Search

Heavy rainfall is the main factor triggering geological disasters. In the northern region of China, most of the researches focus on the geologic disasters caused by short-term heavy rainfall, and the researches on the characteristics of geologic disasters under regional extreme precipitation conditions are still insufficient. Based on the sample analysis of geological disasters triggered by the “23•7” heavy rainfall, the regular characteristics of geological disasters in the Hebei section of the Taihang Mountains were studied. The results show that: (1) geologic hazards show the trend of multiple and group occurrence, and the number of occurrences reaches a new high in history, and the types of avalanches, landslides, and mudslides are the main ones, which stimulate new geologic hazards to increase significantly; (2) the spatial and temporal scales of occurrence of geologic hazards and the area of heavy rainfall are highly coincident with each other, and the south and north sections of the Taihang Mountains show a differentiated distribution; (3) mudslides cause the most damage, and slope-type mudslides are obviously more frequent, and the loose material-covered landslides are more frequent and easier to occur. cover type landslides are more frequent and prone to occur. The results of the study can provide a reference for the prevention of geologic disasters under extreme precipitation conditions.

Objective To summarize the clinical characteristic of stroke in the plateau area with altitude of 4000 m above, and to screen the risk factors of hemorrhagic stroke. Methods The clinical data of 103 stroke patients (including 71 hemorrhagic stroke and 32 ischemic stroke) admitted to Ngari Prefecture People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region from January 2017 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed, and the clinical characteristic of hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke were compared. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were used to screen the risk factors of hemorrhagic stroke. Results The age of hemorrhagic stroke patients was lower than that of ischemic stroke patients [(57.48 ± 10.81) years vs. (64.03 ± 10.96) years; t = 2.836, P = 0.006], and the systolic blood pressure at admission [(171.92 ± 28.95) mm Hg vs. (141.81 ± 23.24) mm Hg; t = 5.174, P = 0.000], diastolic blood pressure [(107.58 ± 18.76) mm Hg vs. (93.44 ± 14.94) mm Hg; t = 3.757, P = 0.000], hemoglobin [(189.54 ± 28.12) g/L vs. (165.35 ± 25.42) g/L; t = 4.111, P = 0.000] and total cholesterol [(4.60 ± 0.88) mmol/L vs. (4.04 ± 0.82) mmol/L; t = 3.118, P = 0.002] were higher than those of ischemic stroke patients. Logistic regression analysis showed that systolic blood pressure on admission (OR = 1.048, 95%CI: 1.024-1.073; P = 0.000) and hemoglobin (OR = 1.043, 95%CI: 1.015-1.072; P = 0.002) elevation were risk factors of hemorrhagic stroke. Conclusions Hemorrhagic stroke is the main type of stroke in the plateau area with altitude of 4000 m above. Patients with high systolic blood pressure on admission and hemoglobin are more likely to have hemorrhagic stroke.

In the process of orthodontic treatment, the balance between the modeling of alveolar bone and the mechanical stress exerted by the appliance is key to the effective movement of orthodontic teeth. Alveolar bone modeling involves many regulatory factors, and microRNAs (miRNAs), as posttranscriptional regulatory factors, play an important role in the occurrence of bone modeling. As an important member of the miRNA family, miRNA-21 promotes the differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells into osteoblasts and plays an important role in maintaining bone balance and preventing bone resorption as a regulator of osteoclast formation and a promoter of osteoclast differentiation. A literature review showed that miRNA-21 can regulate osteoclast function and promote bone resorption through programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), phosphate and tension homology deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG). MiRNA-21 is highly sensitive to external mechanical stress in the process of orthodontic tooth movement. After orthodontic force is applied, miRNA-21 can promote osteoclast formation and accelerate orthodontic movement; through targeted regulation of periodontal ligament associated protein-1 (PLAP-1), it can regulate periodontal ligament remodeling in the late stage of tooth movement and improve the potential of tooth movement. In addition, miRNA-21 mediates orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and alveolar bone remodeling in the periodontal inflammatory microenvironment. miRNA-21 can upregulate the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in periodontal ligament stem cells in a hypoxic environment. It can promote the expression of osteogenic markers, such as osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and promote osteogenic differentiation during orthodontic tooth movement.

With the widespread adoption of smartphones， mobile phone addiction among adolescents has emerged as a challenging public health concern. This paper aims to undertake a comprehensive literature review on mobile phone addiction among high school students， both domestically and internationally. It primarily focuses on exploring the conceptual framework， measurement tools， epidemic status， influencing factors and intervention strategies associated with mobile phone addiction in this specific population， so as to provide references for interventions targeting mobile phone addiction among high school students， with the ultimate goal of reducing the incidence rate within this population. ［Funded by Sichuan Provincial Primary Health Development Research Center in 2022， North Sichuan Medical College （number， SWFZ22-C-89）， Mianyang City Social Science Research Key Base-Sichuan Mianyang Minor Psychological Growth Guidance and Research Center 2022 Annual Funding Project （number， SCWCN 2022YB07）］

To study the efficacy and safety of hematoma puncture catheter drainage under CT real-time guide for treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods A total of 80 ICH patients with hematoma volume 15-30 ml were given conservative treatment (control group, 40 cases including 6 cases with hematoma volume 15-20 ml and 34 cases with hematoma volume > 20-30 ml) and hematoma puncture and catheter drainage under CT real-time guide (operation group, 40 cases with hematoma volume > 20-30 ml). Conscious states were evaluated by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) on admission and 3 d after onset. Neurological deficits of patients were evaluated by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) on admission and discharge. Hospitalization days and complications (including rebleeding, epilepsy, intracranial infection, severe pulmonary infection and bleeding caused by digestive tract stress ulcer) were recorded. Results The GCS scores 3 d after onset (P = 0.000) and NIHSS scores on discharge (P = 0.000) of 2 groups were significantly lower than those on admission. The GCS score of operation group was significantly higher (P = 0.003) and NIHSS score was significantly lower (P = 0.000) than that of control group. The hospitalization time of operation group was significantly lower than those of control group [(10.53 ± 2.64) d vs. (17.30 ± 4.92) d; t = 7.673, P = 0.000]. Complications including rebleeding, intracranial infection, severe pulmonary infection and bleeding caused by digestive tract stress ulcer did not occur in patients of 2 groups. Conclusions For supratentorial hemorrhage patients with hematoma volume 15-30 ml, in comparison with conservative treatment, operation with hematoma puncture and catheter drainage under CT real-time guide can save hospitalization days, relieve edema peak response and improve the prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To observe the anti-caries effect of transgenic tomato anti-caries vaccine after immunization with SD rats by gavage and to explore its immunity mechanism initially., Methods: SD rats were used to establish an experimental caries model. The transgenic anti-caries tomatoes expressing the target protein were cultivated and identified. The SIgA and IgG contents of specific anti-PAcA in saliva and blood samples of SD rats were detected by ELISA. Then, the SD rats were sacrificed, the maxillary and mandibular bones were taken for Keyes dental caries score, and spleens were taken for the analysis of RNA-seq. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 18.0 software package., Results: The target protein concentration in the transgenic tomato anti-caries vaccine was 36.28 μg/mL. After vaccine immunization of SD rats, group D (8 mL/kg) produced the highest levels of specific SIgA and IgG antibodies at week 6 and was significantly different from the other groups(P＜0.05), and caries counting score was also significantly different than the other groups (P＜0.05). The spleen mRNA of SD rats in group D was extracted and sequenced by RNA-seq, and 40 genes with significant differences in mRNA expression were obtained(P-adjust＜0.05, |Fold Change|≥1.5). 26 genes were significantly upregulated, including IGFBP6 and COL15A1. The upregulated gene GO enrichment was enriched to humoral immune response, B-cell activation, and immunoglobulin receptor binding; KEGG enrichment was enriched to 56 signaling pathways, including PI3K-AKT and NF-κB, and F＜0.001. Fourteen genes were significantly downregulated, but the analysis of downregulated gene GO and KEGG enrichment was not statistically significant(F＞0.1)., Conclusions: Transgenic tomato anti-caries vaccine may reduce caries occurrence by upregulating the activation of PI3K-AKT signaling pathway mediated by IGFBP6 in SD rats.

Objective: To observe and compare the effectiveness and safety of controlling myopia in children by wearing defocus incorporated soft contact (DISC) lenses or orthokeratology (OrthoK) lenses., Methods: A total of 75 children who came to our hospital between January 2018 and September 2020 were enrolled for this retrospective study. The DISC group consisted of 30 myopic children (60 eyes) wearing peripheral defocal soft incorporated contact lenses during daytime. There were 10 males and 20 females aged (9.9±1.00) years old in this group and their spherical equivalent refractions were (-2.78±0.70) D. The OrthoK group consisted of 45 myopic children (90 eyes) wearing OrthoK lenses. There were 30 female and 15 males aged (9.67±1.11) and their spherical equivalent refractions were (-2.67±0.71) D. All subjects had previously worn prescription glasses for 12 months or longer before they started wearing contact lenses. The subjects were followed up for 12 months once they started wearing contact lenses. The axial changes and corneal and conjunctival complications of the two groups of myopic children were compared and analyzed., Results: Myopic children in both groups experienced relatively rapid increase in ocular axial length while they were wearing prescription glasses, with the ocular axial length increase in the prescription-glass-wearing period being (0.34±0.09) mm in the OrthoK group and (0.37± 0.07) mm in the DISC group. In the 12 months of wearing contact lenses, the ocular axial length of children in the OrthoK group increased by (0.18±0.04) mm, while that of the DISC group increased by (0.19±0.05) mm. The increase in ocular axial length was reduced in both groups after the children were switched to the new myopia prevention methods, showing significant difference ( P <0. 05). The two groups using two different contact lenses had similar axial length increase, showing no significant difference ( P >0.05). During the 12-month period while the subjects wore the two types of contact lenses, the incidence of chronic follicular conjunctivitis was 11.20% in the OrthoK group and 20.00% in the DISC group, with that of the DISC group being slightly higher without showing significant difference ( P >0.05). The incidence of grade-1corneal staining was 66.70% in the OrthoK group and 56.70% in the DISC group, and the incidence of grade-2 corneal staining was 17.80% in the OrthoK group and 16.70% in the DISC group. In other words, the OrthoK group had slightly higher findings, but the difference was not significant ( P >0.05). The incidence of contact lens-associated papillary conjunctivitis was 2.20% in the OrthoK group and 10.00% in the DISC group, which was slightly higher than that in the orthokeratology lens group, but the difference was not significant( P >0.05)., Conclusion: Both DISC lenses and OrthoK lenses can effectively control the increase in axial length in myopic children, and their have better effects than those of prescription glasses. The two tyes of contact lenses showed similar effects for controlling axial length increase. Both contact lenses have fewer corneal and conjunctival complications and better safety., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences).)

Objective: To measure the parameters of eye movement of young adult patients of myopia, to compare the differences in the parameters of patient groups with varied degrees of myopia, and to analyze the correlation between eye movement parameters and axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent refraction (SER)., Methods: A total of 91 young adult patients of myopia were recruited. The subjects were divided into three groups of low, moderate, and high myopia according to their SER. Information on the subjects' age and sex was collected and general clinical examination was completed. The subjects' binocular fixation, reflexive saccade, and antisaccade were measured with eye tracker. One-way ANOVA or Kruskal-wallis test was used to compare the general data and eye movement parameters of the three groups of myopic patients. Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze AL and SER's correlation with 95% bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA) and saccadic parameters., Results: The 95% BCEA for mild, moderate, and high myopia groups were 2.08 (0.54, 14.69) deg 2 , 4.99 (0.94, 49.22) deg 2 , and 5.79 (2.18, 64.91) deg 2 , respectively. There was significant difference between the 95% BCEA of the three groups ( P =0.029). The 95% BCEA of the mild myopia group was significantly smaller than that of the high myopia group ( P =0.01). There were no significant differences in saccadic parameters among the three groups ( P >0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between 95% BCEA and AL ( r =0.342, P =0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between 95% BCEA and SER ( r =-0.322, P =0.002). There was no significant correlation between the parameters of saccadic movement and the AL or SER ( P >0.05)., Conclusion: For young adult myopic patients, the longer the AL is, the higher the degree of the myopia and the worse the fixation stability becomes. The fixation stability of patients with high myopia was significantly worse than that of patients with mild myopia. There was no significant difference in saccadic parameters in patients with different degrees of myopia., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences).)

Objective: To investigate the primary diseases and the distribution of the clinical characteristics of pediatric retinal detachment., Methods: Clinical records of patients aged 0-14 years old who had retinal detachment and who were hospitalized at the Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University between January 2015 and December 2020, were retrospectively analyzed. The information on the demographic data, history, the scope of retinal detachment, and prognosis was retrieved and documented., Results: A total of 464 eyes of 393 patients were included in this study, including 261 male and 132 female patients at a ratio of 1.98:1. The most common type of primary disease causing pediatric retinal detachments was associated with ocular dysplasia (227 cases, 57.8%), followed by trauma (78 cases, 19.8%) and myopia (56 cases, 14.2%). For infants and preschool children, the primary disease was predominantly ocular dysplasia at a rate of 81.8% (126 cases) and 55.8% (43 cases), respectively. For school-age children, in addition to ocular dysplasia (58 cases, 35.8%), myopia (49 cases, 30.2%) and ocular trauma (43 cases, 26.5%) also accounted for a large proportion of the primary diseases. The most common type of pediatric retinal detachment was rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (184 cases, 46.8%), and ocular trauma and myopia were the most common primary diseases, accounting for 37.5% (69/184) and 30.4% (56/184), respectively. 170 patients were diagnosed with traction retinal detachment, the second most common type of pediatric retinal detachment, and familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVER) was the main primary disease, accounting for 47.6% (81/170). Exudative retinal detachment (39 cases, 9.9%) was the least common type of pediatric retinal detachment. Coats disease was the main primary disease causing exudative retinal detachment, accounting for 71.8% (28/39). After the first repair surgery, patients who had complete traction retinal detachment generally had poorer anatomical outcomes compared with those with complete rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (| Z |=3.026, P =0.002). The retinal break was most commonly seen on the temporal side in pediatric rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. In the retinal detachments caused by trauma, the most common type of retinal break was retinal tear, followed by ora serrata dialysis. Myopic rhegmatogenous retinal detachments were most commonly found in the round holes in lattice degeneration region., Conclusion: In the current study, boys were found to be more susceptible to retinal detachment than girls did. Ocular dysplasia, ocular trauma and myopia were major etiologic factors for pediatric retinal detachment. Appropriate information and education measures should be emphasized for different age groups., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences).)

Epidemiological studies found that the incidence of myopia was increasing year by year and the age of onset of myopia was showing a trend of affecting increasingly younger children. Reducing the occurrence of myopia and controlling the increase of myopia diopter have always been the focus of research on the prevention and control of myopia. Large randomized controlled clinical trials have found that outdoor activities can effectively reduce the incidence of myopia and delay the progression of myopia. Basic experiments also revealed that there were certain connections between light exposure and myopia. We herein review the research progress, limitations and future directions of research on light exposure and myopia. From the perspective of light properties, increasing the intensity of light can slow the progression of myopia and reduce the occurrence of experimentally induced myopia. However, the actual mechanism of action is still unclear. The rhythmic changes of light exposure caused by the light/dark cycle may cause abnormalities in the secretion of melatonin and dopamine, and changes in the circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure and choroidal thickness, thus affecting myopia. The red light, with relatively longer wavelength and forming images behind the retina, tends to induce myopia more easily, while the blue light, with medium and short wavelength and forming images before the retina, tends to delay myopia progression. However, different species respond differently to lights of different wavelengths, and the relationship between light wavelength and myopia needs further investigation. Future research can be done to further explore the mechanism of action of how light exposure changes the progression of myopia, including the following aspects: how light changes dopamine levels, causing changes in downstream signal pathways, and thus controlling the growth of the axial length of the eye; how retinal photoreceptor cells receive light signals of different wavelengths in order to adjust the refractive power of the eyes; and how to design artificial lighting of reasonable intensity, composition and properties, and apply the design in myopia prevention and control., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences).)

Objective: To observe the possible changes in the integrity of the cornea and corneal endothelial cells of children/adolescents with low or moderate myopia after long-term wearing of orthokeratology (ortho-k) lenses, as well as the time when the relevant changes occur, so as to evaluate the safety of long-term wearing of ortho-k lens and to provide a reference for the safety evaluation of subjects wearing ortho-k lenses., Methods: Subjects were recruited in the Contact Lens Clinic, West China Hospital, Sichuan University for a three-year prospective study. Ortho-k of the same brand was matched for the subjects. The central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal endothelial cell density (ECD), and hexagonal cell ratio (HEX) were measured prior to the wearing of ortho-k lenses and after wearing ortho-k lenses for 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and every 3 months until 36 months. The results of corneal fluorescence staining were recorded during each follow-up. When corneal staining was observed, the Efron grading standard was used for grading and corresponding treatment was given., Results: A total of 33 (66 eyes) myopic patients were included in the study. 15 cases (46.2%) reported having binocular foreign body sensations and tearing within the first week of wearing the lenses. After the subjects became adapted to wearing the lenses, the symptoms disappeared without intervention. During the follow-up period, 31 cases (93.94%) of binocular corneal staining were observed, of which, 24 cases (72.73%) were graded as G0, receiving no treatment, 5 cases (15.15%) were graded as GⅠ, and 2 cases (6.06%) were graded as GⅡ. Corresponding clinical treatment for corneal staining was given to the GⅠ and GⅡ subjects. This study found that the corneal ECD was inversely proportional to age ( r =－0.380, P =0.002). During the three-year follow-up period, the subjects' left eye ECD decreased from the baseline at 24 months and the right eye ECD decreased from the baseline at 27 months ( P <0.05). The CCT results in the subjects showed that CCT became thinner at 1 month after wearing the lens ( P <0.05), but the follow-up CCT showed a stable trend., Conclusion: After three years of long-term follow-up, no serious corneal complications occurred in children/adolescents with moderate and low myopia after long-term wearing of ortho-k lens. The corneal ECD of both eyes started decreasing 24 months after wearing the ortho-k lenses and the CCT decreased 1 month after wearing the lenses., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences).)

Two cases with high corneal astigmatism and mixed astigmatism were reported. Both cases showed significantly increased astigmatism after cycloplegia. Combined with the patients' refractive error, corneal topography and wavefront aberration changes, the possible causes were analyzed. Aberration changes caused by pupil dilation, corneal astigmatism differences in different diameter ranges, and changes in lens astigmatism before and after cycloplegia may lead to increased astigmatism after cycloplegia. It was found that cycloplegic refraction may not accurately reflect the refractive status in daily life for children with high corneal astigmatism, especially mixed astigmatism. Because children need refractive correction in the state of natural pupil, it is recommended that the cycloplegic refraction result could not be directly used as prescription for such children. The final prescription should be based on the topography and the refraction result under natural pupil., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Science Edition).)

Objective: To study the changes of tear film after short-term overnight orthokeratology wearing in adult myope., Methods: Fifty adult myope aged 18 to 38 years old were enrolled in this study. The patients wore orthokeratology 6-10 h every night during this study. Data such as non-invasive tear break-up time (NITBUT), fluorescent tear break-up time (FTBUT), lower tear meniscus height (LTMH), corneal fluorescent staining as well as ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire score were measured at baseline, 1 d, 7 d, 14 d, 30 d and 90 d., Results: Forty-four subjects completed the follow-up study. Tear break-up time (TBUT) decreased and became stable at 14 d after overnight orthokeratology wearing. LTMH sustained decreased and there was a difference after 90 d overnight wearing （ P <0.05）. Compared with baseline, the grade of corneal staining increased at all time points （ P <0.05）. As for the OSDI score, there was no difference at all time points., Conclusion: After overnight orthokeratology wearing, tear film stability and tear secretion decreased. Adult myope seems easily to suffer corneal injury after overnight orthokeratology wearing., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Science Edition).)

Objective: To determine the role of motion-in-depth perception and static stereopsis in strabismics, and factors associated with the perception of motion-in-depth., Methods: A total of 84 strabismic patients (including 57 intermittent exotropes, 12 constant exotropes and 15 esotropes) and 16 normal controls were recruited. Binocular fusion ability, static stereopsis and motion-in-depth perception were tested using the computer-generated stereoscopic stimuli. The correlations between these tests were analyzed., Results: There was a significant correlation between motion-in-depth perception and static stereopsis in strabismics. Only patients with static stereopsis demonstrated the perception of motion-in-depth. A positive correlation was found between motion-in-depth perception thresholds and static stereopsis in intermittent exotropes. All participants in the control group had motion-in-depth perception and static stereopsis. The participants with stereopsis had significantly lower thresholds than those with strabismus ( P <0.01). The perception of motion-in-depth varied with the type of strabismus: 87.7% of the intermittent exotropes exhibited motion-in-depth perception, whereas none of the constant strabismics were able to pass the motion-in-depth perception tests. The perception of motion-in-depth was correlated with the presence of binocular fusion., Conclusions: Motion-in-depth perception is correlated with static stereopsis in strabismics. The perception of motion-in-depth varies with the type of strabismus: only intermittent exotropes have the perception of motion-in-depth., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Science Edition).)

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of superior rectus (SR) and lateral rectus (LR) union suture without scleral fixation for the treatment of myopic strabismus fixus., Methods: A retrospective review was performed on 27 eyes of 16 patients who underwent lateral part of SR and superior part of LR muscle belly union between January 2010 and October 2015. We collected the ocular data including: best corrected visual acuity,axial length,CT or MRI images,orthoptic measurements (by prism test),and eye movements pre- and postoperatively., Results: The follow up time varied from 3-12 months. All of the patients got satisfactory results except two severe cases. A statistical change of prism test value and eye movement was noticed ( P <0.01). Orthoptic measurements showed that the mean esotropia was improved from (92.50±18.17)Δ preoperatively to (9.19±4.39)Δ postoperatively ( P <0.01). In regards for the vertical deviation,the mean residual hypotropia was (2.38±3.10)Δ postoperatively compared to (21.88±5.74)Δ preoperatively ( P <0.01). At the last follow-up,mean abduction limitation was improved from -3.19±0.62 to -1.15±0.52 ( P <0.01),mean elevation limitation was improved from -2.85±0.82 to -0.78±0.51 ( P <0.01). No special complications were noted., Conclusion: Muscle belly suture of SR and LR was an effective surgery to correct ocluar misalignment and motility in myopic strabismus fixus.

Objective: To investigate visual performance of monocular amblyopia before and after correcting higher order aberrations (HOAs) with adaptive optics system., Methods: Visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS) thresholds of ten monocular amblyopes were measured before and after correcting higher order aberrations with adaptive optics system. The change of them were analyzed., Results: A significant improvement of 0.16 times on average (P = 0.005) visual acuity of the amblyopic eyes and 0.34 times on average (P < 0.001) CS thresholds, mainly improved at 24 cpd were observed., Conclusion: The visual performance of amblyopic eyes can be improved after correcting higher order aberrations, and HOAs affect CS at some high spatial frequency.

Objective: To investigate the influence of refractive factors, including axial length, cornea power and astigmatism, and total astigmatism to refractive errors., Methods: Axial length (AL) and cornea power (K) of 295 children (590 eyes) aged 8. 43 years old (4-14 years old) were obtained through IOL-Master, refractive error was measured by retinoscope after cycloplegia. The eyes were divided into 7 groups according to their spherical equivalence (SE). The 7 groups were high myopia, moderate myopia, low myopia, emmetropia, low hyperopia, moderate hyperopia and high hyperopia. AL and cornea parameters of different groups were compared using ANOVA and Pearson's correlation was used to analyze the relationship between SE, AL and cornea astigmatism and total astigmatism respectively., Results: (1) Of the 7 groups, AL was longest in the high myopia group and shortest in the high hyperopia group. There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in AL among the 7 groups. (2) High and moderate myopes had the greatest K values and though there was no difference between the 2 groups, they had greater K values compared to other groups (P < 0.05). Moderate hyperopes had the smallest K values which were smaller than any other group except high hyperopia group. (3) SE was negatively correlated with K (r = -0.242, P < 0.001) and positively correlated with cornea astigmatism (r = 0.131, P = 0.001) but had no correlation with total astigmatism. AL was negatively correlated with cornea astigmatism (r = -0.218, P < 0.001) and had no correlation with K and total astigmatism. (4) Multiple linear regression using AL, K and age as independent variable and SE as dependent variable was applied to analyze the relationship of these variables, and the equation was., Conclusion: The bigger the cornea K value and the longer the AL were, the more myopia the eye was. The study showed that cornea K value of high hyperopes became steeper, indicating that the corneas of high hyperopes tried to compensate for the hyperopic refractive error due to short AL so that the eye can grow toward emmetropization; but the corneas of other groups had the same trend as the AL, which caused myopia or hyperopia together. However, generally speaking, the cornea became steeper as myopia got more severe and flatter as hyperopia more severe.

Objective: To evaluate changes in higher-order aberrations of eyes in patients with unilateral neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD)., Methods: Thirty two patients with unilateral nAMD were recruited for this study. Biocular higher-order wavefront aberrations for a 6-mm pupil were measured with Zywave II aberrometer (Bausch & Lomb, Zyoptix, USA). The root mean square (RMS) of Zernike coefficients were compared between the eyes with nAMD and the fellow eyes. Relation ship between RMS values and LogMAR vision of the nAMD were analysed., Results: The total higher-order aberrations (HOAs), third order aberrations (RMS3), sphere aberration (SA), coma, coma along x axis, and horizontal trefoil in the eyes with nAMD were all significantly greater than those in the fellow eyes (P < 0.05). Increases of vertical trefoil and coma were found to be associated with increased LogMAR values (r(s) = 0.377, P = 0.034; r(s) = 0.416, P = 0.018)., Conclusion: Higher-order aberrations in nAMD are greater than normal eyes, which may have effects on distant corrected visual acuity. Examinations of higher-order aberrations should be added into visual function evaluations of nAMD.

To reveal the magnetic response to atmospheric particulate pollution in tree leaves along urban streets, twenty-four evergreen tree leaves were collected from green belt along Jinshajiang road, Shanghai, which were subjected to magnetic and heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb) analyses. The result revealed that in all leaf samples chi, SIRM varied in ranges of (4-59) x 10(-8) m3 x kg(-1) and (496-6 114) x 10(-6) Am2 x kg(-1), respectively, S(-300mT) varied from 89% to 98% and chi(ARM)/chi < 4, chi(ARM)/SIRM < 30 x 10(-5) mA(-1) was found. The magnetic parameters showed that ferromagnetic/ferrimagnetic particles were the main magnetic carriers in dust-loaded tree leaves, and magnetic grains were predominantly pseudo-single domain (PSD) and multidomain (MD) in size. The significant positive correlation between heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb) contents and chi, SIRM, chi(ARM), suggested that magnetic parameters like SIRM could be used as a proxy for heavy metal contents. We recommend that Magnolia grandiflora, widely distributed in Shanghai, can be used for particulate pollution monitoring.

Objective: To measure the retinal structure of the fellow eyes of patients with anisometropic amblyopes with retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT), macular thickness (MT), and their correlations with axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent (SE)., Methods: AL was measured by IOLMaster. RNFLT and MT were obtained through optical coherence tomography (OCT). The data of the 56 unilateral amblyopes (56 fellow eyes) were compared with those of 170 normal eyes from 85 age-matched people., Results: The fellow eyes had thicker RNFLT (RNFLT-fc), temporal RNFLT (RNFLT-t) and inferior (RNFLT-i); and thinner nasal RNFLT (RNFLT-n) than the normal eyes. But no statistically significant differences in superior RNFLT (RNFLT-s) and MT were found between the fellow eyes and normal eyes. After adjustments for age, gender and AL or SE, only the change of RNFLT-t remained significant (P < 0.05 ). Partial correlation analysis between the thickness values and AL/SE adjusted for age and gender showed different trends between the fellow eyes and normal eyes. Multiple linear regression adjusted for age and gender also obtained different coefficients between the fellow eyes and normal eyes. Independent sample t test found no difference in thickness parameters between occlusion and non-occlusion eyes in patients with anisometropic amblyopes., Conclusion: Fellow eyes of patients with anisometropic amblyopes have subnormal retinal structure despite a normal corrected visual acuity. Occlusion does not affect the retinal structure. AL or SE can affect the measurements of RNFLT.

Objective: To observe the differences between anisometropic amblyopes and normal people when all of them were asked to discriminate those topological and non-topological pictures embedded in Gauss noises., Methods: Stimulus pictures (noise variance were 0.04, 0.08, 0.12 respectively) were run using Matlab software, the error ratios of identification of amblyopia groups and control groups were recorded., Results: The P-values of anisometropic amblyopes were 0.06 (closure pictures) and 0.088 (disclosure pictures) under the different experimental lasting time. No matter whenever the experimental lasting time and whatever the characteristics of the pictures, the error ratios of identification of amblyopia groups were higher than that of control groups, except for closure pictures at 5 s., Conclusion: The capabilities of amblyopes when discriminate the different pictures were lower than that of normal groups. We found that different outcomes of amblyopia groups were caused by their own perception defect.

The spherical mesoporous particles with two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal mesopores in diameter up to 11.6 nm was fabricated in acetic acid/sodium buffer solution (pH = 3.5) by using tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) as silica source, Pluronic P123 as template and 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene (TIPB) as swelling agent. Then the mesoporous particles were employed as carriers for the immobilization of lignin peroxidase (LiP). The effect of immobilization time, the amount of added enzyme on the immobilized enzyme amount and activities were investigated. The characteristic and stability of immobilized LiP were also studied. The results showed that, as the mass ratio of enzyme (E) and mesoporous material (MS) was 76.8 mg/g,immobilizing time was 12 h, the largest immobilized enzyme amount (8.87 mg/g) and highest apparent activity (41.45 U/mg) of immobilization LiP were achieved. Comparing with free LiP, the optimum pH and temperature of the immobilized LiP were almost the same, while whose pH stability and thermal stability were significantly improved. No obvious activity loss was observed for the immobilized LiP after 7 weeks storage at 4 degrees C. After 6 times of usage, almost 30% of the initial activity could still remain.

Objective: To report clinical, histopathologic, ultrastructural, and chemical features of extracted hydrogel intraocular lens (IOL, Bausch and Lomb, H60M) from patients who had visual disturbances caused by postoperative opacification of the lens, and discuss the possible causes of this phenomenon., Methods: Four cases (4 eyes) were presented after uneventful phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. Two IOLs were removed from 2 patients (2 eyes) with severe decreased visual acuity. Clinical aspects of patients who had opacification of this IOL were observed. Extracted lenses were stained with alizarin red (special stains for calcium), examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS)., Results: The extracted lenses showed positive staining for alizarin red, indicating that calcium was present on the surface. SEM disclosed coralliform deposits on the superficial substance of the IOL optic. EDS showed that the presence of calcium and phosphorus mainly in the opacification region., Conclusions: The surface of the IOL is subject to opacification as a result of calcium phosphate deposition, thereby limiting the patient's visual outcome, and in some cases necessitating the extraction of the lens. These changes may be relevant to the nature of the materials used for the construction of hydrogel IOLs. This important clinical problem requires further studies.

Objective: To evaluate the development of optic radiations (ORs) in patients with anisometropia amblyopia using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and diffusion tensor tractography (DTT), and to explore possible mechanism of pathogenesis of amblyopia., Methods: Brain scan was performed with 3.0 Tesla scanner on 8 patients with anisometropia amblyopia and 15 control subjects with normal sights. The fractional anisotropy (FA) values, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values, the numbers of neural fiber bundle of ORs, and the voxel numbers of ORs were compared between the patients with anisometropia amblyopia and those with normal sights and between the ipsilateral ORs and the contralateral ORs in the patients with amblyopia., Results: No differences in the FA values, the ADC values, the numbers of neural fiber bundle of ORs and the voxel numbers of ORs were found between the ipsilateral ORs and the contralateral ORs in the patients with amblyopia (P > 0.05). Significant decreases in the FA values and the voxel numbers of ORs were found in the patients with amblyopia compared with the controls (P < 0.05). No differences in the voxel numbers of both ORs in the anterior parts were found between the patients with amblyopia and the controls (P > 0.05). However, the patients with amblyopia had more voxel numbers of ORs in the posterior parts than the controls (P < 0.05). The differences in the ADC values and the numbers of neural fiber bundle of ORs between the patients with amblyopia and the controls were not significant (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: The compactability, integrity and directivity of ORs decrease in patients with anisometropia amblyopia. The projection of OR fibers is abnormal. The ORs are underdeveloped, especially in the posterior parts, although no abnormal morphologic changes occur. The DTI and DTT can detect the underdevelopment of optic radiations in patients with anisometropia amblyopia indirectly.

Objective: To investigate the contrast sensitivities of the fellow eyes in children with anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia., Methods: A retrospective study was undertaken. Medical records containing contrast sensitivity data of the fellow eyes in 107 children with anisometropic amblyopia, 110 children with strabismic amblyopia, and 30 normal children were retrieved. The contrast sensitivities of the fellow eyes in those children were compared using independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc (modified LSD) multiple comparison test., Results: Contrast sensitivity functions of the fellow eyes of children with anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia were weaker than those of the controls. The fellow eyes of children with moderate and severe strabismic amblyopia had better contrast sensitivities than those with anisometropic amblyopes. In strabismic amblyopic children, the contrast sensitivities of the fellow eyes grew with the degree of amblyopia. Occlusion therapy did not change contrast sensitivities of the fellow eyes., Conclusion: The abnormal intraocular interactions between amblyopic and nonamblyopic "normal" eyes decrease the contrast sensitivity functions of the fellow eyes. Compared with anisometropic amblyopic children, the fellow eyes of children with moderate and severe strabismic amblyopia show more superiority in the binocular competition. Occlusion therapy may not depress contrast sensitivities of the fellow eyes in children with amblyopia.

Objective: To compare the distribution of ocular higher-order aberrations in control group and amblyopia group and to explore the mechanism of the higher-order aberrations in refractive amblyopia., Methods: The root-mean-square (RMS) values of the higher-order aberrations were measured 3 times across 6.5 mm dilated pupil of 74 eyes using Allegro Wave Analyzer. The results were compared in normal control group and amblyopia group which were determined by the best corrected visual acuity., Results: RMS4, RMS5, RMS6 and RMSh in amblyopia were all significantly greater than those in control group. RMS values presented a degressive trend from RMS3 to RMS6, and RMS3 was the dominant higher-order aberration in the two groups. Coma and Y-axis coma had significant differences in the two groups., Conclusion: The high level of higher-order aberrations is related to amblyopia. Coma, particularly y-axis coma plays an important part in the corrected vision. It suggests that the diagnosis of amblyopia should include ocular higher-order aberrations.

Objective: To investigate the reasons of delay of medical attention for patients with TB in Chongqing., Methods: A questionnaire survey was carried out in 1005 patients with suspected TB., Results: Serious delay on seeking medical help was common in the patients with suspected TB. Sex, employment, health insurance, average income, self-treatment, TB related knowledge, and the behavior of medical practitioners were associated with the delay., Conclusion: Extended coverage of health insurance and improved health education on TB control strategies are needed to reduce the serious delay of TB detection. Collaborations between private medical institutions and TB control centers are also necessary.

Objective: To analyze the disparity evoked potentials (DEP) of fine disparities, coarse disparities, crossed disparities and uncrossed disparities and provide parameters of impersonal examining stereopsis., Methods: A software package for generating dynamic random dot stereogram (DRDS) was developed as a visual stimulus to elicit DEP in 30 normal subjects. The DEP of every subject was recorded in different crossed and uncrossed disparity stimuli (4', 8', 15', 23', 30', 45', 53', 60', 72', 87', 102', 124', 150' of arc)., Results: (1) the constant negative-positive complex wave was observed in different disparity stimuli. (2) The N wave's latency of -45' was the longest, the N wave's latency of -150' was the shortest among crossed disparities. The N wave's latency of 4', 23' was the longest, the N wave's latency of 124' was the shortest among uncrossed disparities. (3) The amplitude peak of P wave occurred at -23', -60', -150' among crossed disparities. The amplitude peak of P wave occurred at 15', 45', 72' among uncrossed disparities. (4) All characteristic crossed disparities were smaller than the uncrossed disparities. The change orderliness of small crossed disparities was different from that of small uncrossed disparities., Conclusions: The N wave's latency and the P wave's amplitude can be used as parameters to impersonally examine stereopsis. These results suggest that stereopsis can be divided into fine crossed stereopsis, fine uncrossed stereopsis, coarse crossed stereopsis, and coarse uncrossed stereopsis.