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Music is one of the most popular forms of art and entertainment, and it is an artistic language to express or entrust people??s feelings. However, with the rapid increase of digital music, it is very difficult to manage and filter music through shallow information. As an effective means to organize massive music and enrich the music information, automatic music annotation can overcome the semantic gap in music information retrieval, improve music information, make music more intuitive in expression, and promote the in-depth research of music information retrieval tasks such as music classification, music recommendation, and instrument identification. The current automatic music annotation mainly focuses on solving two problems: feature extraction and model selection. Combined with the current research focus, this paper expounds the relevant knowledge of automatic music annotation. This paper systematically sorts out various audio feature representation and feature extraction methods in the field of music automatic annotation, and conducts quantitative and qualitative analysis of each extraction method. This paper summarizes the related research results in this field, and focuses on the differences between different model methods from the perspectives of machine learning and deep learning. The commonly used datasets and performance evaluation indicators are introduced, the characteristics of different datasets are summarized, and the evaluation indicators are classified and analyzed. Finally, the difficulties and challenges faced by the research in the field of music automatic annotation are pointed out and the future is prospected.

Existing protocol recognition methods cannot effectively extract the temporal and spatial characteristics of protocol data,which leads to low accuracy of protocol recognition.An application layer protocol recognition method based on one dimensional residual network and recurrent neural network is proposed.The proposed model consists of one dimensional preactivated residual network(PreResNet) and bidirectional gated recurrent neural network(BiGRU).The PreResNet is used to extract spatial characteristics of the protocol data,and the BiGRU is used to extract temporal characteristics of the protocol data.The attention mechanism is used to extract the key features related to protocol recognition to improve the accuracy of protocol recognition.The proposed method firstly extracts the application layer protocol data from network traffic,and the data is preprocessed and transformed into one dimensional vectors.Then the classification model is trained with the training data and a mature protocol recognition model is obtained.Finally,the trained classification model is used to identify the application layer protocols.Experimental results on public dataset ISCX2012 show that the proposed protocol recognition model has an overall accuracy of 96.87% and an average F value of 96.81%,which are higher than those of other protocol recognition models.

Fuzzing test is an important method to exploit network protocol vulnerability.Existing fuzzing test methods have some problems such as incomplete path coverage and low efficiency.To solve these problems,this paper proposes a depth-first search based fuzzing test case sgeneration method.The method transforms the state machine into a directed acyclic graph to obtain the state transition paths,and increases the proportion of test cases in the testing messages to improve the fuzzing efficiency.The method includes five stages:merging state transition,eliminating loops,searching state transition paths,marking the same state transitions,and test case guidance based fuzzing test.Firstly,the state transitions which have the same start states and end states are merged.Secondly,according to the depth-first search,the loops in the graph are found,and the state machine is converted into a directed acyclic graph by deleting the edges of the loops.Thirdly,the directed acyclic graph is analyzed for the full path from the initial state to the end state,and the original state machine graph is supplemented with the removed edges using Floyd algorithm to construct the complete test paths,so as to ensure that each state transition in the state machine can be fully tested.Fourthly,repeated state transitions are marked to avoid repeated test of similar state transitions and reduce testing redundancy.Finally,test cases for state transitions are generated,and test cases which may guide the state transition are distributed evenly over the repetitive state transitions to carry out fuzzing test on the target.Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve higher proportion of valid test cases.

A systematic study of the phase composition and element occurrence characteristics of tellurides in tellurium-bearing gold deposits will be helpful for the genesis understanding of gold deposits of this type and for prospecting exploration. Tellurides in the Jinqingding gold deposit are too small and are difficult to identify. Previous research lacked the detailed studies of the element distribution characteristics of tellurides. In this study, the types, symbiotic relationship, chemical composition and element distribution characteristics of tellurides in the deposit were analyzed by electron probe using BSE, WDS, EDS and mapping modes. Results show that petzite is closely associated with hessite and intergrowths of these two minerals are common. Au and Ag are unevenly distributed in the intergrowths, and calaverite shows as a bright spot in the scanning map. Tellurium is always likely to combine with Ag to form hessite. With the consumption of Ag, petzite began to appear and Te combined with Au to form calaverite after exhausting Ag in magmatic hydrothermal fluids. The superfluous Au in the hydrothermal fluids at the later stage of mineralization reacted with hessite or petzit to produce unconventional tellurides, finally forming a native gold. The growth of gold-silver minerals follows the sequence, hessite, petzite, calaverite, and Au from early to late. This study provides technical support for the comprehensive utilization of tellurium-bearing gold deposits.

During LA-ICP-MS analysis, the key factor influencing data accuracy of sample analysis is whether the sample can be uniformly delivered from the laser sample chamber to the torch of the ICP-MS.An external container between LA and ICP-MS and a multi-channel rotary sampling cell, which can effectively eliminate the sample position effect during the laser ablation was designed for the study reported in this paper.The pattern of aerosol delivered to ICP-MS is approximately continuous and at the same time, this can greatly improve the stability.Under optimal conditions, using 91500 as external standard, the standard zircons GJ-1, Ple ovice, TEMROA and QH yield U-Pb ages of 604±3 Ma(2δ, MSWD=1.2), 337±1 Ma(2δ, MSWD=1.18), 419±3 Ma(2δ, MSWD=0.15) and 161±1 Ma(2δ, MSWD=0.6), respectively, which agree well with the previously reported ID-TIMS and SHRIMP ages.For the same conditions, using NIST610 as external standard, most trace element results of the glass standards NIST612 and BHVO-2G fall within 10% range of the reference values.The 207Pb/206Pb weighted mean age of zircons from the Tianshan Orogen of Xinjiang is consistent with the previous SHRIMP U-Pb age within uncertainty.This method can effectively reduce the elemental fractionation effects and improve the reliability of the analytical data.

[Objectives] To obtain the characteristics of the migrating Mythimna separata (Walker) during the peak migration episode in 2013 from the doppler weather radar echoes, and explore the relationship between the numbers resolved from radar echoes and the catch sizes from search light traps, which would provide a foundation to monitor insect migration with doppler weather radar. [Methods] The CINRADSA weather radar data in Beijing and the interval catch sizes from searchlight trap during the migrating peak days of the first generation moths of M. separata in 2013 were selected, and the weather radar data were extracted, retrieved, calculated, counted, analyzed and visualized with some libraries in Python and R. [Results] The number of the M. separata moths from searchlight trap at Yanqing accounted for more than 80% every night from 5th to 9th in June, and the reflectivity between 15 dBZ and 15 dBZ of the echoesfrom the insect swarms above the monitoring site was more than 90%, of which the number of radar echoes from 0 to 15 dBZ accounted for 30.7%, 42.0%, 43.2%, 37.2% and 25.1%, respectively, the trend was similar with the proportion of the M. separata moths from searchlight trap. The direction of the target echoes was northward on average from 5th to 8th in June and southward on 9th. The proportion of echoes with northward direction has the similar trend with the proportion of the M. separata moths from searchlight trap, and the correlation coefficient between them is 0.95. The average speed of the northward echoes from 5th to 8th is close to the wind speed, however the displacement speed is 1.36 m/s on the 9th, which is close to its own flight speed. The number of the M. separata moths retrieved from weather radar data was positively linearly correlated with the number of the M. separata moths from searchlight trap. The maximum of M. separata moths flying over Beijing within the radar monitoring range (approximately 4 300km2) in one night reached to 6 million heads, and the total mass was more than 0.8 tons. [Conclusion] Doppler weather radar can observe the characteristics of the migrating M. separata moths during the peak episode, and these parameters help in understand the migration of M. separata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional vibration displacement monitoring equipment was expensive, limited by the installation location and space of sensors, and was difficult to be widely used in the industrial field. Due to the integral operation relationship between acceleration and displacement, and the relatively easily measured acceleration signal, the acceleration frequency domain integral method was studied, and a set of simple and high precision vibration displacement measurement system was developed by using Lab VIEW virtual instrument platform and MATLAB. In order to further verify the effectiveness of the current system, the displacement measured by the current system was compared with that measured by digital image correlation (DIC) with the vibration platform as the experimental object. Experimental results show that the current low cost vibration displacement measurement system has high precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selection interview in Social Psychology is a process of social influence. In order to achieve greater chance of being hired, applicants would in general present self-related information in active and selective way to shape better impressions of the interviewers. Past researches in the main focused on exploring the influence of applicants, self-presentation strategies on interview ratings and decision from the perspective of the interviewers. Recent years have witnessed more and more researchers investigating self-presentation behaviors from the applicants' side, including self-presentation difference from similar constructs such as impression management and faking, the impact of assessment of situational demands, self-presentational tactics, motivation, and self-regulation on self-presentation behavior, the last of which affects, in turn, the interview rating and validity. Nevertheless, unambiguous construct, localization and adaption of measurement and antecedents of self-presentation still need to be explored in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Quality of life (QOL) is an increasingly important daily life outcome indicator in older adults. Purpose: This study explores the relationships among personal characteristics, physical activity, and QOL in older adult participants in community-care-site. Methods: Cross-sectional correlation design and convenience sampling were used to select 176 older adult participants in community-care-site's activities in Kaohsiung city. Results: (1) Older adults with relatively good perceived health status were more likely to participate in recreational, household, and occupational activities and earn higher scores in the four QOL domains. (2) Perceived health status and participation in occupational, household, and recreational activities were physical domain predictors, accounting for 31.5% of total variance. (3) Perceived health status, economic status, and participation in occupational activities were psychological domain predictors, accounting for 19.5% of total variance. (4) Economic status and perceived health status were social-relationship domain predictors, accounting for 7.6% of total variance. (5) Economic status, perceived health status, and participation in occupational activities were environment domain predictors, accounting for 26.9% of total variance. (6) This study identified a negative correlation between participation in occupational activity and the 3 QOL domains of physical, psychological, and environment. Conclusions / Implications for Practice: Community healthcare clinics should give stronger encouragement to their older adult clients to participate in recreational and household activities as a way to enhance QOL in this population. We suggest that the government sponsor more age-appropriate activities available to older adults who use community-based healthcare services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Queuing in the bus station often causes traffic jam owing to the fact that BRT system in many cities contains only one lane. In order to relieve this crunch, firstly, a combinatorial optimization model of bus stop in BRT station group was put forward to minimize the queuing probability, then by defining the intersection vehicle cumulative effect coefficient, the optimization model was improved to adapt to intermittent bus batch arrivals caused by the upstream intersection. Furthermore, a genetic algorithm with n-based number encoding was put forward to solve the optimization model. Finally, several bus stop optimization programs of a typical station group in Guangzhou BRT system were obtained in the example, and the simulated results of the original and the new programs from VISSIM software showed that the proposed method could reduce the queuing situation effectively, and decrease the berth occupation rate, bus stop times and travel time simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poor disease control in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with suboptimal inhaler use., Purpose: This study was designed to explore the accuracy of inhaler use and related factors in elderly patients with COPD., Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was used to recruit patients with COPD from a medical centre in southern Taiwan who were over 65 years old and used inhalers regularly. All of the data as well as information on inhaler use accuracy were collected using a self-designed questionnaire and inhaler operation checklist. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyse significant correlates of correct inhaler operation., Results: The average age of the 150 participants was 75.0 years (SD = 7.5) years. Most used one type of inhaler only (86.0%). The rate of accurate inhaler operation was 40.7% (n = 61) for the sample, with dry powder inhalers associated with the highest accuracy (64%) and pressurized metered-dose inhalers associated with the lowest accuracy (1.6%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that using a soft mist inhaler (adjusted odds ratio, AOR = 23.29; 95% confidence interval, 95% CI [2.84, 191.07]), using a dry powder inhaler (AOR =15.60, 95% CI [1.99, 122.26]), and higher satisfaction with the inhaler were positively and independently associated with accurate inhaler use (AOR = 1.94, 95% CI [1.09, 3.44])., Conclusions / Implications for Practice: Important factors related to inhaler use accuracy include inhaler type and level of patient satisfaction with their inhaler. Healthcare professionals should regularly confirm that older patients are able to use their inhalers correctly and are satisfied with their inhalers.

Dried blood spot (DBS) technology is a simple and convenient method for collecting, transporting, and storing blood samples on filter paper, and has numerous applications in the clinical, research, and public health settings. This technique is gaining popularity in the field of forensic science because it facilitates the rapid analysis of prohibited drugs in blood samples and offers significant advantages in toxicology scenarios such as drinking-driving screening, drug abuse detection, and doping detection. However, the lack of a standardized system and the fact that its stability and reliability have not been thoroughly researched and demonstrated limit its application in judicial practice in China. DBS samples can be prepared, stored, and analyzed in various ways, all of which may significantly affect the results. In this study, we developed a method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) that focuses on the preparation, pretreatment, analysis, and storage of DBS samples. A thorough investigation was conducted to examine the optimal preparation conditions, including the blood spot matrix, drying technique, and preprocessing parameters, such as the solvent and extraction method. Moreover, the analytical conditions, such as the mobile phase system and elution gradient, were established to facilitate the quantitative detection of methamphetamine, lidocaine, ketamine, fentanyl, and diazepam in both DBS and whole-blood samples. The impact of storage conditions, such as the temperature, humidity, and sealing, on the analytical results of the DBS and whole-blood samples was also examined. The results showed a strong linear relationship for lidocaine and fentanyl within the range of 0.5-100 ng/mL. Similarly, methamphetamine, ketamine, and diazepam exhibited good linearity within the range of 2-100 ng/mL. The coefficients of determination ( r 2 ) ranged from 0.9983 to 0.9997, and the limits of detection ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 ng/mL, indicating a high degree of correlation and sensitivity. Stability tests demonstrated that the five target substances remained stable in the DBS for 60 days, with the measured contents deviating from the nominal values by 15%. Moreover, the measurement results of the DBS samples were highly similar to those of the whole-blood samples, with mean percentage differences of 4.44%, 3.50%, 7.66%, 5.10%, and 5.25% for fentanyl, diazepam, ketamine, lidocaine, and methamphetamine, respectively. Throughout the 60-day storage period, the maintenance of temperatures of -20 and 4 ℃, as well as sealing and dry storage, was not necessary. Room temperature was the most practical storage environment for the DBS samples. The results for each target showed very small concentration differences between the whole-blood and DBS samples, indicating that the DBS samples were suitable for drug and poison analysis in blood. Furthermore, the DBSs exhibited high quantitative consistency with the whole-blood samples, rendering them suitable matrices for preserving blood samples. Because DBS samples are easy to handle and store, they can realize the lightweight preservation of blood samples and provide a novel solution for the analysis and preservation of blood samples in public security practice. We recommend conducting comprehensive validations before utilizing DBS for analysis, particularly in terms of quantification, to ensure the judicial reliability of the results.

Objective: To observe the effects of electroacupuncture at " Siguan " points on behavior, colonic 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in rats with post-stroke depression (PSD), and explore the effect mechanism of electroacupuncture at Siguan points on PSD., Methods: Fifty SD rats were randomly divided into a sham-operation group, a stroke group, a PSD group, a drug group and an electroacupuncture group, with 10 rats in each one. The stroke model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method in the stroke group; except for the sham-operation group, the rats in the other groups were intervened with MCAO combined with solitary and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) to establish PSD model. In the electroacupuncture group, electroacupuncture was delivered at "Hegu" (LI 4) and "Taichong" (LR 3), with disperse-dense wave, 2 Hz/10 Hz in frequency, for 30 min in each intervention, once daily, for consecutive 21 days. Simultaneously, distilled water (0.01 L•kg -1 •d -1 ) was administrated intragastrically. Fluoxetine solution (2.33 mg•kg -1 •d -1 ) was given by gavage , once a day and for 21 days in the drug group. The same procedure of fixation and gavage with distilled water were adopted in the sham-operation group, the stroke group and the PSD group. Separately, before stroke modeling, after PSD modeling and after 21-day intervention, the consumption of sugar water and the scores of horizontal movement and vertical movement in open-field test were observed. After 21-day intervention, the content of colonic 5-HT was detected by immunohistochemical method, and that of fecal SCFAs was determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry., Results: After PSD modeling, compared with the stroke group, the sugar water consumption, the horizontal movement scores and vertical movement scores of the open-field test were all reduced in the PSD group, the drug group and the electroacupuncture group ( P <0.05). After 21-day intervention, the sugar water consumption and the scores of horizontal movement and vertical movement of the open-field test were increased in the drug group and the electroacupuncture group ( P <0.05) when compared with the PSD group; and the horizontal movement score in the electroacupuncture group was lower than that of the drug group ( P <0.05). Compared with the sham-operation group, the contents of total fecal SCFAs and acetic acid were lower in the stroke group ( P <0.05), and the contents of colonic 5-HT and total fecal SCFAs, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid were reduced in the PSD group ( P <0.05). In comparison with the PSD group, the contents of colonic 5-HT and total fecal SCFAs, acetic acid and propionic acid were increased in the drug group and the electroacupuncture group ( P <0.05); and the content of colonic 5-HT in the electroacupuncture group was lower than that of the drug group ( P <0.05). The level of colonic 5-HT was positively correlated with the contents of total fecal SCFAs and propionic acid ( r =0.424, P =0.005; r =0.427, P =0.004)., Conclusion: Electroacupuncture at " Siguan " points can relieve the depression-like behavior of PSD rats, and its underlying mechanism may be related to the regulation of fecal SCFAs, which affects the release of colonic 5-HT.

Using high-resolution dendrometers, we monitored the intra-annual stem radial variations of Abies georgei and Larix potaninii in the subalpine coniferous forest in Baima Snow Mountain, Northwest Yunnan Province. The seasonal dynamics of stem radial growth of both species and their responses to environmental factors were analyzed. The results showed that the stem radial growth of A. georgei and L. potaninii mainly occurred during April to August, with the maximum growth rate in June. Compared with A. georgei , L. potaninii showed an earlier start but later cessation of stem radial growth, resulting in longer growth duration. Annual radial growth and maximum radial growth rates of L. potaninii were slightly higher than those of A. georgei . Daily growth rate of A. georgei was positively correlated with precipitation, but negatively correlated with vapor pressure deficit and air temperature. Daily growth rate of L. potaninii was positively correlated with precipitation, but negatively correlated with soil volume water content and vapor pressure deficit. Radial growth of A. georgei and L. potaninii was limited by water availability, with L. potaninii being more sensitive to moisture. Under the background of global warming, the increase of plant transpiration and soil evaporation might further aggravate soil water loss and reduce water availability for plants, which would make A. georgei and L. potaninii more vulnerable to drought stress.

Objective: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Huantiao" (GB 30) and "Weizhong" (BL 40) on the activation of glial cells, the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), excitability and the number of dendritic spines of neurons in the spinal dorsal horn in rats with spared nerve injury (SNI) of sciatic nerve, and to explore the analgesic mechanism of EA on SNI., Methods: PartⅠ: Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group, a model group, an EA group and a sham EA group, 15 rats in each group. Except the sham operation group, the SNI rat model was established in the remaining groups. The rats in the sham operation group were only treated with incision without damaging the nerve. The rats in the EA group were treated with EA at "Huantiao" (GB 30) and "Weizhong" (BL 40) on the affected side, continuous wave, frequency of 2 Hz, current intensity of 1 mA, 30 minutes each time, once a day, for 14 days. The rats in the sham EA group were treated with EA at points 0.5 cm next to "Huantiao" (GB 30) and "Weizhong" (BL 40) on the affected side; the manipulation, EA parameters and treatment course were the same as the EA group. The latency of thermal foot contraction reflex and the threshold of mechanical foot contraction reflex were detected 1 day before modeling and 3, 7 and 14 days after modeling. Fourteen days after modeling, Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of ionized binding adapter junction protein 1 (Iba-1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), BDNF and c-Fos in the spinal dorsal horn; the expressions of Iba-1 and c-Fos proteins in the spinal dorsal horn were detected by immunofluorescence staining; immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of GFAP protein in the spinal dorsal horn; Golgi staining was used to detect the number of dendritic spines in spinal dorsal horn neurons. PartⅡ: Thirty SD rats were randomly divided into a control group, a BDNF group and a BDNF+anti-TrkB group, 10 rats in each group. The control group was treated with intrathecal injection of 10 μL mixture with 1︰1 of 0.9% sodium chloride solution and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); the BDNF group was treated with intrathecal injection of 10 μg rat recombinant BDNF dissolved in 10 μL mixture with 1︰1 of 0.9% sodium chloride solution and DMSO; the BDNF+anti-TrkB group was treated with intrathecal injection of 10 μg rat recombinant BDNF and 30 μg tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) antibody dissolved in 10 μL mixture with 1︰1 of 0.9% sodium chloride solution and DMSO. The threshold of mechanical foot retraction reflex was detected 1 day before intrathecal injection and 1, 3 and 7 days after injection. Seven days after injection, the expression of c-Fos protein in the spinal dorsal horn was detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining., Results: PartⅠ: Compared with the sham operation group, 3, 7 and 14 days after modeling, the latency of thermal foot contraction reflex and the threshold of mechanical foot contraction reflex in the model group were decreased ( P <0.05); 7 and 14 days after modeling, compared with the model group, the latency of thermal foot contraction reflex and the threshold of mechanical foot contraction reflex in the EA group were increased ( P <0.05). The expressions of Iba-1, GFAP, BDNF, c-Fos proteins and the number of neuronal dendritic spines in the spinal dorsal horn in the model group were higher than those in the sham operation group ( P <0.05); the expressions of Iba-1, BDNF, c-Fos proteins and the number of neuronal dendritic spines in the EA group were lower than those in the model group ( P <0.05). PartⅡ: 3 and 7 days after intrathecal injection, the threshold of mechanical foot retraction reflex in the BDNF group was lower than that in the control group ( P <0.05); the threshold of mechanical foot retraction reflex in the BDNF+anti-TrkB group was higher than that in the BDNF group ( P <0.05). The expression of c-Fos protein in spinal dorsal horn in the BDNF group was higher than that in the control group ( P <0.05); the expression of c-Fos protein in spinal dorsal horn in the BDNF+anti-TrkB group was lower than that in the BDNF group ( P <0.05)., Conclusion: The analgesic effect of EA at "Huantiao" (GB 30) and "Weizhong" (BL 40) on SNI rats may be related to inhibiting the activation of microglia in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, thereby blocking the signal of microglia-BDNF-neuron, and finally reducing the excitability of neurons.

Background: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a standard procedure delivered to patients experiencing cardiac arrest. CPR quality is associated with the rate of survival of patients with cardiac arrest., Purpose: To determine the efficacy of a real-time feedback device in terms of improving CPR performance quality and CPR self-efficacy in nursing staffs., Methods: A total of 72 nursing staffs were enrolled in this randomized trial (intervention n = 38, control n = 34). A real-time feedback device was used to monitor CPR quality and provide real-time feedback. The participants performed CPR on a manikin with (intervention) or without (control) feedback for 5 cycles (about 2 minutes). Data on participant demographic characteristics and CPR self-efficacy scores were also collected., Results: The intervention group performed better in terms of the compression adequate rate ratio (76.3 vs. 52.3, p < .001), mean depth (52.8 mm vs. 50.6 mm, p = .003), adequate depth ratio (65.6 vs. 55.1, p = .014), quality of CPR performance score (44.1 vs. 26.1, p < .001), proportion of excellent CPR (60.5 vs. 26.5, p < .001), and CPR self-efficacy score (40.22 vs. 36.71, p < .001). However, no significant differences between the two groups were found in terms of proportion of complete chest decompression and chest compression fracture (p >.05)., Conclusions: Using a real-time feedback device may not only significantly improve the quality of CPR performed on a manikin but also improve self-confidence to implement CPR correctly in practice.

Objective: To investigate the protective effect of edaravone on chlorpyrifos-induced neuronal apoptosis and its mitochondrial mechanism. Methods: Under the principle of randomization and double-blindness, the rats were divided into control group, chlorpyrifos group, and edaravone group ( n =6). The rats in edaravone group were treated with edaravone (10 mg/1.6 ml/kg, ip.) 1 h after chlorpyrifos injection. After continuous injection of chlorpyrifos and edaravone for 28 days, the learning and memory abilities of the rats were tested by open field and water maze tests. The rat brain tissue was collected after cardiac perfusion, and the neuronal damage in the hippocampus of the brain was detected by HE staining and the mitochondrial and nuclear damage were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The contents of Na + -K + -ATPase and ATP were measured to evaluate mitochondrial damage. The expression of mitochondrial fission protein DRP1 and phosphorylation at Ser 637 of DRP1 were determined by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Results: Compared with the control group, the total movement distance and average speed of the rats in the chlorpyrifos group were decreased significantly within 3 minutes of the open field test ( P ＜0.01), and the escape latency within 1 minute of the water maze test was prolonged significantly. The number of platform crossings was reduced significantly ( P ＜0.01), the activity of ATPase in brain tissue was decreased significantly ( P ＜0.01) , the content of ATP and the phosphorylation level of Ser637 of mitochondrial DRP1 were decreased significantly ( P ＜0.05, P ＜0.01). After edaravone treatment, the total movement distance and average speed of rats in the open field test were increased ( P ＜0.05), the latency in the water maze test was decreased, and the number of crossing platforms was increased ( P ＜0.01), brain pathological sections showed that nerve cells were arranged neatly, nucleus and mitochondrial damage was significantly improved, the activity of ATPase in brain tissue was increased ( P ＜0.01), the levels of ATP and mitochondrial DRP1 Ser637 phosphorylation increased ( P ＜0.05, P ＜0.01). Conclusion: Edaravone alleviates chlorpyrifos-induced brain injury in rats by promoting the phosphorylation of DRP1 at Ser637.

Flavones are widely distributed in terrestrial plants and act as important bioactive compounds in medicinal plants. Baicalein, wogonin and their glycosides baicalin and wogonoside are major active components found in medicinal plant Scutellaria baicalensis. These flavones can induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines, with such pharmacological activities as anti-oxidation, antivirus and liver protection. In recent years, the biosynthesis pathways of flavones in Scutellaria have been studied thoroughly. In particular, the biosynthesis pathways of baicalein and wogonin in S. baicalensis were interpreted completely. In this review, the biosynthesis of flavones in Scutellaria, the regulation of environmental factors and elicitors on their biosynthesis, and the metabolic engineering of the flavones were discussed.

In the context of catchment development and climate change, anthropogenic activities have significantly altered the succession and functioning of freshwater ecosystems. Combining the sedimentary records and modern survey data, we reconstructed a 250-year history of ecological changes in Chenghai Lake, aiming to assess the long-term ecological changes in Changhai Lake in response to multiple environmental stresses, such as eutrophication and hydrological fluctuation.Three stages were identified for the process of nutrient enrichment leading to a long-term increase in primary production. Nutrient level was relatively low before 1970, increased gradually between 1970 and 2000, with an accelerating increase after 2000. The water regulation project enhanced water turbulence and river flux during 1993-2000, which promoted the growth of turbulence-tolerant Aulacoseira and influx of benthic Nitzschia. The organic carbon cycling in Chenghai Lake was mainly driven by the autogenetic inputs. The eutrophication process dominated the long-term shifts of diatom assemblages followed by hydrological fluctuation. Our results illustrated that ecological restoration and catchment management of Chenghai Lake not only need to focus on the control of nutrient enrichment and pollutant input, but also should consider hydrological regulation and water level fluctuation.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of bilateral atlantoaxial lamina hook and atlantoaxial joint space screw combined with autologous iliac bone graft on atlantoaxial dislocation caused by acute type I transverse ligament injury in school-age children., Methods: From February 2006 to February 2019, 8 school-age children with atlantoaxial dislocation caused by acute type I transverse ligament injury were systematically reviewed, including 6 males and 2 females; aged 9 to 12 years old; 8 acute injuries included 4 high-level falls, 2 car accidents and 2 sports injuries; the atlantoaxial interval(ADI) was 5 to 8 mm. Eight cases presented with pain, stiffness, numbness and cervical spine dysfunction in different degrees. Two of them were accompanied by nerve compression and ASIA grade D. The preoperative C₁,₂ angle averaged 20.7° to 23.4°. All patients received cranial traction and surgical treatment after complete reduction or atlantoaxial reduction. The changes of Japanese Orthopaedic Association(JOA) score, space available for the cord(SAC), neck disability index(NDI), ADI, ASIA classification(ASIA) injury classification(1992) and C₁,₂ angle before and after treatment were observed., Results: The average follow-up time was 8 to 156 months. Clinical and radiological follow-up showed that the atlantoaxial joint was completely relieved, the reduction was satisfactory and the arthrodesis was stable. Nerve and vascular injuries associated with this technique were not observed. JOA score, SAC, NDI, C₁,₂ angle of the last follow-up of the children were significantly improved. Two children of ASIA grade D recovered to grade E., Conclusions: Bilateral atlantoaxial lamina hook and atlantoaxial joint space screw combined with autologous iliac bone graft is simple, less bleeding, strong stability and high fusion rate. It is an ideal surgical procedure for acute type I transverse ligament injury with atlantoaxial dislocation in school-age children., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© 2019 by the China Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Press.)

The present study is establish the quantitative analysis of multi-component with single marker for determining three anthroic acids, (25S)-antcin K, (25R)-antcin K and (25S)-antcin C in the petri dish cultured Antrodia camphorata. The relative correction factors of (25S)-antcin K and (25R)-antcin K were established by high performance liquid chromatography with (25S)-antcin C as the internal reference. Relative correction factors were used to calculate the contents of (25S)-antcin K and (25R)-antcin K which were difficult to gain in abundance. At the same time, the contents of these three compounds were determined by external standard method. Two methods were compared to evaluate the accuracy and rationality of the multi-components with single marker method in the determination of the petri dish cultured A. camphorate. It was found that the quantitative method of multi-component with single marker and external standard method showed no significant difference. In summary, taking (25S)-antcin C as the internal reference, the method of multi-component with single marker can be applied to the quantitative analysis of (25S)-antcin K and (25R)-antcin K in the petri dish cultured A. camphorata., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Limnological studies have long focused on the nine largest plateau lakes and ecological assessment of lake eutrophication in Yunnan. However, comprehensive surveys of small and me-dium-sized lakes and their response to multiple stressors are largely absent. Here, we combined multi-proxy sediment analyses and documentary data, aiming to identify the long-term pattern of diatom community changes under the influence of climate change and anthropogenic disturbances, and to quantify their driving strengths. The results showed that Xihu Lake was in a pre-impact state with little ecological variability before the 1950s. Thereafter, expansion of land use increased the nutrient input and altered the lake hydrology, resulting in a significant shift of dominant diatoms from Cocconeis placentula to Fragilaria spp. From 1997, accelerating nutrient enrichment and hydrological changes led to the replacement of benthic diatoms by planktonic ones, resulting in a consistent loss of macrophytes and a decrease of ecological stability. Therefore, the types and strength of catchment development should be fully evaluated for effective protection of small and medium-sized alpine lakes in the context of global warming.

Objective: To establish UPLC fingerprints for Oldenlandia diffusa and Oldenlandia corymbosa,coupled with chemometrics methods, so as to identify Oldenlandia diffusa., Methods: The fingerprints of Oldenlandia diffusa and Oldenlandia corymbosa were established, main peaks were designed and identified. The differences of chemical compositions coupled with chemometrics methods were used to identify Oldenlandia diffusa., Results: The fingerprints of Oldenlandia diffusa and Oldenlandia corymbosa were established and the similarities were evaluated. 10 of 22 common peaks in Oldenlandia diffusa,5 of 16 common peaks and 4 private peaks in Oldenlandia corymbosa were signed and identified. Oldenlandia diffusa and Oldenlandia corymbosa could be classified into two clusters by principal components analysis( PCA). OPLS-DA indicated that five chromatographic peaks such as asperulosidic acid methyl ester were the main reason for grouping. The three special peaks:( E)-6-O-feruloyl scandoside methy1 ester,( Z)-6-O-p-coumaroyl scandoside methyl ester and quercetin 3-O-sambubioside in Oldenlandia diffusa and Oldenlandia corymbosa could be used to identify Oldenlandia diffusa., Conclusion: The establishment of UPLC fingerprint coupled with chemometrics methods can be used to identify Oldenlandia diffusa, so as to provide a more comprehensive reference for the quality control of herbs.

Objective: To investigate the expression of Yin Yang 1 (YY1) protein in human insulinoma and explore its clinical significance., Methods: Nineteen pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor tissue were collected from patients treated in Nanfang Hospital between 2000 and 2014. The protein expression of YY1 in benign and malignant insulinoma tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry., Results: Positive expression for YY1 protein was detected in both benign and malignant tumor tissues, but the malignant tissues had a significantly greater intensity of YY1 expression than the benign tissues (P=0.042). The intensity of YY1 expression was positively correlated with the nature of the tumor, and the insulinomas with high expressions of YY1 had significantly greater malignant potentials (P=0.037)., Conclusion: The high expression of YY1 protein is associated with the development of insulinima. YY1 may serve as a new tumor marker for detecting the malignant transformation of insulinoma.

Background: Post-acute care (PAC) service is becoming increasingly important in Taiwan as a core focus of government policies that are designed to ensure continuity of care., Purpose: In order to improve PAC nursing education and quality of care, the present study applies a modified Delphi method to identify the core competences of nurses who provide PAC services to acute stroke patients., Methods: We surveyed 18 experts in post-acute care and long-term care anonymously using a 29-question questionnaire in order to identify the essential professional skills that are required to perform PAC effectively. The results of this survey indicate that the core competences of PAC may be divided into two categories: Case Management and Care Management. Case Management includes Direct Care, Communication, Health Care Education, Nursing Consulting, and Family Assessment & Health Care. Care Management includes Interdisciplinary Teamwork, Patient Care Management, and Resource Integration. The importance and practicality of each item was evaluated using a 7-point Likert scale., Results: The experts required 2 rounds to reach a consensus about the importance and 3 rounds to determine the practicality of PAC core competences. This process highlighted the differing points of view that are held by professionals in the realms of nursing, medicine, and national health policy., Conclusions / Implications for Practice: The PAC in-job training program in its current form inadequately cul-tivates core competence in Care Management. The results of the present study may be used to inform the development of PAC nurse orientation training programs and continuing education courses.

Objective: To analyze the dysregulated genes among the differentially expressed genes in 41 nasopharyngeal biopsy samples and identify their protective transcriptional factors., Methods: The differentially expressed gene profiles were obtained by analyzing both types I and II nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC&#95;I and NPC&#95;II, respectively) using EXCEL and Bioinformatics tools. The transcriptional factors were further studied only when (1) the difference in the binding sites of the differentially expressed genes between NPC&#95;I and NPC&#95;II groups was statistically significant, (2) the expressions of the transcription factors were correlated with the gene expressions in the samples, and (3) the transcription factors affected at least 40% of the expression of the related genes., Results: In NPC&#95;I samples, 80 transcription factors were found to be up-regulated, in which RUNX3, GATA3, NR3C1, NRF1, RXRA, SMAD7, TBP, and ZBTB6 were positive factors and HLF and MTF1 were negative factors, involved in the regulation of the genes in T cell receptor signaling pathway. No eligible transcription factors were found in association with down-regulated genes in NPC&#95;I compared to NPC&#95;II gene expression profiles., Conclusions: The over-expressed genes in NPC&#95;I are mainly related to immune responses, and we found 8 positive factors and 2 negative factors that regulate the genes in T cell receptor signaling pathway. The 10 transcription factors may serve as potential therapeutic targets for NPC&#95;I. We failed to identify any transcription factors associated with down-regulated genes in NPC&#95;I relative to NPC&#95;II possibly as a result of multiple factors that affect the differential gene expressions in NPC&#95;II including the transcription factors, DNA phosphorylation and modification, chromosome variation and environmental factors.

Objective: To study the function and clinicopathological significance of RNA-29c (miR-29c) in the carcinogenesis and development of gastric cancer., Methods: MicroRNA microarray was applied to assess the miRNAs expression profile of gastric cancer. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect the expression of miR-29c in 64 cases of gastric cancer tissues and corresponding normal gastric epithelium, as well as cell lines GES-1, BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells. MTT assay and flow cytometry were applied to detect the effects of forced expression of miR-29c in gastric cancer BGC-823 cells including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle and drug sensitivity. Quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot and luciferase reporter assay were used to explore the targeted relationship between miR-29c and myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1)., Results: Compared with normal gastric epithelium, seven microRNAs (miR-374b*, miRPlus-E1212, miR-338-5p, miR-297, miR-21, miR-135b, miR-18a) were significantly up-regulated more than 2-folds, and nine microRNAs (miR-29b-2*, miR-1260, miRPlus-E1241, miR-S1-5p, miR-148a, miR-29c, miR-647, miR-196b*, ebv-miR-BART5) were significantly down-reguated in gastric cancer tissues. The average expression level of miR-29c in gastric cancer tissues was 0.70 ± 0.34 and in corresponding normal epithelium was 1.00 ± 0.06 (P < 0.05). miR-29c expression was related to tumor size, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, Laurén classification, Borrmann classification and Ming classification (P < 0.05). The poorer differentiation degree of gastric cell lines, the lower was miR-29c expression level (P < 0.05). Overexpression of miR-29c in gastric cancer BGC-823 cells suppressed cell proliferation, stimulated cell apoptosis, induced cell cycle arrest in S phase and increased the chemotherapy sensitivity to drug docetaxel (all were P < 0.05). The average expression level of Mcl-1 mRNA in gastric cancer tissues was 3.47 ± 1.34 and corresponding epithelialium was 1.00 ± 0.20 (P < 0.05). The expression level of miR-29c was negatively related with that of Mcl-1 mRNA in gastric cancer tissues. miR-29c directly targeted to regulation of Mcl-1 expression., Conclusions: There are special miRNA expression profile in gastric cancer. The expression of miR-29c is closely related to biological behavior of human gastric cancer. miR-29c is involved in targeted regulation of Mcl-1, and may be one of mechanisms of the carcinogenesis of gastric cancer.

Objective: To develop the characteristic chromatographic profile of Sarcandra glabra by HPLC for its quality control., Method: The HPLC analysis was performed on an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 column (4. 6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) with column temperature at 40 degree C. The mobile phase was consisted of water containing 0. 5% formic acid and acetonitrile to methanol (1:9) in gradient mode, and the detection wavelength was set at 344 nm., Result: A common mode of the HPLC characteristic chromatographic profile has been establised. There were 20 common peaks , seven of which were identified, and 46 samples from different habitats were classified into five groups based on principal component cluster analysis., Conclusion: The method was time-saving and can represent the chemical information and provide a scientific basis for quality control of S. glabra.

Objective: To explore the function and clinicopathological significance of miR-135b in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer., Methods: Seventy-two pairs of fresh gastric cancer tissues and corresponding normal gastric epithelium were collected at our department from September 2007 to March 2011. Six of them were randomly selected and miRNA microarray was applied to study the miRNA expression profiles of gastric cancer. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to validate the reliability of microarray and detect miR-135b expression in the above clinical samples, as well as cell lines GES-1, BGC-823 and SGC-7901. The methods of cell transfection, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry were used to study the impact of miR-135 on cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot were used to explore the relationship between miR-135b and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)., Results: Compared with normal gastric tissues, 7 miRNA were significantly up-regulated and 9 miRNA significantly down-regulated for over 2 folds in gastric cancer tissues (P < 0.05). The results of microarray were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. MiR-135b expression was up-regulated in most clinical samples compared with their corresponding epithelium (n = 66, 91.67%). The average expression level of miR-135b in gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than normal epithelium (3.42 ± 2.62 vs 1.00 ± 0.07, P < 0.05). MiR-135b was related to Laurén classification, tumor differentiation, invasion and pathologic tumor-node-metastasis (pTNM) stage of gastric cancer (all P < 0.05). The worse differentiation degree of gastric cell lines, the higher miR-135b expression level (P < 0.05). MiR-135b promoted gastric cancer cell proliferation, inhibited its apoptosis and directly regulated the expression of APC in gastric cancer cell., Conclusions: Special miRNA expression profiles of gastric cancer are found. MiR-135b is closely correlated with the biological behavior of human gastric cancer. And its regulation of APC may be one of the pathogenic mechanisms of gastric cancer.

Objective: To summarize the experience in anesthetic management for correction of Ebstein's anomaly., Methods: A total of 79 patients with Ebstein's anomaly who underwent surgical repair in our hospital during the time from March 2004 to September 2010 were retrospectively summarized for their anesthetic management. Anesthesia was done for the patients undergoing correction of Ebstein's anomaly. The adults patients were premedicated with intramuscular morphine 0.2 mg/kg and diazepam 0.05 mg/kg. The children patients were premedicated with intramuscular ketamine 5 - 8 mg/kg and atropine 0.05 - 0.20 mg. General anesthesia was induced with midazolam 0.1 - 0.2 mg/kg, etomidate 0.2 - 0.3 mg/kg, sulfentanil 1.0 - 1.5 µg/kg, pipecuronium or vecuronium 0.1 - 0.2 mg/kg, and maintained with isoflurane inhalation and intermittent iv. midazolam and sulfentanil., Results: Anesthetic course was smooth. The symptom in all cases was improved significantly after operation. No patients died during perioperative period., Conclusion: The key points for the anesthetic management of Ebstein's anomaly include precise preoperative evaluation, steady hemodynamic, proper maintenance of suitable pulmonary vascular resistance and cardiac function.

Investigation and numerical simulation, based on RT3D (reactive transport in 3-dimensions)were used to identify the source of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) in the groundwater of a city in the north of China and reverse the input intensity. Multiple regressions were applied to analyze the influenced factors of input intensity of PCE and TCE using Stepwise function in Matlab. The results indicate that the factories and industries are the source of the PCE and TCE in groundwater. Natural attenuation was identified and the natural attenuation rates are 93.15%, 61.70% and 61.00% for PCE, and 70.05%, 73.66% and 63.66% for TCE in 173 days. The 4 source points identified by the simulation have released 0.910 6 kg PCE and 95.693 8 kg TCE during the simulation period. The regression analysis results indicate that local precipitation and the thickness of vadose zone are the main factors influencing organic solution transporting from surface to groundwater. The PCE and TCE concentration are found to be 0 and 5 mg x kg(-1) from surface to 35 cm in vadose zone. All above results suggest that PCE and TCE in groundwater are from the source in the surface. Natural attenuation occurred when PCE and TCE transporting from the surface to groundwater, and the rest was transported to groundwater through vadose zone. Local precipitation was one of the critical factors influencing the transportation of PCE and TCE to aquifer through sand, pebble and gravel of the Quaternary.

Objective: To examine the effects of EPO administration on the integrity of myocardium in a rat model of asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest/CPR., Methods: 24 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups (8 each) to receive (1) cardiac arrest (induced by tracheal catheter clamping for 8 minutes)/CPR (by chest compressions and mechanical ventilation 8 minutes after cardiac arrest), (2) cardiac arrest/CPR +EPO (5 kU/kg, i.v, 3 minutes after restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and (3) no-treatment (control). The left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and maximal positive/negative filling pressure change versus time (±dp/dt max) in the animals were recorded 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after ROSC. Blood and heart tissue samples were collected 120 minutes after ROSC for the examination of serum troponin I (cTnI) level, myocardium pathological change (by light/electronic microscopy), and myocardium apoptosis [by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining]., Results: The LVSP, +dp/dt max and - dp/dt max absolute value in CPR group and EPO group were significantly lower than those of baseline at 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes after ROCS. In comparison with the control group, the LVSP( mm Hg, 1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa: 119.52±12.68, 134.32±15.78 vs. 165.82±7.05), +dp/dt max (mm Hg/sec: 4457.14±826.22, 6019.85±1192.19 vs. 10325.93±773.09), and - dp/dt max ( mm Hg/sec: - 3956.04±952.37, - 4957.22±838.60 vs. - 8421.33±886.65) were significant lower (all P < 0.01) in the CPR and EPO group 30 minutes after ROSC, and such tendency remained till 120 minutes after ROSC: (LVSP: 124.62±8.07, 145.61±16.70 vs. 162.34±7.63; +dp/dt max: 4977.67±350.40, 7471.62±998.32 vs. 9999.39±727.96; - dp/dt max: - 4145.51±729.77, - 5895.64±787.30 vs. - 8089.75±981.52). Compared to the CPR group, the value of LVSP, + dp/dt max and - dp/dt max at all time points were significantly higher in EPO group (all P < 0.05). The LVEDP value was significantly higher ( P < 0.01) in both CPR and EPO group in comparison with the control (mm Hg/sec: 22.94±3.94, 11.18±2.58 vs. 2.89±0.70) 120 minutes after ROSC, and it was significantly lower in EPO group in comparison with CPR group ( P < 0.05). Light/electronic microscopy revealed myocardial necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, myocardial cell membrane integrity loss, mitochondrial swelling, and increased number of apoptotic cardiomyocyte (314.1±30.7 vs. 165.2±45.9 as in control) in CPR group samples. In contrast, the cardiomyocyte morphologic damages were significantly fewer in EPO group, so is the numbers of apoptotic cardiomyocyte (242.1±20.0 vs. 314.1±30.7, P < 0.05). In comparison with the control, the serum cTnI 120 minutes after ROSC was significantly higher (all P < 0.01) in CPR and EPO group (μg/L: 20.70±5.96,16.98±3.81 vs. 2.60±0.86), but no such difference was found between these two groups., Conclusion: EPO can attenuate the post resuscitation myocardial injury probably through its mitochondrial protective, anti-apoptotic effect.

In Taiwan, breast cancer ranks as the most prevalent form of cancer in the female population. Some breast cancer patients are genetically predisposed to this disease. To assess the risk of hereditary breast cancer for breast cancer patients, nurses should collect client breast cancer family histories back to three to four generations. Nurses should also comprehensively assess client psychosocial problems prior to and after genetic testing, and employ appropriate communications skills to provide clients adequate information regarding the disease. Nurses should ensure that clients are adequately informed prior to deciding whether or not to proceed with BRCA1/BRCA2 testing. When a client is identified as a gene mutation carrier, nurses should explain to her regarding the implementation of a monitoring program and of the importance of long-term follow-up. Nurses should explain to carriers the possible effects and impacts of preventive surgery and preventive chemotherapy so that they may make considered decisions regarding whether and how to implement preventive procedures. Furthermore, nurses should treat client families as a unit, and encourage all family members to participate together in genetic counseling. Nurses should also provide family members with an understanding of preventive strategies. Nurses should improve their knowledge and skills in genomic nursing. We hope this article can provide useful information for nurses to provide care for hereditary breast cancer patients and their families.

Objective: To explore the impact of inflammation, water metabolism and immune function on the establishment of a mouse model of damp-heat syndrome with MHV-A59 infection., Methods: Twenty-four mice were randomly divided into control group, virus group, damp-heat group and model group. The peripheral blood CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes were detected by flow cytometry, and the serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 were assayed by ELISA. The expressions of NF-κB and AQP4 in the liver and stomach were determined using immunohistochemistry., Results: The expression of NF-κB and CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio in the virus and model groups were significantly higher than those in the damp-heat and control groups, while the expression of AQP4 was significantly higher in the model and damp-heat groups than in the other groups. Compared with the control group, the model group showed a significantly higher ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4., Conclusions: MHV-A59 virus is the main cause of elevated NF-κB expression and CD4(+)/CD8(+)/ ratio, while damp-heat syndrome is responsible for increased AQP4 expression, and their synergistic effect results in increased IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio. The mouse model established using MHV-A59 virus and the damp-heat factors can mimic damp-heat syndrome described in traditional Chinese medicine theory.

Objective: To explore the mechanism of acupuncture for treatment of asthma., Methods: Forty SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: blank control group, normal saline control group (NS control group), asthma model group, asthma model with acupuncture group (asthma acupuncture group) and asthma model with binding group (asthma binding group). The asthma acupuncture group was treated with acupuncture at "Dazhui" (GV 14), "Feishu" (BL 13) and "Fengmen" (BL 12); the asthma binding group was only binding without acupuncture and no intervention was given in the other groups. Surfactant protein-A (SP-A) expression was examined by Western-Blot., Results: Airway resistance in asthma model group was significantly higher than that in blank control group and NS control group from 3 to 6 min after asthma provocation (all P<0.01). Western-Blot detection showed that SP-A expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the rats in asthma model group was significantly lower than that in blank control group and NS control group (both P<0.05), and which in asthma acupuncture group was significantly higher than that in asthma model group (P<0.05)., Conclusion: The mechanism of prevention and treatment of acupuncture for allergic asthma is related to regulating SP-A expression of airway in asthmatic rats.

Objective: To explore the immunoregulation existing signal transduction mechanism, to evaluate the role of lay its experimental basis By using Haoqin Qingdan decoction for treatments on the mouse models., Methods: A total of 40 NIH Mice were randomly divided into five groups: control group, virus group (infecting by influenza virus), complex model group (richly fatty and sweet diet + Humid heat environment + infecting by influenza virus), virazole group (mouse of model group was treated by virazole), and Haoqin Qingdan decoction group (mouse of complex model group was treated by decoction of Haoqin Qingdan). When the complex model was established, determination of the mice lung indexes in each group and calculate the inhibition of lung indexes. The level of TLR2 mRNA and NF-κB mRNA expressions of peritoneal macrophages in each group of mice were quantitated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The level of IL-4 and IFN-γ in mouse serum was detected by ELISA to calculate the Th1/Th2 (IFN-γ/IL-4)., Results: The lung index of control group, virus group, complex model group, virazole group and Haoqin Qingdan decoction group were separately: (0.79 ± 0.11)%, (1.93 ± 0.38)%, (1.41 ± 0.26)%, (1.10 ± 0.26)% and (1.02 ± 0.16)%; The mice of virazole group and Haoqin Qingdan decoction group lung index were decreased (t = 0.322, P < 0.05). TLR2 mRNA expression The results showed that the control group, virus group, complex model group, virazole group and Haoqin Qingdan decoction group were: 0.145 ± 0.017, 0.991 ± 0.149, 0.903 ± 0.124, 0.257 ± 0.03 and 0.413 ± 0.031; Compared to the complex model group, Haoqin Qingdan decoction group and virazole group were decreased (t = 0.422, F = 112.834, P < 0.05). Control group, virus group, complex model group, virazole group and Haoqin Qingdan decoction group NF-κB mRNA expression were separately: 0.075 ± 0.148, 0.379 ± 0.019, 0.291 ± 0.012, 0.169 ± 0.026 and 0.175 ± 0.033; the expression in virazole group and Haoqin Qingdan decoction group were decreased (t = 0.422, F = 112.834, P < 0.05). The level of IFN-γ in mice serum of control group, virus group, complex model group, virazole group and Haoqin Qingdan decoction group were: (7434.06 ± 323.27) pg/ml, (8679.77 ± 198.70) pg/ml, (8068.78 ± 113.8) pg/ml, (7454.66 ± 301.30) pg/ml and (7484.56 ± 229.85) pg/ml respectively; the IFN-γ level in serum of Haoqin Qingdan decoction group and virazole group were decreased (t = 0.201, F = 5.390, P < 0.05). Each group of mice IL-4 contents were (3701.74 ± 256.00) pg/ml, (3569.64 ± 161.35) pg/ml, (3530.88 ± 334.63) pg/ml, (3481.84 ± 282.25) pg/ml and (3618.00 ± 262.16) pg/ml; there were no significant difference between each group (t = 0.414, F = 0.505, P > 0.05). Th1/Th2 type cells in state of equilibrium (means IFN-γ/IL-4) were: 2.02 ± 0.19, 2.38 ± 0.10, 2.36 ± 0.14, 2.22 ± 0.17 and 2.07 ± 0.15; and complex model group Haoqin Qingdan decoction group and virazole group were decreased, and there was no significant difference observed (t = 0.587, F = 3.684, P > 0.05)., Conclusion: The effect of Haoqin Qingdan decoction on treatment of damp-heat syndrome of pneumonia infected by influenza virus was observed. Through reducing the expressions of TLR2, it decreases the levels of NF-κB mRNA and the proportionality of Th1/Th2 are obviously descend (P < 0.05). Haoqin Qingdan decoction can reduce the lung index and relieve the pathogenic changes.

Objective: To investigate the anti-apoptosis effect of erythropoietin (EPO) on myocardial cells after hypoxia/reoxygenation in vitro, and the relationship among protein kinase C (PKC), the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoKATP) channel and EPO in the anti-apoptotic signaling pathways., Methods: Cardiocytes were harvested from neonatal rats and cultured. Cultured myocardial cells were divided into the control group, the hypoxia/reoxygenation group, the EPO group and the chelerythrine group, and a hypoxia/reoxygenation model of cardiocytes was reproduced. Apoptosis rate was assayed by flow cytometry. Flavoprotein fluorescence was scanned by confocal laser microscope to assess the mitoKATP channel activity., Results: Apoptosis rate was significantly higher in hypoxia/reoxygenation group than that of control group [(42.56+/-8.00)% vs. (17.88+/-2.00)%, P<0.05]. There was no statistically significant difference in flavoprotein fluorescence between this group and the control group [(0.278+/-0.170)x10(-2) vs. (0.149+/-0.050)x10(-2), P>0.05]. Myocardial cell apoptosis rate in EPO group was lower than that in hypoxia/reoxygenation group [(22.73+/-5.00)% vs. (42.56+/-8.00)%, P<0.05], and flavoprotein fluorescence intensity was significantly enhanced when compared with hypoxia/reoxygenation group [(2.201+/-1.090)x10(-2) vs. (0.278+/-0.170)x10(-2), P<0.01]. However, when chelerythrine was added, the anti-apoptosis effect of EPO was blocked, and the intensity of cardiocytes flavoprotein fluorescence was decreased [the apoptosis rate was (46.72+/-17.00)% and the flavoprotein fluorescence intensity was (0.986+/-0.320)x10(-2) ]. When compared with EPO group there was statistically significant difference (P<0.01 and P<0.05)., Conclusion: Myocardial cell apoptosis occurs in hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, and EPO can protect rat cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation induced apoptosis. The protective effect is partly associated with the PKC/mitoKATP pathway.

Objective: To investigate the expression profile of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in serum and lung tissues of mice with sepsis, and to explore the effect of MIF antagonist ISO-1 on sepsis in a murine sepsis model., Methods: Sepsis was reproduced in 40 mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Heart blood was obtained from 8 mice each at 12, 24, 36, 48 hours after CLP. The content of MIF in serum was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MIF mRNA and protein expressions in lung tissues of septic mice were assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or Western blotting. Another group of 40 mice were selected to investigate the role and the impact of MIF antagonist ISO-1 in septic mice., Results: The content of MIF in serum was higher in septic mice than that in sham operation group, and it peaked at 36 hours, and decreased at 48 hours, but still higher than that in sham operation group (all P<0.01). The MIF mRNA and protein expression in lung tissues of septic mice were higher than those in sham operation group, beginning at 12 hours, and peaked at 48 hours (P<0.05 or P<0.01). ISO-1, which was the antagonist of MIF, could elevate the surviving rate of animals with sepsis [60% (12/20) vs. 25% (5/20), P<0.05]., Conclusion: MIF plays a role as a late mediator in sepsis, with a high expression of MIF in serum and lung tissue. ISO-1 can elevate the surviving rate in murine model of sepsis. It is concluded that MIF could be taken as a potential target of treatment of sepsis.

Objective: To accomplish the computation of Fisher exact probability test for fourfold table data in Excel., Method: The computing program of exact probability method for medical data in fourfold table design was edited by employing the IF statement and the relevant functions, such as SUM, FACT, DSUM, etc in Excel. The computational results are compared and evaluated according to the case studies., Results: The output of Fisher Exact Probability was generated and presented correctly following the input of four numerical values into the computation program in the setting of Excel. The parametric outcomes are in agreement with those produced by SAS and SPSS, in the combination tables containing the P value, two-tailed cumulative P value, left-tailed P-value, right-tailed P-value, Chi2 values and P values both for direct Chi-squared test and corrected Chi-squared test., Conclusions: Direct Chi-squared test, corrected Chi-squared test combined with Fisher Exact Probability test for fourfold table data can be conveniently, rapidly, and accurately accomplished in Excel.

Objective: To discuss the application value of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in treatment of esophageal leiomyoma., Method: Clinical data of patients with esophageal leiomyoma treated by VATS from January 1999 to August 2007 were analyzed., Results: VATS esophageal leiomyoma enucleations were performed successfully in 23 patients, and 18 patients of them were performed by pure VATS, 5 patients of them were performed with mini-thoracotomy. All the procedures of operations were completed smoothly without mortality and postoperative complications. 22 patients were pathologically diagnosed as esophageal leiomyoma after surgery (2 patients' leiomyoma came from muscularis mucosa). 1 patient was esophageal muscularis neurilemmoma., Conclusion: VATS leiomyoma enucleations must be a routine operation while treat thoracic esophageal leiomyoma.

Objective: To investigate anti-influenza virus H3N2 effect of Hypericum japonicum in vivo., Methods: The influences on lung index and death rate were observed in the mice infected with virus H3N2 from intranasal., Results: Experiments in vivo showed that Hypericum japonicum at the concentration of 10 g/kg x d for the intranasal treatment markedly inhibited the lung consolidation of mice pneumonia caused by the infection of influenza virus H3N2 and prolonged the survival time ., Conclusion: Hypericum japonicum may be effective on treating influenza.

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of ex vivo adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of human interleukin10 (hIL10) via the pulmonary vein into lung isografts, and to investigate the effect of hIL-10 gene transfer on subsequent ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI)., Methods: Fifty-six male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: Group D, undergoing left lung isotransplantation with the improved cuff anastomosis technique (the Isografts were transvascularly transfected 5 ml of 5 x 10(9) plaque-forming units/ml adenovec-hIL-10 complex, Group C, with the Isografts transvascularly transfected with blank adenovirus vector Adenovec, Group B, with the Isografts transvascularly transfected with diluent , and Group A, undergoing sham operation. All allografts were preserved for 3 hours at 10 degrees C before transplantation. Four hours after reperfusion blood samples were collected from hr abdominal aorta to undergo blood air analysis. Lung function was evaluated by partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2). Then the rats were killed with their left lung taken out to undergo pathological examination. The graft lung wet-to-dry (W/D) weight ratio was measured. SABC immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of hIL-10 in the cytoplasm. ELISA was used to detect the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). The levels of malonyldialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured by. Pathological morphologic change was also analyzed., Results: The PaO2 level of Group D was significantly higher than those of Groups B and C (both P < 0.01). The W/D ratio, and levels of MDA and MPO of Group D were significantly lower than those of Groups B and C (both P < 0.01), but the SOD level of Group D was significantly higher than those of Groups B and C (both P < 0.05). The TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma levels of Group D were significantly lower than those of Groups B and C (both P < 0.01). Fewer tissue edema and interstitial inflammation were found in lungs. Of Group D RT-PCR showed hIL-10 expression in the lungs of the rats of Group D, but not in other groups., Conclusion: Ex vivo adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of hIL-10 via the pulmonary vein into the lung isografts is feasible and effective. hIL-10 gene transfer into lung isografts ameliorates subsequent IRI and improves early posttransplant graft function.

Background & Objective: Docetaxel is used to treat non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer and ovarian cancer. It is indissolvable and the solvent containing polysorbate-80 and 13% solution of ethanol is used for injections. Its clinical application is limited because of frequent severe hypersensitive responses. This study was to prepare docetaxel (DOC) liposomes and investigate their pharmacokinetics in rabbits after intravenous administration., Methods: DOC liposomes, with or without modification of polyethylene glycol (PEG), were prepared by thin-film ultrasonic dispersion method. The entrapment efficiency and mean diameter of the liposomes were measured. After intravenous administration in rabbits, plasma DOC concentration was detected by solid phase extraction high-performance liquid chromatography (SPE-HPLC). The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and analyzed by 3p87 pharmacokinetic program., Results: The entrapment efficiency of DOC liposomes was above 75%. The mean diameter was about 150 nm. The half-life of distribution (T(1/2alpha)) were (0.17+/-0.04) h for market docetaxel injection (M-DOC), (0.31+/-0.11) h for common DOC liposome (L-DOC), and (0.32+/-0.06) h for PEG-2000-modified DOC long circulating liposome (PEG-DOC-LCL); the half-life of clearance (T(1/2beta)) were (8.54+/-1.05), (11.18+/-1.33), and (10.51+/-1.13) h, respectively; the apparent volume of distribution (V(d)) were (13.66+/-3.62), (8.65+/-1.11), and (6.31+/-0.55) L, respectively; the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC(0-->24)) were (13.45+/-2.44), (22.83+/-3.57), and (29.31+/-5.96) mg x (h x L)(-1), respectively; the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to infinity h (AUC(0-->infinity)) were (15.07+/-2.76), (28.70+/-4.95), and (36.95+/-9.13) mg x (h x L)(-1), respectively; the clearance (CL) were (1.10+/-0.18), (0.54+/-0.08), and (0.42+/-0.07) L/h, respectively., Conclusion: The thin-film prepared DOC liposomes have high entrapment efficiency and small particle size. Both liposomes, especially PEG-DOC-LCL, can raise AUC and prolong the resident time of drugs in the blood circulating system.

Background & Objective: It is still very difficult to make a definite diagnosis for some mediastinal diseases through some examinations, such as CT scan and fibrobronchoscopy. To judge the metastasis of mediastinal lymph nodes exactly for lung cancer patients and make proper staging of lung cancer are important for defining therapeutic schedule and estimating prognosis. This study was to explore the application value and summarize the experience of mediastinoscopy in the diagnosis of mediastinal diseases and the staging of lung cancer with enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes., Methods: Mediastinoscopy and biopsy were performed in 16 patients with different mediastinal diseases detected by imaging examinations and 14 lung cancer patients with enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes diagnosed by CT scan, PET, or fibrobronchoscopy. The staging of lung cancer was identified according to pathologic diagnosis., Results: Of the 16 patients with different mediastinal diseases clarified by mediastinoscopy, 5 had nodule diseases, 3 had mediastinal lymph node tuberculosis, 2 had mediastinal lymphnoditis, 2 had lymphoma, 1 had extra-gastrointestinal type gastrointestinal malignant interstitialoma,1 had thymoma, 1 had metastatic small cell carcinoma, and 1 had metastatic adenocarcinoma. Of the 14 lung cancer patients with enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes, 6 had metastatic lymph nodes, and 8 had not; all of the 14 cases were accurately staged and received successful operations without severe postoperative complications., Conclusion: Mediastinoscopy is a safe, accurate and effective procedure for the diagnosis of mediastinal diseases and the staging of lung cancer.

A solid complex of Terbium -DClSal (3,5-Dichlorosalicylic acid) NPhNAm(N-Phenyl-beta-Naphthylamine) was synthesized by co-precipitation in absolute ethanol solution at 60 degrees C. The complex was characterized by elemental analysis, IR absorption spectra, X-ray powder diffraction, and fluorescence spectrum. The result showed that it is crystal and its chemical composition is Tb(DClSal)3 (NPhNAm)2. Its emission peak locates at 543 nm, which is attributed to 5D4-->7F5 of Tb3+ ion.

Objective: To investigate the association among serous and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) TNF-alpha level, gene polymorphisms of TNF-alpha and multiple sclerosis (MS) in Han nationality of southern China., Methods: MS diagnosis was base on Poser (1983) criteria. Fifty-five patients with nonimmulogical diseases and 68 patients with MS from southern China were enrolled in the study, and their TNF-alpha level of serum and CSF were measured by double antibody sandwich ABC-ELISA. TNF-alpha -308G/A in 106 normal healthy subjects and 68 MS patients was genotyped with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism., Results: There was significant difference in the serous TNF-alpha level between nonimmune patients and active MS patients (234+/- 76 pg/mL vs 276+/- 71 pg/mL, P< 0.05), but not in the CSF (245+/- 83 pg/mL vs 265+/- 78 pg/mL, P> 0.05). The gene frequency distribution of TNF-alpha -308G/A was corresponding with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The positive rate of genotype AA and the gene frequency of allele A of TNF-alpha were 4.4% and 14.0% in MS group, and 0 and 8.50% in healthy subjects, there was no statistical significance (P> 0.05)., Conclusion: The TNF-alpha level in serum is associated with active MS, but not in the CSF. The gene polymorphisms of TNF-alpha -308G/A is not associated with MS in Han nationality of southern China.

Background & Objective: Lately, the prevention, treatment and research of cancer have developed rapidly. Antineoplastic drugs have become one of the major measures for cancer therapy. Many new antineoplastic drugs have been discovered and prepared, and used to treat tumors. Cancer Center of Sun Yat-sen University is one of the biggest cancer hospitals in South China. The use of antineoplastic drugs of this center can reflect changes in this area. This study was to analyze and evaluate the situation and trend of antineoplastic drugs used in Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University from 1996 and 2005, in order to provide references for the rational use of drugs in clinical application., Methods: Consumption of antineoplastic drugs was analyzed by sum and defined daily dose (DDDs) ranking., Results: The costs of antineoplastic drugs occupied 31.0%-48.8% of all drugs from 1996 to 2005; and the average increasing ratio is 21.5%. The cost rate of anti-cancer vegetable drugs and other genus increased the quickest, while the total costs of alkylate increased the slowest during the ten years. Some new monoantibodies and gene drugs were continuously applied in clinical use., Conclusion: The direction of the research and development of antineoplastic drugs is towards high efficiency, low toxicity and individualized use.

This is the first time to described the dissimilatory Fe(III) reducing characteristics of Shewanella cinica D14T. The effects of O2, light, temperature and pH on dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction were examined. The results suggested that the rate of Fe(III) reduction decreased with increasing Fe(III) concentration. Fe(III) reduction was partially inhibited by the presence of either O2 or light. The optimum temperature for Fe(III) reduction is 37 degrees C. At pH 6.0-10.0, strain D14T can reduce Fe(III). The soluble Fe(III) is more easy to be reduced than the insoluble one. Results of protein denaturants SDS and OGP suggest that the Fe(III) reduction activity of S. cinica is mostly localized to the soluble outer membrane fraction. The azo dye decolorization and Fe(III) reduction in strain D14T were enhanced in the presence of Fe(III) and dye.