliva and pooled subgingival plaque samples of AgP patients were also collected for the detection of Aa (PCR method). Serum IgG titers to Aa serotype c were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbnent assay (ELISA)., Results: The detection rates of serum IgG to Aa serotype c in the AgP patients and the healthy controls were both 100%. The AgP patients exhibited significantly higher IgG titers to Aa serotype c than the healthy controls (11.1±1.9 vs. 9.1±1.8, P<0.01). There was no significant difference in serum IgG levels to Aa serotype c and in the prevalence of high-responding patients to Aa serotype c between the incisor-first molar type AgP patients and generalized AgP patients. Serum IgG titers to Aa serotype c in the Aa-positive AgP patients (the patients who were Aa-positive in subgingival plaque or saliva) were significantly higher than those of the Aa-negative patients (11.9±1.3 vs. 10.7±2.1, P<0.05)., Conclusion: Serotype c was the main serotype of Aa in Chinese patients with AgP. Serum IgG responses in generalized AgP patients were comparable to those in incisor-first molar type AgP patients.

Objective: To compare the bone dimensional changes following tooth extraction alone with extraction plus ridge preservation (using deproteinized boving bone mineral Bio-Oss® and bioresorbable collagen mambrane Bio-Gide®) in periodontal compromised extraction sockets., Methods: Eighteen molars of sixteen subjects requiring tooth extraction because of periodontal destruction were enrolled in this study. The subjects were assigned to the control group (extraction alone, EXT) or to the test group (ridge-preservation procedure with Bio-Oss® and Bio-Gide, RP). Parallel periapical X-rays and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were taken immediately after tooth extraction alone or plus ridge-preservation (baseline) and 6 months later. The changes of horizontal ridge width and vertical ridge height were assessed., Results: At the central buccal aspect, the ridge height increased 2.9 mm in RP group, and reduced 1.0 mm in EXT group. At the distal buccal aspect, the ridge height increased 1.45 mm in RP group, and reduced 1.45 mm in EXT group. The differences between the groups reached statistical significance (P<0.05). The mean ridge width increased at the 1 mm below the crest (the horizontal ridge width was measured with grafting material at three levels at 1 mm below the most coronal aspect of the crest,HW1), which amounted to 3.40 to 5.80 mm in RP group, and 1.45 to 2.90 mm in EXT group. The mean ridge increased at the 4 mm below the crest (the horizontal ridge width was measured with grafting material at three levels at 4 mm below the most coronal aspect of the crest,HW4), which amounted to 0.40 to 3.50 mm in RP group, and reduced 0.10 to increased 0.15 mm in EXT group. The test group and the control group were not significantly different (P>0.05)., Conclusion: The ridge-preservation approach using Bio-Oss® in combination with Bio-Gide® can significantly increase vertical ridge height and horizontal ridge width after tooth extraction compared with extraction alone in periodontal compromised molars.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of full-mouth debridement (subgingival scaling and root planning, SRP) by 2 times within 1 week and compare the clinical effects of different sequences of debridement-antibiotic usage in patients with severe chronic periodontitis (CP)., Methods: A double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial was conducted in 30 severe CP patients (14 males and 16 females, 40.5 ± 8.4 years old on average from 35 to 60) receiving 3 different sequences of debridement-antibiotictherapy: Group A, antibiotic usage (metronidazole, MTZ, 0.2 g, tid, 7 d; amoxicillin, AMX 0.5 g, tid, 7 d) was started together with SRP (completed by 2 times in 7 d); Group B, antibiotic usage (MTZ 0.2 g, tid, 7 d; AMX 0.5 g, tid, 7 d) was started 1 d after SRP(completed by 2 times in 7 d); Group C, SRP alone[probing depth (PD), bleeding index (BI) and tooth mobility] was examined. The average full-mouth probing depth, the average full-mouth proximal probing depth (pPD), the percentage of sites with PD>5 mm (PD>5 mm%), the percentage of sites with proximal PD>5 mm (pPD>5 mm%), the average bleeding index (BI) and the percentage of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP%) were calculated. Clinical examinations were performed at baseline and 2 months post therapy., Results: (1) Compared with baseline conditions, all the subjects showed clinical improvements in all the parameters evaluated 2 months post therapy, P<0.05. (2) Significant difference were observed in the average PD changes between Group A [(2.15 ± 0.42) mm], Group B [(1.76 ± 0.29) mm] and Group C [(1.57 ± 0.33) mm], P<0.05. No significant difference was observed in the average PD changes between Group B and Group C, P=0.354. Significant differences were observed in the average pPD changes between Group A [(2.45 ± 0.43)mm] and Group C[(1.90 ± 0.48) mm], P<0.05. No significant difference was observed in BI and BOP% changes between Group A,Group B and Group C., Conclusion: For patients with severe chronic periodontitis, it is safe and feasible to receive full-mouth SRP by 2 times within 1 week. The short-term (2 months) advantages in PD changes are observed in patients receiving SRP and antibiotic usage at the same time comparing with patients using antibiotics after SRP or SRP alone.

Objective: To evaluate the differences of clinical parameters and putative periodontal pathogens in sites of different probing depth (PD) reduction after non-surgical periodontal treatment in patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP)., Methods: Clinical examinations including plaque index, probing depth (PD), attachment level (AL) and bleeding index (BI), and full-mouth periapical photographs were collected from 20 patients with AgP. All the patients received non-surgical periodontal treatment, including oral hygiene instruction, supra-gingival scaling, subgingival scaling and root planing (SRP) and were followed up for 6 months post-therapy. Gingival crevicular fluids (GCF) were collected at 1 site in each quadrant before and at the end of 6 months post-therapy. Six kinds of putative periodontal pathogens and 6 kinds of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were detected in the GCF samples., Results: The baseline clinical parameters of PD, AL and BI, the baseline concentration of succinic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid, and the prevalence of Treponema denticola were significantly higher in sites with PD reduction more than 2 mm sites compared with PD reduction no more than 2 mm sites [(7.7 ± 1.2) mm vs. (5.1 ± 1.8) mm, (6.3 ± 1.9) mm vs. (4.5 ± 2.2) mm, 3.8 ± 0.4 vs. 3.3 ± 0.8, 1.66 mmol/L vs. 1.10 mmol/L, 31.67 mmol/L vs.17.78 mmol/L, 3.31 mmol/L vs.1.95 mmol/L, 84.6% vs. 56.1%, P<0.05]. However, there were no significant differences in the clinical parameters, the 6 kinds of putative periodontal pathogen detection and SCFAs concentration between the 2 groups at the end of 6 months post-treatment. In sites with PD>5 mm at the end of 6 months post-therapy, all were found with red complex bacteria infection., Conclusion: The baseline clinical parameters are important factors in predicting PD reduction after non-surgical periodontal treatment in patients with AgP. In sites with deep pockets after non-surgical periodontal treatment, the active control of red complex bacteria is recommended.

Objective: To investigate the long-term effects of non-surgical treatment on clinical and hematologic states of patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP)., Methods: Patients with GAgP (n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 28) were recruited. The clinical parameters, including probing depth (PD), bleeding index (BI), attachment loss (AL) were examined and recorded. Blood cell variables, including white blood cells (WBC), leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts, as well as serum triglycerides, fasting glucose and protein parameters, including total protein, albumin, globulin, and albumin/globulin ratio (A/G), were analyzed. Twenty-five GAgP patients received non-surgical treatment and the clinical and blood parameters 3 to 7 years after treatment were re-evaluated. Clinical and hematological parameters of the two groups were compared. Comparisons of clinical and hematologic parameters pre- and post-treatment in GAgP group were performed through one-way ANOVA and paired-t test., Results: Elevated white blood cells, neutrophil numbers and serum total protein, globulin levels were observed in patients with GAgP compared to controls[(6.3 ± 2.0)×10(9)cell/L vs.(5.4 ± 1.0)×10(9)cell/L, (4.1 ± 1.8)×10(9) cell/L vs.(3.0 ± 0.9)×10(9) cell/L, (78.2 ± 4.4) g/L vs. (75.6 ± 4.6) g/L and (29.3 ± 3.8) g/L vs.(26.5 ± 3.9) g/L respectively, P < 0.05]. A/G ratio was lower in the GAgP group than in the control group (1.7 ± 0.2 vs.1.9 ± 0.3, P < 0.01). Three to seven years after periodontal treatment, the reduction of PD and BI was observed in GAgP group(P < 0.05). There were significant decreases of WBC count, neutrophil count, serum total protein and globulin level, and significant increases of albumin level and A/G at 3 to 7 years after treatment(P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Non-surgical treatment may have long-term beneficial effect on the periodontal clinical status and hematologic parameters of generalized aggressive periodontitis.

Objective: To establish a predictive model for long-term tooth loss of patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) after periodontal treatment., Methods: Patients diagnosed as AgP in Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, who were re-evaluated 3 to 11 years after periodontal treatment were enrolled (n=85). Logistic regression was performed to select background, periodontal and radiographic factors which were related to long-term post-treatment tooth loss. A predictive model was built and analyzed by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve., Results: After periodontal treatment, 55 teeth from 22 patients lost further. High prevalence of baseline bone loss, root abnormality, and residual severe bleeding sites, as well as poor compliance to maintenance were detected as risk factors in the predictive model. ROC analysis found the sensitivity and specificity of the model could reach up to 80% simultaneously., Conclusion: Predictive model for post-treatment tooth loss of patients with AgP is an important adjunct in clinical practice.

Objective: Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as succinic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, etc. are metabolic product of putative periodontal pathogens, which play significant roles in periodontitis. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Treponema denticola (T. denticola), and the concentration of SCFAs in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP)., Methods: GCF was sampled from 4 sites per individual in 20 patients with AgP and 14 healthy controls. Concentrations of SCFAs, including succinic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid in the supernant of GCF were analyzed by high performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE), P. gingivalis and T. denticola in the deposit of the same GCF were detected by PCR with their electrophoretic band quantified., Results: The concentrations of succinic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid, the prevalence and PCR band quantity of P. gingivalis and T. denticola in GCF were all significantly higher in patients with AgP than that of healthy controls. In patients with AgP, butyric acid concentration was significantly higher in P. gingivalis positive sites than negative sites [2.87 (0.99, 4.36) mmol/L vs. 0.33 (0.00, 1.44) mmol/L, P<0.05], the concentrations of succinic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid were positively correlated with PCR band quantity of P. gingivalis (r value was 0.334, 0.548, 0.411, 0.493, 0.273, respectively, P<0.05); the concentrations of SCFAs were significantly higher in T. denticola positive sites than negative sites: succinic acid, 1.67 (1.15, 2.11) mmol/L vs. 0.80 (0.48, 1.06) mmol/L; acetic acid, 31.95 (23.77, 43.13) mmol/L vs.12.51 (7.57, 15.69) mmol/L; propionic acid, 11.86 (6.55, 14.98) mmol/L vs. 2.82 (1.71, 7.03) mmol/L; butyric acid, 3.45 (2.41, 4.78) mmol/L vs. 0.54 (0.00, 1.56) mmol/L; isovaleric acid, 2.23 (1.05, 3.85) mmol/L vs. 0.62 (0.00, 2.33) mmol/L. The concentrations of succinic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid were positively correlated with PCR band quantity of T. denticola (r value was 0.443, 0.702, 0.625, 0.557, respectively, P<0.05)., Conclusion: SCFAs concentrations reflect the quantity of P. gingivalis and T. denticola in patients with AgP, and may be an indicator to the disease progression in patients with AgP.

Objective: To evaluate the short term clinical results of scaling and root planning (SRP) only, SRP combined with amoxicillin (AMX) and metronidazole (MTZ) after supragingival scaling or after SRP in the treatment of aggressive periodontitis (AgP)., Methods: A total of 45 patients with AgP were randomly divided into SRP group, SRP with AMX + MTZ after supragingival scaling group and AMX + MTZ after SRP group. Subgingival scaling and root planning were performed one week after supragingival scaling and finished within 1 month. AMX and MTZ were given for 7 days immediately after supragingival scaling or the last time of SPR. Clinical examinations including probing depth (PD), attachment level (AL) and bleeding index (BI) were performed at baseline and 8 weeks after non-surgical periodontal treatment by the same examiner., Results: There were more PD reduction and AL gain in both AMX + MTZ after supragingival scaling group and AMX + MTZ after SRP group compared with SRP group [2.5 (1.8, 3.3) mm, 2.3 (1.9, 2.7) mm vs. 1.8 (1.3, 2.1) mm, P < 0.05]; [0.9 (0.5, 1.4) mm, 0.8 (0.4, 1.3) mm vs. 0.4 (0.2, 1.0) mm, P < 0.05]. In sites PD ≥ 7 mm, PD reduction was more in AMX + MTZ after supragingival scaling group than AMX + MTZ after SRP group [4.0 (3.0, 5.0) mm vs. 4.0 (3.0, 4.0) mm, P < 0.05)]., Conclusions: The combined use of AMX and MTZ during non-surgical periodontal treatment for patients with AgP was effective in short term. In patients with most sites PD ≥ 7 mm, AMX and MTZ could be taken after supragingival scaling, but the long-term clinical effects needs further investigation.

Objective: To compare the outcomes of bovine porous bone mineral (BPBM) containing bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and BPBM alone in periodontal intra-bony defects., Methods: In the study, 22 intrabony defects of 9 patients with periodontitis were recruited. All the patients had at least one pair of intrabony defects of ≥3 mm. The split-mouth and single blind methods were used. The defects were randomly assigned to BPBM containing BMP (test) or BPBM alone (control). After debridement, the intrabony defects were treated by bone graft. Assessments at baseline and after 6 months included plaque index, attachment level, probing pocket depth, bleeding indexes on probing and gingival recession. The early wound-healing, adverse effects and patients' perceptions were also recorded., Results: The gain in clinical attachment was (3.0±1.2) mm in the test group and (3.2±1.1) mm in the control group. The pocket reduction was (3.4±1.5) mm in the test group and (2.8±1.0) mm in the control group. The reduction of bleeding index was 1.9±1.3 in the test group and 2.3±0.8 in the control group. There was no statistical difference between the test group and control group (P>0.05)., Conclusion: Both treatment modalities led to similar significant clinical improvements.

Objective: To investigate the potential genetic mode of aggressive periodontitis (AgP) in Chinese Han nationality., Methods: A total of 233 subjects from 73 nuclear families were recruited. All probands were diagnosed according to the criteria of AgP in 1999 classification of periodontal diseases. Ninety parents, 35 siblings and three grandparents and two offspring were examined based on full-mouth periodontal chartings (including parameter of probing depths, attachment loss, bleeding on probing at six sites per tooth) and full-mouth periapical radiographs. The genetic ratio was calculated and analyzed by the methods of Edwards and simple segregation., Results: The prevalence of AgP in probands' siblings was close to the square root of the prevalence of general population. The segregation ratio was 0.2419, which was close to the theoretical ratio for autosomal recessive inheritance. However, autosomal dominant inheritance could not be rejected in families whose parent(s) suffered from severe chronic periodontitis., Conclusions: The genetic heterogeneity of AgP existed in Chinese Han nationality. The genetic mode was autosomal recessive inheritance in general, and autosomal dominant inheritance could not be excluded in families whose parent(s) suffered from severe chronical periodontitis. The results imply the genetic heterogeneity of AgP, and further demonstrate that AgP was a multifactorial disease with major genetic component in the disease etiology.

Objective: To compare the short-term clinical effects following non-surgical periodontal treatment with Er:YAG laser or with combination of ultrasonic subgingival scaling and root planing with hand instrument (SRP) for patients with chronic periodontitis., Methods: In the study, 17 patients with chronic periodontitis were randomly treated in a split-mouth design with Er:YAG laser (test group) or a combination of ultrasonic subgingival scaling and root planing with hand instrument (control group). The degree of discomfort experienced during the treatment was graded by the patient using visual analogue scale (VAS) immediately after the completion of test and control treatment procedures. The following clinical parameters were recorded by a calibrated and blinded examiner: plaque index (PLI), bleeding index (BI), probing depth (PD) and attachment loss (AL)., Results: The mean VAS score of Er:YAG laser treatment [3 (2, 4.5)] was significantly lower than that of control treatment [5 (4, 6), P=0.013]. Both the groups showed significant reduction of PLI, PD, AL and BI values 2 months and 4 months after treatment. For sites with PD≥4 mm at baseline, the sites treated with Er:YAG laser demonstrated mean PD change from (5.6±1.1) mm to (3.6±1.1) mm and to (3.4±1.0) mm at the end of 2 months and 4 months respectively and demonstrated mean AL change from (5.1±1.5) mm to (3.9±1.6) mm and to (3.8±1.7) mm at the end of 2 months and 4 months respectively, meanwhile the BI value showed significant decrease, P=0.000; the sites treated with conventional SRP demonstrated mean PD change from (5.6±1.1) mm to (3.8±1.1) mm and (3.5± 1.0) mm at the end of 2 months and 4 months respectively and demonstrated mean AL change from (4.8±1.6) mm to (3.8±1.6) mm and (3.6±1.8) mm at the end of 2 months and 4 months respectively, and the BI value also showed significant improvement. No statistical difference for all clinical parameters were found between the two treatment groups., Conclusion: The present results indicate that non-surgical periodontal therapy with Er:YAG laser is safe and effective, and Er:YAG laser therapy could be used for patients who was sensitive to pain.

Aim: Prepare the rabbit antiserum against gecko japonicus Hoxc10 and to identify its properties., Methods: Prokaryotic expression vector of g-Hoxc10 were constructed and then transform into E.coli (BL21). To make GST-g-Hoxc10 fusion protein in E.coli (BL21) under the optimized induction of Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside(IPTG). The recombination proteins were purified using affinity chromatography. The purified fusion protein was inoculated into adult rabbits to develop antiserum. Western blot and immunohistochemistry staining were then performed to evaluate the feature of the prepared antiserum., Results: Prokaryotic expression vectors of g-Hoxc10 were successfully constructed. The soluble recombinant protein was highly expressed in E.coli BL21 and inoculated into adult rabbits to obtain high titer antiserum. Western blot and immunohistochemistry staining were then performed to evaluate the specificity of the prepared antiserum., Conclusion: We successfully amplified and expressed the g-Hoxc10 in E.coli BL21. The purified fusion protein was inoculated into adult rabbits to develop antiserum. The obtained antiserum of g-Hoxc10 showed a high titer against Hoxc10 proteins. The protein and antiserum prepared in this study can be used for further research of the function investigation of Hoxc10.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of 3 anaerobic microorganisms including Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia (Tf) and Treponema denticola (Td) in saliva and pooled subgingival plaque of different types of periodontitis and compare the detections of three microorganisms between saliva and pooled subgingival plaque sample from the same patient, and analyze the relationship between prevalence of these pathogens in saliva and periodontal parameters., Methods: Non-stimulated saliva samples and pooled subgingival plaque samples were collected from 50 patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP), 48 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and 25 subjects with no periodontitis, and three microorganisms including Pg, Tf and Td were detected in these samples by PCR method., Results: Prevalence of three microorganisms in pooled subgingival plaque and saliva samples of AgP patients and CP patients were significantly higher than subjects with no periodontitis (P<0.01). The prevalence of Pg in Subgingival plaque and saliva was as follows: AgP, 100% vs 100%; CP, 93.8% vs 93.8%; Subjects with no periodontitis, 32% vs 48%. The prevalence of Tf in Subgingival plaque and saliva was as follows: AgP, 96% vs 88%; CP, 97.9% vs 89.6%; Subjects with no periodontitis, 32% vs 24%. The prevalence of Td in Subgingival plaque and saliva was as follows: AgP, 94% vs 86%; CP, 89.6% vs 70.8%; Subjects with no periodontitis, 12% vs 16%. The agreement between saliva and pooled subgingival plaque samples of these three microorganisms from the same patient was high. The presence of three microorganisms in saliva was all associated with bleeding index of gingiva, and odds ratio of Pg was 13.5 (P<0.01)., Conclusion: Pg, Tf and Td were widely distributed in saliva and subgingival plaque of patients with AgP and CP. Presence of Pg, Tf and Td in saliva was related to periodontal parameters of gingiva, and saliva could be used as a promising sample for oral detection of these 3 microorganisms.

Objective: To explore the relationship between plasmatic 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25OHD3) level and plasmatic osteocalcin level in patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP)., Methods: Thirty four AgP patients and 29 healthy controls were included in this study. 25OHD3 and osteocalcin levels in plasma were measured using commercially available radioimmunoassay kits. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were measured using a standard hospital analytical technique., Results: Plasmatic 25OHD3 level was significantly higher in AgP patients than that in healthy controls (8.65 microg/L vs 3.10 microg/L; P<0.01). Osteocalcin level was also significantly higher in AgP patients than that in healthy subjects (1.0 microg/L vs 0.8 microg/L; P=0.028). AST level was significantly lower in AgP patients than that in healthy controls(20.0 U/L vs 23.0 U/L). No correlations between the plasmatic levels of 25OHD3 and osteocalcin were detected in AgP patients or in healthy controls (r=0.271, P=0.12; r=-0.356, P=0.58)., Conclusion: Plasmatic 25OHD3 and osteocalcin concentrations were not correlated but might be influenced by AgP.

Objective: To investigate 7 short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentrations in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and to analyze the relationship between levels of SCFA and AgP clinical parameters., Methods: GCF was collected from 152 sites of 38 AgP patients and 56 sites of 14 healthy subjects. Formic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and isovalerianic acid were detected by high performance capillary electrophoresis., Results: The concentrations of succinic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and isovalerianic acid in GCF were significantly higher in AgP patients than in healthy group, while formic acid was lower in GCF of AgP group compared with healthy group. Correlation analysis showed that formic acid was negatively correlated with bleeding index (BI), probing depth (PD) and attachment loss (AL), while BI was positively correlated with succinic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid; PD and AL were positively correlated with succinic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and isovalerianic acid., Conclusions: The elevation of succinic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and isovalerianic acid concentrations in GCF may be related with AgP destruction condition, while formic acid concentration was reduced.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence rates of human cytomegalovirus(HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus-1(EBV-1) in subgingival plaque and analyze the relationship between herpesviruses, periodontal pathogenic bacteria and periodontal clinical parameters in Chinese patients with aggressive periodontitis(AgP)., Methods: A total of one hundred and twenty subgingival plaque samples were collected from 89 AgP patients and 31 healthy subjects. HCMV and EBV-1 were detected using nested polymerase chain reaction(PCR).Contemporaneously, 8 periodontal pathogenic bacteria including Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans(Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg), Tannerella forsythensis(Tf), Prevotella intermedia(Pi), Campylobacter rectus(Cr),Fusobacterium nucleatum(Fn), Treponema denticola(Td), Prevotella nigrescens(Pn) were detected by 16S rRNA based PCR., Results: HCMV was more frequently detected in AgP patients (43.8%) than in healthy controls (12.9%, P<0.01). The prevalence rates of HCMV and EBV-1 in AgP patients with 6-8 kinds of bacteria detected were 54.4% and 17.4%, respectively, significantly higher than those with 3-5 kinds of bacteria detected (P<0.05)., Conclusion: The prevalence rates of HCMV and EBV was higher in AgP patients than in healthy controls. Herpesviruses and periodontal pathogenic bacteria may cooperate synergistically in the development of AgP, which could be considered as a pathogenetic consortium in future investigation of periodontaltitis.

Objective: To investigate the clinical results of non-surgical periodontal treatment of generalized aggressive periodontitis in a Chinese population., Methods: Nineteen patients aged (24. 5 +/- 4.1) years with generalized aggressive periodontitis were included in this prospective study. All subjects received scaling and root planing and were clinically monitored every 2 months for 6 months. The clinical parameters, including probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), attachment loss (AL) and mobility, furcation involvement of molars were recorded at baseline, 2, 4 and 6 months after treatment. White blood cells, neutrophil percentage, triglyceride of 7 patients were detected at baseline and 6 months after treatment., Results: At baseline, the mean PD of patients was (5.1 +/- 2.1) mm, the percentage of BOP positive sites was 98.0% and mean AL was (3.9 +/- 1.9) mm. At 6 months after treatment, the mean pocket depth reduction was 2.0 mm, the percentage of BOP positive sites reduced to 11.9% and 0.6 mm attachment level was gained. Incisors showed greater PD reduction than molars, the baseline PD had predictive effect on PD reduction, deep sites showed greater PD reduction than shallow sites. There was a statistically significant decrease of neutrophil percentage at 6 months after treatment [(65.7 +/- 9.9)% vs. (55.4 +/- 9.3)%, P < 0.05]., Conclusions: Non-surgical treatment is effective for the generalized aggressive periodontitis and every 2 months SPT is necessary for maintenance. Further surgical treatment or repeated SRP is recommended for molars.

Five deleted mutants of HC-Pro gene of Chinese isolate of potato Y potyvirus (PVY-C) were obtained by PCR mutation, and their plant expression vectors were constructed. They were transformed into tobacco K326 (Nicotina tabacum cv. K326) mediated by Agrobacterium. PCR and Southern blot analysis revealed that PVY-C HC-Pro gene and its deleted mutants were integrated into tobacco genome, and Western blot analysis showed that they were all expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. Furthermore, infection test demonstrated that the central region of PVY-C HC-Pro can mediate synergism of PVY-C/cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) and PVY-C/potato X potexvirus (PVX), identifying that it is functional domain in synergism.

Two novel diterpendoids, pseudolaric acids A and B (PA, PB) first isolated from the root of Pseudolarix kaempferi Gorden in China, have been reported to possess significant antifertile activities in rats, hamsters, rabbits, and dogs. The present study demonstrated that neither PA nor PB had estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities, they also did not inhibit deciduous formation. When an effective dose of PB 30 mg.kg-1 was given on d 6 of pregnancy and the hormonal determinations were done on d 8 and d 12 of pregnancy, the progesterone, estradiol and prostaglandins E, F levels in plasma and the uterine prostaglandin E, F levels were not significantly reduced vs those of the control rats. The human uterus was used as the experimental material in vitro. PA and PB 200 micrograms.ml-1 cultural medium (McCoy's 5a medium) damaged only a part of the decidual and trophoblast cells. In partially depolarized isolated uterine smooth muscles of early pregnant rats, PA and PB caused a decline in the contractile tension. A low dose of PB 2 mg.kg-1.d-1 was given ig on d 6-12 of pregnancy in rats caused the body weight and the length of fetuses and the placental weight value significantly lower than those of the control. Thus, ischemia due to the vasoconstrictor effect is probably of great, and sometimes of supreme, importance.