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The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in China is on the rise. It is estimated that there are 330 million people with CVD, including 13 million cases of stroke, 11.39 million cases of coronary heart disease (CHD), 8.9 million cases of heart failure (HF), 5 million cases of pulmonary heart disease, 4.87 million atrial fibrillation, 2.5 million cases of rheumatic heart disease, 2 million cases of congenital heart disease, 45.3 million cases of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and 245 million cases of hypertension. In 2021, the total number of discharges of patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in China was 27 649 800, accounting for 15.36% of the total number of discharges (including all inpatient diseases) in the same period, including 14 872 300 CVDs, accounting for 8.26%, and 12 777 500 cerebrovascular diseases, accounting for 7.10%. The economic burden of CVD on residents and society still increases, and the inflection point of CVD prevention and treatment has not yet arrived.

To avoid possible conflicts between the maintenance scheduling and the unit commitment for hydro-thermal power systems under the traditional non-collaborative optimization mode,a collaborative maintenance scheduling and unit commitment model for hydro-thermal systems is proposed,in which the total cost of the system and the adjustment cost of maintenance scheduling as an objective are minimized with considering the coupling characteristics of cascade hydropower. Furthermore,the model is transformed into a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model. To improve the solution of the MILP model,the objective scaling ensemble approach is proposed,including two stages. In the first stage,the coefficients of integer variables in the objective are scaled and the integer variables that may take 0 are probed. In the second stage,the reduced MILP model is solved after determining and fixing the integer variables with a value of 0. Finally,a 6-unit hydro-thermal power system and an actual provincial 86-unit hydro-thermal power system are taken as test systems. The results show that the proposed model can obtain a more economical and reasonable maintenance scheduling and unit commitment scheme compared with the non-collaborative optimization mode,thus effectively improving the solution speed by the objective scaling ensemble approach.

[Introduction] Aiming at allocating renewable energy consumption responsibility weight problem among market subjects, an allocation method based on evolutionary game and stochastic optimization is proposed. [Method] First of all, each market subject was taken as a limited rational individual participate in the weakly linked evolutionary game, and the absorption weight undertaking scheme that minimizes its own cost in the evolutionary equilibriumwas obtained and the selection strategy tendency of each market subject under the probability interval of different rewards and punishments adopted by the government was obtained. Then, after getting the probability interval of different reward and punishment measures taken by the government, a stochastic optimization model was used to get the specific scheme of absorbing weight which couldminimize the cost of each subject in each probability interval. [Result] The effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method is verified by calculating the data of 170 market entities in a provincial power grid. [Conclusion] A new method and idea on the weight distribution method of renewable energy absorption responsibility is provided, and feasible suggestions for the government to strengthen the enthusiasm of market subjects in the absorption of renewable energyare put forward in this paper.

[Introduction] Based on the trend of consuming renewable energy sources (RES) through the market-based trading model, the “market electricity price + renewable energy certificate (REC) revenue” will become the main operation of energy generators in the future. Based on the research background of RES participating in spot power market, this paper studies the price of REC. [Method] Based on the optimized clearing model of the spot electric energy market, applying the theory of the life cycle costing (LCC) of RES generation and satisfying the internal rate of return (IRR) of the energy generators, we established the optimization model of coupling REC-electric energy market. Combined with the seasonal output characteristics of RES, the simulation and measurement methods of the seasonal curve and fluctuation interval of REC price are proposed. [Result] The price of REC for different types of RES are different, and the price of REC for different types of RES also has different climatic correlations. [Conclusion] Scientific and reasonable calculation of REC price can not only help RES generation enterprises make income assessment and more accurate investment decisions, but also provide relevant decision-making support for power market entities and trading centers.

Objective: To explore the clinical feature and surgical treatment of patients with parapharyngeal space tumors. Method: A retrospective review of 214 cases with parapharygeal space tumors treated. The data on clinical manifestations, imaging examinations, pathological types, surgical approach, and postoperative complications were reviewed. Result: Of the 214 cases, the tumor was benign in nature in 135 cases（63.1%） and malignant in 79 cases（36.9%）. There was no gender difference in the incidence of benign tumors, and the ratio of male to female was 1:1. The incidence of malignant tumors was higher in males than in females, and the ratio was 3.3:1. Regardless of benign and malignant tumors, the high incidence age is 40-59. Two-thirds of cases of parapharyngeal space tumors had different degrees of peripheral structural invasion. The most common cases involving the skull base were 76 cases（35.5%）, followed by blood vessels and nerves, 24 cases（11.2%） and 16 cases（7.5%）,respectively. Complications occurred in 65 patients（31.4%）, the most common complications were hoarseness caused by X-cranial nerve palsy. Conclusion: There are various pathological types of parapharyngeal space tumors, and surgery is the first choice for parapharyngeal space tumors. The surgical plan should be made according to the imaging examinations, lesions, and the pathology et al. The risk of complications should be fully informed before the operation, and the cooperation of the patients should be obtained., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To explore the surgical method and effectiveness of the great toenail bed flap supplied with the fibular dorsal artery of great toe in repair of the finger nail bed central longitudinal defect., Methods: Between May 2012 and February 2017, 7 cases (7 fingers) with the finger nail bed central longitudinal defects were repaired with the great toenail bed flap supplied with the fibular dorsal artery of great toe. There were 3 males and 4 females; the age ranged from 17 to 35 years (mean, 27 years). The cause of injury included cutting injury in 2 cases, electric shaving injury in 3 cases, and frictional injury in 2 cases. The defect located at thumb in 3 cases, index finger in 3 cases, and middle finger in 1 case. The defect area ranged from 12 mm×8 mm to 21 mm×13 mm. The time from injury to admission was 1-2 hours (mean, 1.5 hours). The area of the great toenail bed flap ranged from 14 mm×10 mm to 23 mm×15 mm. The wound of donor site was directly sutured in 3 cases and repaired with full thickness skin graft in 4 cases., Results: All the great toenail bed flaps and skin grafts at the donor sites survived; and all wounds healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 9 to 36 months (mean, 23 months). The finger nails were smooth and shiny and recovered ideal appearance. At 9 months after operation, the two-point discrimination of the skin ranged from 7 to 9 mm (mean, 8 mm). According to the standard evaluation for nail bed repair issued by Zook etc., 6 cases were rated as excellent and 1 case as good, and the excellent and good rate was 100%., Conclusion: It is an ideal method to repair the finger nail bed central longitudinal defect with the great toenail bed flap supplied with the fibular dorsal artery of the great toe.

Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic effects, larynx preservation and adverse events of non-surgical combined treatments for laryngeal organ preservation in locally advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas(SCCs)., Methods: Forty-six patients with locally advanced laryngeal carcinoma (T2-4, N0-N3) were treated individually with non-surgical combined treatments for larynx preservation (LP). These treatments included concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT)(±epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor), induction chemotherapy (ICT) followed by CCRT(± EGFR inhibitor), or concurrent radiotherapy and EGFR inhibitor. Radiation therapy was given to a total dose of 60-70 Gy. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine the overall survival. Side-effects were evaluated with the established Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 3.0 criteria., Results: The average follow-up time was 31.8 months (range 6-95 months). All patients completed the planned radiotherapy without treatment breaks, and 45(97.8%) of 46 patients completed the planned chemotherapy.The 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates were 87.3%and 67.2%, respectively.The 5-year larynx preservation rate was 100.0%. The 3-year and 5-year progression free survival rates were 95.1% and 87.7%, respectively. The most common acute side effect in grade 3 was oropharyngeal mucositis. After treatment, tracheotomy was still required in 2 patients with glottis cancer for laryngeal edema or stenosis. No patient depended on a percutaneous gastrostomy and experienced speech impairment., Conclusion: Patients with locally advanced laryngeal cancer can be offered non-surgical combined treatments for laryngeal preservation and the high quality of life, showing a higher laryngeal preservation survival rate with minimal toxicities.

Objective: To quantify the change on burden of disease from hypercholesterolemia in China from 1990 to 2010., Methods: Related data were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 (GBD 2010). Population attributable risk was adopted to estimate the burden of disease from hypercholesterolemia., Results: The death and burden of disease from hypercholesterolemia for Chinese residents increased from 98 000 and 2.237 million disability-adjusted of life years (DALY) in 1990 to 281 000 and 5.912 million DALY respectively. In 2010, 251 000 ischemic heart disease and 30 000 ischemic stroke deaths were caused by hypercholesterolemia, accounted for 3.4% (28.1/830.2) of the total deaths. In 2010, the DALY of ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke attributed to hypercholesterolemia was 5.169 million and 0.743 million respectively. DALY was 3.356 million in male and 2.555 million in female. Years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL) was 5.268 million, and years lived with disability (YLD) was 0.644 million., Conclusion: Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for deaths and life loss in 2010, and the burden of disease and death from hypercholesterolemia increased obviously from 1990 to 2010 in China.

Objective: To investigate the treatment outcome, laryngeal preservation and side-effect in locally advanced hypopharyngeal carcinoma treated with combined Hilical tomotherapy (HT) or intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and chemotherapy and/or EGFR inhibitor (Cetuximab or Nimotuzumab)., Methods: A total of 68 patients (20 cases with T1-2N1-3M0 and 48 cases with T3-4N1-3M0) with locally advanced hypopharyngeal cancer were treated individualy with non-surgical combined modality treatments including induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy, induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent radiotherapy and EGFR inhibitor, concurrent chemoradiotherapy and EGFR inhibitor, and concurrent radiotherapy and EGFR inhibitor. HT was used in 40 patients and IMRT in 28 patients. Side-effects were evaluated with the established Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 3.0 criteria., Results: The average follow-up time was 25.7 months (range 3-69 months). All patients completed the planned radiotherapy without treatment breaks, and 66 (97.0%) of 68 patients completed the planned chemotherapy. The 2-year and 3-year overall survival rates were 78.8% and 64.7% respectively, with an organ preservation rate of 84.2%. The most common side-effect greater than or equal to grade 3 was oropharyngeal mucositis. No patient dependent on a percutaneous gastrostomy and tracheostomy tube., Conclusion: Hypopharyngeal carcinoma can be treated with non-surgical combined modality treatment including HT or IMRT, with a high laryngeal organ preservation rate and minimal toxicities.

Objective: To quantify the burden of disease related to high blood pressure in the Chinese population., Methods: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 (GBD 2010) in China. Data for mean systolic blood pressure, burden of deaths,Years of Life Lost(YLLs), Years Lived with Disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and relative risk were corrected for regression dilution bias to calculate the population impact fractions and estimate the attributable deaths and DALYs., Results: Among all the deaths due to cardiovascular diseases and DALYs, 64.0% of them were caused by high blood pressure. In 2010, a total number of 2.043 million deaths were caused by high blood pressure, including 1.154 million males. 2.007 million deaths were due to cardiovascular diseases, 35 000 due to chronic kidney diseases. Deaths caused by high blood pressure accounted for 24.6% of all the deaths. In total, 37.94 million person-years DALYs were caused by high blood pressure, of which 23.33 million person-years were males and 14.61 million person-years were females. There were 2.365 million person-years of YLDs and 35.57 million person-years of YLLs, which both accounted for 12% of the total DALYs., Conclusion: Compared to the global results of GBD 160, on either deaths or DALYs, the proportion attributable to high blood pressure were quite high for a country like China. The health effects caused by high blood pressure seemed to be quite serious which called for attention.

Objective: To analyze the features of distribution and variation trends of mortality of ischemic heart disease over the age of 35 years old in China, 2004-2011., Methods: A total of 493 274 cases were recruited in the study, the mortality data of the ischemic heart diseases were collected from the national disease surveillance point (DSP) system between 2004 and 2011. The change of ischemic heart disease standardized mortality was described, and the annual change percentage of age group mortality and standardized mortality were analyzed using log linear regression method., Results: In 2004-2011, the standardized mortality of ischemic heart disease over the age of 35 showed an upward trend in each regions of China.In 2004, the ischemic heart disease standardized mortality over the age of 35 was 176.2/100 000 among males and 131.7/100 000 among females in urban areas, and the figures increased to 204.6/100 000 and 147.9/100 000 respectively in 2011.In 2004, the ischemic heart disease standardized mortality over the age of 35 was 164.4/100 000 among males and 122.2/100 000 among females in rural areas, and the figures increased to 236.8/100 000 and 151.5/100 000 respectively in 2011. The ischemic heart disease standardized mortality was lower in rural regions than in urban regions in 2004, but it changed to be higher in rural regions than in urban regions in 2011 both in males and female. The annual growth rate of ischemic heart disease mortality over the age of 35 was separately 5.00% in male and 3.65% in female. The annual growth rate was highest among males in rural areas (7.09%), followed by females in rural areas (5.06%). The growth rate was lowest among females in urban areas (1.69%).It was found that the increasing trends of ischemic heart disease mortality of males both in urban and rural areas, and females in rural areas was statistically significant (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The mortality of ischemic heart disease has still been showing an uprising trend, especially in the rural areas.

Objective: To summarize the clinical characteristics of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) in head and neck and to discuss its treatment., Methods: Twenty-seven cases of IMT in head and neck diagnosed at the Chinese PLA General Hospital from 2004 to 2012 were analyzed retrospectively. Among the 27 patients, 12 males and 15 females, age ranged from 8 to 77 years, with a median 43 years old. Treatment included: 1 with radiotherapy, 22 with surgery, 3 with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, one with concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery. Of the 27 cases, 5 located in the neck, 6 in the nasal and paranasal sinus, 4 in the temporal bone, 3 in the throat, 2 in the parotid gland, 2 in the lower pharynx, 1 in the mandible, 1 in the maxilla, 1 in the masseter muscle, 1 in the amygdala and 1 in the pharynx nasalis., Results: Following-up time was 4-85 months, with a median of 26 months. Six cases lost follow-up, 1 case with malignant transformation and died, 16 cases survived with no recurrence, 4 cases relapsed, of whom 2 were alive with tumors and 2 died., Conclusions: IMT in the head and neck has a tendency to be malignancy, with certain recurrence rate and mortality. Radical excision is still the first choice of treatment for IMT in head and neck.

Objective: To compare the postoperative survival rate of laryngeal carcinoma patient at stage III or IV whom accepted partial laryngectomy and total laryngectomy., Method: We performed a retrospective cohort follow-up study of 126 patients of stage III or IV who underwent operation for laryngeal carcinoma in Chinese PLA General Hospital between January, 2005 and December, 2009. Survival rates were calculated by product-limit method., Result: There were 80 patients at stage III and 46 patient at stage IV. Sixty five patients underwent partial laryngectomy and 61 patients underwent total laryngectomy. There were 24 patients in whole group died in the 5 years, 15 of them underwent partial and 9 accepted total laryngectomy. The 5-years survival rate of partial and total group were 62.58% and 68.74% respectively. The survival curve of both groups had no significant difference (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: For laryngeal carcinoma patients at later stage, with suitable operative indication, the partial laryngectomy could achieve an acceptable effect as well as total laryngectomy.

Objective: To explore and compare the effect of clinical characters on quality of life (QOL) of laryngeal carcinoma postoperative patients., Method: We performed a retrospective cohort follow up study of 303 patients who underwent operation for laryngeal carcinoma. The Chinese version of the general and the head and neck specific quality of life questionnaires of the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-H&H35) were used to measure the quality of life of those patients in the cohort, to study the relationship between QOL and clinical factors., Result: In the 303 cases, there were 78 cases retaining the permanent tracheostomies (59 total laryngectomy and 19 partial laryngectomy); 4 patient retain the nasal feed pipe. Female patients were worse than male patients in the domain of physical function and global QOL (P<0.05). Older patients were worse than younger patients in the domain of physical function and speech (P<0.05). Patients with glottic tumors experience better global QOL than their peers with under glottic or supraglottic tumors. The patients with supraglottic tumor have more problem with swallowings (P<0.05). Earlier stage patients have better suitation in many domains than later stage patients, but III stage have more difficulty with swallowing than IV stage. Patients who accepted minimally invasive operation and laryngofissure have better QOL than those accepted partial laryngectomy or total laryngectomy; total laryngectomee have more problems with physical, emotion function, global QOL, sense, speech, cough and morbid feeling than patients with partial laryngectomy, but less problem with fatigue, pain, dyspnea, swollowing and dry mouth; Patients with partial horizontal laryngectomy have more difficulty with swallowing. In the multivariable analysis, the operation mode was an independent factor to speech problem. Patients who accepted neck dissction have more negative outcomes than patients without neck dissection. In the univariable analysis, the permanent tracheostomy was a notable factor which affected many domains in the quality of life; multivariable analysis showed that permanent tracheostomy was an important factor which worked on global quality of life., Conclusion: The quality of life was affected by many clinical factors. The operation mode was an independent factor which affect speech problem. Decannulation after partial laryngectomy was very important to keep the quality of life.