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The goal of programming course is to improve the students' practical abilities. In order to solve the problems of teachers' monotonous teaching method and students' weak practical ability in the programming course, a hierarchical mode based on HDU online judgment system is built for learning in-class and out-class as well as the combination of competitions and classroom teaching. The students are guided to improve programming skill graduaüy through curricular experiment, extracurricular autonomous experiment, and programming contests. Practice shows that the model can not only effectively expand the time and space for C programming experimental teaching, but also stimulate the students' learning interest and enthusiasm. In addition, online judgment is used as examination method to objectively evaluate students' practical abilities and promote students to improve their programming skiils through a lot of practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the differences of water use characteristics of a tree species with different origins (natural forests and introduced plantations) is significantly important for forest sustainable management. Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica is an important tree species of afforestation in the 'Three North' project in China. In this study, with Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica from two origins, we monitored the sap flow velocity of sapwood ( J s ) of trees by thermal dissipation sap flow probes, and analyzed the relationship between water transportation and the environmental factors during the growing season. The results showed that under the typical sunny day, daily sap flow velocity ( J s-daily ) of trees from plantations was significantly higher than that from natural forests. The mean value of J s-daily was 132.98 and 114.86 cm·d -1 for the two origins, respectively. Trees from plantations showed higher water transportation potential than natural forests. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) mainly showed the driving effect on the water use process of trees from natural forests. In the plantations, there was an obvious threshold effect, and the inflection point of VPD was about 1.91 kPa, with the boundary function of J s-hour increased to the maximum of 17.88 cm·h -1 . Atmospheric driven transpiration potential ( J s-hour /VPD) of P. sylvestris var. mongolica trees with two origins decreased with the aggravation of soil drought, but sensitivity to drought was higher in the plantations than in the natural forests, suggesting the strong ability of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica to regulate water use process.

Objective: To study the effect of astragaloside IV (AS-IV) on NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD)., Methods: A total of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 7 days, were randomly divided into a sham-operation group, an HIBD group, and an AS-IV treatment group, with 8 rats in each group. After 24 hours of modeling, brain tissue was collected for hematoxylin-eosin staining, yo-PRO-1 staining, and EthD-2 immunofluorescent staining in order to observe the cerebral protection effect of AS-IV in vivo. HT22 cells were used to prepare a model of oxygen-glycogen deprivation (OGD), and a concentration gradient (50-400 μmol/L) was established for AS-IV. CCK-8 assay was used to measure the viability of HT22 cells. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to observe the effect of different concentrations of AS-IV on the mRNA and protein expression of NLRP3, gasdermin D (GSDMD), caspase-1, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)., Results: Yo-Pro-1 and EthD-2 staining showed that compared with the sham-operation group, the HIBD group had an increase in pyroptotic cells with a small number of necrotic cells, and the AS-IV group had reductions in both pyroptotic and necrotic cells. Compared with the sham-operation group, the HIBD group had significantly higher protein expression levels of NLRP3, IL-1β, caspase-1, and GSDMD ( P < 0.05). Compared with the HIBD group, the AS-IV group had significant reductions in the protein expression levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, and GSDMD ( P < 0.05). HT22 cell experiment showed that compared with the OGD group, the AS-IV group had inhibited mRNA and protein expression of NLRP3, GSDMD, caspase-1, and IL-1β, with the best therapeutic effect at the concentration of 200 μmol/L ( P < 0.05)., Conclusions: AS-IV may alleviate HIBD in neonatal rats by inhibiting the expression of NLRP3, GSDMD, caspase-1, and IL-1β.

This study was aimed to explore the effects of Buzhong Yiqi decoction on the expression levels of Bad, NF-κB, caspase-9, Survivin, and mTOR in nude mice with A549/DDP transplantation tumors.Sixty BALB/C mice were randomly divided into blank control group, tumor-bearing control group, cisplatin group and Buzhong Yiqi decoction of high, medium and low doses+cisplatin groups (hereinafter referred to as the high,medium and low combined groups). A549/DDP cells (concentration of 5×106 cells/mL)were cultured and inoculated in various groups, then the tumor-forming situations were observed. Corresponding treatment was given in all groups. Fourteen days later, immunohistochemistry and Real-time PCR methods were used to detect the expression levels of Bad, NF-κB, caspase-9, Survivin, mTOR protein and mRNA in tumors.Results showed that Buzhong Yiqi decoction combined with cisplatin could reduce the volume of transplanted tumors, and there was significant difference between medium combined group and high combined group(P<0.05). As compared with the tumor-bearing control group, the expression levels of Bad, NF-κB, Survivin and mTOR were significantly reduced in medium and high combined groups(P<0.05); the protein and mRNA expression levels of caspase-9 were gradually increased in medium combined and high combined groups(P<0.05), with statistical difference with tumor-bearing control group(P<0.05). There were statistical difference in mRNA expression of Bad, NF-κB and caspase-9 between medium combined group, high combined group and cisplatin group, low-combined group, tumor-bearing control group(P<0.05), but there was no statistical difference between cisplatin group, low-combined group, and tumor-bearing control group. In addition, there was no statistical difference between medium combined group and high combined group in protein and mRNA expression levels of various factors. Experimental results showed that Buzhong Yiqi decoction combined with cisplatin can inhibit the growth of A549/DDP transplanted tumors, and the mechanism may be associated with regulating Bad, NF-κB, caspase-9, Survivin, and mTOR levels as well as promoting apoptosis., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Objective: To analyze the reversal effect of Buzhong Yiqi Decoction (BYD) on multidrug resistance of human adenocarcinoma of lung cell line A549/DDP, and to study its effect on the expression of survivin by using serum pharmacological methods in vitro. Methods Totally 24 SD rats were divided into the high, medium and low dose groups, and the blank control group by randomized controlled method. The high dose BYD containing serum (1. 134 g/mL, 2 mL), the middle dose BYD containing serum (0.576 g/mL, 2 mL), and the low dose BYD containing serum (0.284 g/mL, 2 mL) were prepared. The inhibitory effects of different dose and concentrations BYD on the proliferation of A549 and A549/DDP cells were detected by MTT assay, and the drug resistance reversal fold was calculated. The expression of Survivin in the two cell strains were detected respectively by immunohistochemical assay, Western blot, and immunofluorescence method., Results: BYD containing serum showed obvious inhibitory effect on the growth of A549 and 549/DDP. The inhibition rates of 10% dose groups were higher than those of 5% dose groups. Besides, it gradually increased along with increased concentrations. Compared with 10% blank control group, the inhibition rate increased in 10% middle and low dose groups (P <0.05). After acted with 10% middle dose BYD containing serum, IC50, of A549 and A549/DDP were both reduced (P <0.05), reversal fold (RF) both increased. Its reversal ratio on A549/DDP cells was 2. 46, decreasing the resistance of A549/DDP to DDP. Compared with A549 in the same group, the expression of Survivin was detected to decrease by immunocytochemical assay, Western blot, and immunofluorescence method (P<0.05). Compared with 10% blank control group, the inhibition rate decreased in 10% middle dose group (P <0. 05)., Conclusions: 10% middle dose BYD containing serum could significantly inhibit the apoptosis of A549 and A549/DDP. Besides, it could moderately reverse the multidrug resistance of A549/DDP cells to DDP possibly through reducing the intracellular expression of Survivin and enhancing the sensitivity 549/DDP to chemotherapeutics.

The long-range transport potential (LRTP) and overall persistence (Pov) of 5 typical persisitent organic pollutants (POPs) through air and water in Poyang Lake were estimated by the TaPL3 model. The characteristic travel distance (CTD) and Pov of different POPs were compared. In addition, the key parameters were examined by the sensitivity analysis method using p, p'-DDT as an example. The results showed that the CTD(Air) of p, p'-DDT, gamma-HCH, HCB, PCP and 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD ranged from 432 km (2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD) to 86 479 km (HCB), and the value of Pov(Air) ranged from 85.6 d (PCP) to 2 231 d (HCB), when POPs were emitted to the atmosphere. Soil phase was the main fate of these typical POPs, and it was about 72.0% percent of the total phase. Meanwhile, the CTD(Water) was from 4 207 km (PCP) to 1.19 x 10(5) km (gamma-HCH), and Pov(Water) was from 103 d (PCP) to 2 890 d (HCB), when POPs were emitted to the water. Sediment phase was the main fate of these typical POPs, and it was about 52.5% percent of the total phase. Half-life in the environment and octanol-water partition coefficient logarithm of POPs were the two main physical-chemical parameters that affected CTD and Pov. When compared with other similar studies in China, the CTD(Air) of related POPs in Poyang Lake is in the middle level. While the CTD(Water) was a little higher than other areas, which was due to the higher water depth and water flow velocity of Poyang Lake. Therefore, the higher water depth and water flow velocity were two significantly-affected parameters of CTD(Water). The results could provide a scientific basis to studies of environmental process and risks of POPs in Poyang Lake.

Objective: To explore the effect of Buzhong Yiqi decoction on PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in spleen, stomach and lung of nude mice with lung adenocarcinoma transplantation tumor., Method: Totally 60 nude mice were randomly divided into the blank control group, the tumor-bearing control group, the cisplatin group, the low-dose Buzhong Yiqi decoction group, the middle-dose Buzhong Yiqi decoction group and the high-dose Buzhong Yiqi decoction group. After the corresponding interventions, efforts were made to measure the transplanted tumor volume and calculate the tumor inhibiting rate. The immunohistochemical method and real time PCR were used to detect the expression of PI3K and AKT level in nude mice spleen, stomach and lung., Result: Buzhong Yiqi decoction of different concentrations combined with cisplatin could inhibit the growth of the transplanted tumor, with the strongest inhibitory effect in the middle-dose Buzhong Yiqi decoction group and the high-dose Buzhong Yiqi decoction group. All of the expressions of PI3K and AKT protein and gene in the spleen, stomach and lung increased, with the most significant increase in the tumor-bearing group. Along with the increase of the concentration of cisplatin and Buzhong Yiqi decoction, the expressions of PI3K and AKT gradually reduced. Compared with the tumor-bearing control group, there were statistical differences in spleen and stomach tissues (P < 0.05). Compared with the cisplatin group, the middle-dose Buzhong Yiqi decoction group and the high-dose Buzhong Yiqi decoction group showed statistical differences (P < 0.05), but without statistical difference compared with the blank control group., Conclusion: Among nude mice with lung adenocarcinoma transplantation tumor, the PI3K and AKT protein and gene expressions in spleen, stomach and lung tissues increased, which might indicated the effect of cisplatin and Buzhong Yiqi decoction in reducing PI3K and AKT expressions and the relations between the reduction degree and the concentrations of Buzhong Yiqi decoction. Cisplatin combined with Buzhong Yiqi decoction could decrease the PI3K and AKT protein and gene expression in spleen, stomach and lung, and make the pathway closer to normal, so as to protect the functions of spleen, stomach and lung, there may be target spots of Buzhong Yiqi decoction in PI3K/AKT signal pathway.

Distribution of nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in surface seawater of Jiaozhou Bay and adjacent waters was studied adopting the chemiluminescence method during February and March 2011. Based on the data of NO concentrations and related environmental parameters in hydrology, chemistry and biology, the distribution and controlling factors were discussed. The results showed that the range and the mean of NO concentrations in surface seawater of Jiaozhou Bay were 0.080-0.493 nmol x L(-1) and (0.292 +/- 0.146) nmol x L(-1), respectively. The concentrations of NO ranged from below detection limit to 0.435 nmol x L(-1) in adjacent waters of Jiaozhou Bay, with the mean of (0.160 +/- 0.130) nmol x L(-1). The concentrations of NO showed a gradually decreasing trend from inside to outside of Jiaozhou Bay, which was possibly due to the effect of terrestrial runoff and human activities. The NO concentration of surface seawater in Jiaozhou Bay and adjacent waters was one order of magnitude higher than that in the open sea. The concentrations of NO in the surface seawater exhibited an obvious diurnal variation. The highest concentration of NO appeared at 15:00, which was presumably due to the effect of illumination intensity. The influencing factors of NO concentration and distribution were complex, including nitrite, pH, light intensity and so on. The present study showed that Jiaozhou Bay and adjacent waters was a source of atmosphere NO in spring,and F(NO) was about 1.09 x 10(-15)mol x (cm2 x s) (-1).

Taking the detached leaves of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa cv. 'Roufurong') as test materials, this paper studied the effects of high temperature (40 degrees C) and low temperature (15 degrees C) stresses on the PS II functions and physiological characteristics of peony leaves under strong light intensity (1400 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1)), with 25 degrees C as the control. With the increasing time of high- and low temperature stress, the maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), actual quantum yield of photosystem II (Phi(PS II)) , and efficiency of excitation capture of open PS II center (Fv'/Fm') all decreased continuously. After recovered in the dark for 4 hours, the Fv/Fm in treatments 15 degrees C and 25 degrees C quickly recovered, but that in treatment 40 degrees C only recovered to 75.5% of non-treatment, even if the leaves were treated in the dark for 15 hours. At 40 degrees C, the balance of excited energy between PS I and PS II under strong light intensity was perturbed seriously. Treatment 40 degrees C inhibited the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, enhanced the production of O2-, H2O2, and MDA, and reduced the contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein. This study revealed that strong light combined with high temperature impaired the photosynthetic apparatus of the tree peony irreversibly, whereas strong light plus low temperature had weaker impact.

Objective: Growth, regeneration and reparation of gastric mucosal epithelium may relate to the expression of peptides. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pS2, TGF-alpha and PCNA in endotoxin-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in young rats., Methods: Eighteen-day-old Wistar rats were randomly injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 mg/kg) or normal saline (control). The gastric mucosal specimens were harvested 1.5, 3, 6, 24, 48, and 72 hrs after LPS or normal saline injection (n=8 each). The pathological changes of the gastric mucosa were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expression of pS2,TGF-alpha and PCNA was measured by immunohistochemistry SP method., Results: Gastric mucosal injuries were the most serious 6 hrs after LPS injection, characterized by massive erosion, bleeding and cord necrosis of the gastric mucosa paralleling with gastric longitudinal axis. PCNA expression in the gastric mucosa in the LPS group 3, 6, 24 and 48 hrs after LPS injection was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.01). pS2 expression in the gastric mucosa weakened 1.5 hrs after LPS injection, recovered to the control level at 3 hrs and was significantly higher than the control at 6, 24, 48 and 72 hrs of LPS injection (P<0.01). TGF-alpha expression in the gastric mucosa in the LPS group increased significantly 6, 24 and 48 hrs after LPS injection when compared with the control group (P<0.01)., Conclusions: PCNA expression may be associated with the proliferation activity of the gastric mucosa in the process of gastric mucosal injury/reparation. pS2 and TGF-alpha might participate in the defense and reparation of gastric mucosal cells through mediating cell proliferation following acute gastric mucosal injury.

Objective: To study the correlation between the severity of psychic symptoms and that of clinical ones in CP patients., Methods: We investigated 300 CP patients with NIH Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (CPSI), Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) and a self-designed questionnaire, and analyzed the correlation between the scores. Based on the scores on pain and urinary symptoms in CPSI, the patients were divided into a mild, a moderate and a severe group., Results: A total of 288 questionnaires were collected. Compared with normal males, the SCL-90 scores of the CP patients were not different in obsessive-compulsive (P > 0.05), lower in interpersonal-sensitivity (P < 0.01), higher in paranoid ideation (P < 0.05) and significantly higher in other factors and the number of positive factors (P < 0.01). There were no statistical differences among the mild, moderate and severe groups either in somatization and interpersonal-sensitivity (P > 0.05) or in phobic anxiety (P > 0.05), but there were between the mild and moderate groups in phobic anxiety (P < 0.05) and significantly among the three groups in other factors and the number of positive factors (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). No correlation was found between CPSI and SCL-90 in the total scores., Conclusion: There was a close correlation between the severity of psychic symptoms and that of clinical symptoms in CP patients. Psychotherapy, especially psychological intervention, plays an important role in the early stage of the disease.

Experiments on the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on the growth of marine green algae Platymonas subcordiformis were conducted, under the condition of different NO concentrations and illumination intensity respectively. The chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and carotenoid contents of algae were measured, and the absorption spectrum and fluorescence spectrum under the room temperature were also determined. The results are as follows: The growth of Platymonas subcordiformis was obviously promoted or inhibited when different concentrations of NO was added only once or twice a day during the cultivation. So there are NO threshold concentrations for algae growth. Under the different illumination, the influence of different NO concentrations on the algae growth are identical. Exogenous NO can make up the algae growth degraded by low illumination. The influence of NO on the photosynthesis pigments content is consistent with that on algae density. The compound proteins constitute of Chl-a did not emerge marked change when NO were added, but the contents of photosynthesis pigments and their relative compose were affected. NO can improve the transfer efficiency of cell exploding energy, and enhance the photosynthesis speed, so the algae cell growths are quickened, and the algae biomass are increased.

Copper complexing capacities (CC) and conditional stability constants (K) of seawater surface microlayer (SML) and subsurface layer (SSL) in Jiaozhou Bay were determined by the anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) technique in 2004. The distribution regularity and the relationship with COD, DOC, TN, TP of Jiaozhou Bay were discussed systematically. The results are as following: The copper complexing capacities show the enrichment phenomenon of SML in Jiaozhou Bay. The average copper complexing capacities of SML and SSL are 3.85 x 10(-7) mol x L(-1), 2.45 x 10(-7) mol x L(-1) respectively, and the average enrichment factor of SML is 1.56. The average conditional stability constants (lgK) of SML and SSL are the same 7.21. K(SML) is lower than K(SSL) in March and September, but K(SML) is higher than K(SSL) in June and December. The copper complexing capacities in Jiaozhou Bay become lower by one turn of northeast, northwest, south, center, entrance and the other turn of September, June, December, March. Meanwhile the obviously positive relationship between copper complexing capacities and COD, DOC of SML and SSL is found, comparing to the negative relationship between copper complexing capacities and TN, TP.

Objective: Gastrointestinal dysfunction is closely correlated with the destruction of intestinal barrier function induced by serious infection. Platelet activating factor (PAF) may induce intestinal injuries. This study aimed to investigate the effect of PAF on the injury of intestinal mucosal immuno-barrier function in young rats., Methods: Eighteen-day-old Wistar rats were randomized to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 mg/kg), LPS plus PAF receptor antagonist and normal saline injection (Control). PAF receptor antagonist BN52021 5 mg/kg was administered before or 30 minutes after LPS injection (pretreatment or treatment). The ileum specimens (n=8) were harvested at 1.5, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hrs after LPS injection. Double antibody-PEG radioimmunoassay was used to determine the secretory IgA (sIgA) content in intestinal mucosa. Hematoxylin and erosin staining was used for histological evaluation. The ratio of wet and dry weight (W/D) of ileum tissues was calculated., Results: Intestinal villi edema, capillary congestion, extension of the subepithelial lympho channel, and polymorphonuclear infiltration in enteric cavity were noted in the LPS group at 1.5, 3, 6 and 24 hrs after LPS injection. In the PAF receptor antagonist group only villi edema was found. The W/D ratio in the LPS group was significantly higher than that in the Control group at all time points, but it was slightly reduced by the PAF receptor antagonist pretreatment or treatment. The sIgA content was obviously decreased after 1.5, 3, 6, 24 and 48 hrs of LPS challenge compared with that in the Control group (P < 0.01). It reached to a nadir at 6 hrs (0.15 +/- 0.04 microg/mL). The level of sIgA in the PAF receptor antagonist group was higher than that in the LPS group at each time point. There was no statistical difference in the sIgA level between the PAF receptor pretreatment and treatment groups., Conclusions: PAF plays roles in the injury of intestinal immuno-barrier function. Preventive and remedial use of PAF receptor antagonist BN52021 may relieve intestinal injury.

The Bt gene and OC gene were cotransformed to tobacco chloroplast with particle bombardment method and spectinomycin resistance tobacco seedlings were obtained. Bioassays showed that the transgenic tobacco containing both genes had enhanced toxicity to the larvae of cotton bollworm (helicoverpa zea) by comparison with the plants containing only Bt or OC gene. Southern-blotting analysis and genetic analysis of progenies showed that the Bt and OC gene expressed and was inherited maternally to the progenies.