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Somatic syndromes of the spinal region may develop secondary to postural dysfunction. Traditionally, emphasis has been placed on correcting postural asymmetries by attempting to change muscle-tendon unit length. The effectiveness of this approach in providing prolonged muscle-tendon unit length changes and optimal postural outcomes has met with controversy. The time has come for a redirection of goals in conservative care for postural dysfunction of the spinal regions. An emphasis needs to be placed on continuous, self-awareness training of postural correction that will facilitate lasting neuromuscular adaptations. The purpose of this review is to rationalize the need to veer from exercises attempting to adjust the muscle-tendon unit length and recognize the evidence-supported impact of simple self-correction strategies meant to facilitate neuromuscular adjustments and correct postural asymmetries.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of assist and resistance torque on the spatiotemporal gait characteristics, and the symmetry and asymmetry of gait using a Gait Enhancing and Motivating System (GEMS) in the elderly. METHODS A cross-sectional and repeated measure design was used. A total of 18 participants (9 males, 9 females; age: 63.5 ± 5.02 years; mass: 64.26 ± 6.87 kg; height: 164.06 ± 7.15 cm) were recruited from a local community, and spatiotemporal gait data were collected with OptoGait system and GEMS. Spatiotemporal gait variables and differences between the dominant and non-dominant legs of these variables were assessed (step length, step time, stance phase, swing phase, single support, load response, pre swing phase, stride time, stride length, double support, cadence, and gait speed). The effects of three modes including normal, assist, and resist modes using GEMS were investigated twice for each participant on a 9-meter walkway. A one-way repeated measure analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni post-hoc tests was conducted. RESULTS The assist mode increased step time, swing phase, stride time and reduced stance phase, pre-swing phase, double support, cadence, and gait speed as compared to normal mode. The resist mode increased stance phase, load response, pre-swing phase, double support, cadence, and reduced step time, swing phase, and stride time. In dominant leg, assist mode showed increased step time and reduced pre-swing phase than normal mode, and greater step time than resist mode (p < 0.05). However, there was no effect of external torque on symmetry and asymmetry between both legs (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The resistance and assist torque of GEMS alter spatiotemporal characteristics during the stance and swing phase of gait in the elderly. However, the resistance torque and assist torque of GEMS did not increase or decrease the gait asymmetry between the dominant and non-dominant legs.

OBJECTIVES Firefighter (FF) is an occupation which needs high fitness abilities. However, most of Korean FFs in the capital city have relatively low fitness levels and they have difficulty participating in exercises owing to their emergency environments. Kinect-based mixed reality device (KMR) is a device that can deliver exercises with live visual feedbacks by detecting motions at any time while needing few human resources. Therefore, KMR could be an adequate tool for FFs to provide exercise. However, there are no studies that identified the reliability and validity. So, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the reliability and validity of KMR and the intensity of the fitness program for relatively low-fit FFs. METHODS Using a test-retest design, five male participants underwent three trials with 1wk washouts. The participants underwent 1 screening and 2 workout sessions. The fitness program using KMR last approximately 25 min. Intensity was measured using the heart rate (HR), rated perceived exertion (RPE), and finger-tip lactate. HR and RPE were measured before, during, and after the exercise using the Polar watch and Borg scale. Finger-tip lactate were measured before and after the exercise using Lactate Pro2. Cronbach alpha and Pearson correlation were determined for reliability and validity based on the HR and RPE. RESULTS Excellent reliability (Cronbach alpha: 0.967, 0.969) and strong correlation (r = .525 – .814, .718 – .958; very large) were observed with regard to the HR and RPE. Additionally, HR, RPE, and post-workout lactate showed a moderate-to-high intensity response in exercise program. Conclusions The results suggest that KMR is a reliable and validate device to provide fitness programs and the fitness program designed for relatively low-fit FFs showed a “moderate-to-high” intensity response, which is an adequate physiological response for relatively low-fit Korean FFs.

In criminal investigation, if the face image of a suspect is occluded and the face feature points are corrupted, the precise removal of the occluded area becomes an important step in improving face recognition technology. Therefore, face occlusion inpainting has important research significance. The recent progress of face occlusion inpainting technology is described, and based on the deep learning-based image restoration algorithm first proposed in 2016, various face occlusion inpainting fusion algorithms proposed by scholars from 2017 to the present are introduced. Firstly, the existing algorithms are classified into random occlusion and regular occlusion face restoration according to the different ways of occlusion, then further classified into based on convolutional neural network (CNN) and based on generative adversarial network (GAN) according to the different predictive generation networks in the algorithms. This paper analyzes various types of fusion algorithms in terms of model network characteristics, advantages and disadvantages as well as applicable scenarios, and gives some suggestions for the selection of fusion algorithms. The regular occlusion algorithms and random occlusion algorithms are compared and summarized in terms of network structure and applicability range. Then it introduces and summarizes the commonly used image restoration effect evaluation indices and datasets, and by listing the experimental results of various restoration algorithms, it refines and analyzes their quantitative indices and visual effects, and illustrates that the face occlusion inpainting technology has made great progress in recent years. Finally, the future development trend of face occlusion inpainting technology is pointed out from five aspects, such as dataset, algorithm and evaluation index, by combining the existing algorithms and practical requirements.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to analyze the landing error scoring system for the evaluation of the risk factors of anterior cruciate ligament of female according to muscle mass and to identify the risk factors of anterior cruciate ligament according to percent muscle METHODS In order to evaluate the risk factors of anterior cruciate ligament for 20 women in their 20s low muscle group and high muscle group, they were analyzed to landing error scoring system jump from a 30cm-high box to a 50% distance of height, from a 45cm-high box to a distance of 50% and 75% distance of height. RESULTS Body composition showed that percent fat of the low muscle group was 32.4±2.7%, and percent muscle was 63.3±2.7%. Percent fat of the high muscle group was 26.8±3.0%, and percent muscle was 68.5±2.9% and there was a significantly difference between the two groups (p

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in the cross - sectional area (CSA) of multifidus and Iliopsoas muscles and the lumbar extension muscle strength according to degenerative spinal diseases (LHI; lumbar herniation of intervertebral disc group, SS; spinal stenosis group, S; spondylolisthesis group). METHODS The CSA of multifidus and Iliopsoas muscles size were measured by PACS(Picture Achiving and Communication System) using MRI at the L4/5 level and lumbar extension muscle strength (72˚, 60˚, 48˚, 36˚, 24˚, 12˚, 0˚) was measured using lumbar extension machine(MedX) in 97 patients of degenerative spinal diseases(male: 57, female: 40). The collected data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using the SPSS program. RESULTS The results of this study showed that the CSA of total and right multifidus muscle in the LHI was significantly higher than that of the S (p

Image super-resolution (SR) is an important type of image processing technology for improving image and video resolution in computer vision. In recent years, thanks to the success of neural networks, image super-resolution technology based on deep learning is booming, which is undoubtedly the mainstream direction of super-resolution technology research. In this paper, the research progress of image super-resolution is summarized. First of all, the existing super-resolution techniques are summarized and introduced according to their input and output. What??s more, the single-image super-resolution technique based on deep learning is discussed from two aspects of supervised and unsupervised learning respectively, and some representative latest super-resolution reconstruction technologies are introduced. Then, the related problems of super-resolution technology, namely performance evalua-tion indicators and standard data sets, are discussed, and several typical algorithms are compared by experiments. Finally, the future research trend of image super-resolution algorithm is prospected.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of physical activity and the handgrip strength in the elderly. METHODS Using the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES) 2017 dataset, we selected 1,427 participants aged 65 or older who without missing data. One-way batch analysis was used to determine the difference of handgrip strength according to the frequency of physical activity. If there was a difference between the groups, a post-test was conducted to confirm the statistical significance. The repeated measurement two-way ANOVA was performed to test mean difference between groups and measurements, and the effect of interactions between them on the significant level of α=.05. RESULTS The handgrip strength was higher in participants who reported higher physical activity frequency. In addition, the elderly women who participated in the higher moving place physical activity and walking exercise, and the elderly men who participated in the higher resistance training exercise, the handgrip strength was significantly higher. CONCLUSIONS We found that the higher frequency of physical activity may associated with higher handgrip strength in Korean elderly. However, because we did not consider the difference of total volume of physical activity in each group, further study is needed.

V. S. Naipaul's novel A House for Mr. Biswas depicts the peculiar phenomenon of the protagonist Biswas's lifelong pursuit of "a house". This paper uses the method of Ethical Literary Criticism to explore the reasons Biswas pursued "a house" throughout his entire life, which reveals the close relationship between Biswas's pursuit of "a house" and the exploration of "identity". This paper argues that Biswas tried to establish his ethical identity as a son, son-in-law, husband, and father by obtaining a house in order to realize his existential value and meaning in life. In this sense, the ethical significance of space is also revealed in the novel by revealing the relationship between "house" and "identity". By focusing on spatial ethics, this paper emphasizes that the "house" in the novel is not only a house, but also has the ethical values of "independence", "personal dignity", "life achievement", and "responsibility and obligation" in the essential sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12-week combined aquatic exercise on body composition, muscular function, static balance and visual analogue scale in female elderly with knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS A 66-year old female OA patient participated in this case study. The subject were participated in 12-week aquatic exercise based on flexibility, balance, strengthening, aerobic, coordination, muscle endurance. The aquatic exercise performed three times a week, 60 minutes per session for 12 weeks. Pre and post 12 weeks of combined aquatic exercise program participation, body composition, muscular function, static balance, visual analogue scale, were measured using appropriate tools and methods. RESULTS After the 12-week combined aquatic exercise program, fat free mass increased 0.8kg and fat mass decreased 1.1kg, weight decreased 0.3kg, BMI decreased 0.1kg/m2, waist circumference decreased 2.2cm. Muscular function of isokinetic strength of leg muscle in flexion and extension of knee joint improved and the gap between two muscles lessened. Static balance of center of gravity improved and recovered in normal range. Visual analogue scale of VAS, knee score, function score and WOMAC index improved and reduced the pain. CONCLUSIONS The 12-week combined aquatic exercise program effected on the body composition, muscular function, static balance and visual analogue scale.

Purpose: This study is qualitative study using phenomenology approach of Colazzi, to identify meaning and essential structure of the hospitalization with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS). Methods: Experiential data were collected through in-depth interviews with 10 patients who had been hospitalized in hospital rehabilitation medical wards. The main question was 'Could you describe your hospitalization experience with CRPS? Results: Five categories obtained were 'Experience despair in the swamp of long suffering', 'A hospital system that only adherence to treatment procedures', 'There are aggravating factors all over the hospital environment', 'Finding support to cover the disease', and 'Cross the tunnel of pain with the medical staff'. Conclusion: Patients with complex pain syndrome experienced extreme pain and sudden pain even after hospitalization, and were more aggravated due to treatment procedures and regulation systems. It is thought that multidisciplinary team approach nursing intervention is necessary to improve this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to suggest practical strategies for improving the governance system of the Korean Medical Association (KMA). To this end, we used survey studies, statistical analysis, and literature reviews. The statistical analysis was performed using an analytic hierarchy process and frequency analysis. In our previous study, we proposed some measures to improve the governance system of the KMA. These measures included the organization of top decisionmakers' meetings, recruitment of non-member officers, new qualification requirements for representatives and officers, commitment of functional roles to six vice-presidents, and organization of professional committees supporting the roles of six vice-presidents. In this study, we proposed practical strategies for the improvement measures and an implementation organization to achieve the suggested practical strategies. For the implementation of the practical strategies, the members of the KMA should understand the issue and the importance of the KMA's governance. Additionally, the strong support of the members should be required to solve the internal problems of the KMA and to improve its governance system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Language & Discourse is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study was conducted to compare in vivo biofilm formation on titanium surface and zirconia surface. Materials and methods: For biofilm formation on titanium and zirconia in oral cavity, after producing oral appliances using acrylic resin and orthodontic wire tailored to 9 subjects, we made titanium and zirconia specimens (6 mm × 6 mm × 2 mm), fixed them on oral appliances and maintained them in oral cavity of test subjects for 24 and 72 hours. Test subjects who have equipped two pairs of specimens maintained oral hygiene not by using toothpaste but only by tooth brushing. After 24 and 72 hours, we removed and observed specimens through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Biofilm formation showed large deviation depending on individuals. For formation comparison between titanium and zirconia for 24 hours, zirconia showed less biofilm formation than titanium. Biofilm formation showed large deviation depending on individuals. As for formation comparison between zirconia and titanium, the degree of biofilm formation in zirconia was less than it was in titanium after a lapse of 24 hours. The result of biofilm formation in 72 hours trial show that zirconia has an inclination to formate less biofilm than it was in titanium. Conclusion: Based on the above results, we can conclude that early biofilm formation in oral cavity was influenced by difference of abutment materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kumemura Village, or Kuninda, has been known as the community of Chinese immigrants with a more than five-hundred year background of scholar-bureaucrat aristocracy in Lewchew, or Ryukyu. They supposedly originated from a group of 36 families from the Southern Chinese Min (...) ethnic group since 1392. Although much research has been conducted on the subject matter throughout the years, there is almost no scholar who would tackle it on the concept of a "Chinatown." There are basically two reasons to account for such tendency in academics. Firstly, unlike most Chinese immigrant groups in other parts of the world, the 36 Min Families who had moved to Lewchew did not leave the country of their own accord, for neither private nor economic reasons, but in fact, were ordered by Emperor Hongwu to emigrate for political reasons. Furthermore, Kuninda-chu, the descendants of 36 Min Families, have almost, in the same way as other Okinawa people regard them over the years, never seen themselves as "overseas Chinese." However, this paper argues that there are still plenty of similarities between Kuninda-chu and other overseas Chinese in the world. The two main points for this paper are: firstly, Kuninda-chu relied excessively on the Chinese World Order and tributary system for its maintenance, so its survival rested primarily on the existence of this political structure, and was eventually disintegrated upon the collapse of the system. Secondly, Chinese culture was largely brought by Kuninda-chu to Ryukyu during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but it is still kept alive and observed in Okinawa society to this day and in stark contrast with the Yamaonchu, the Japanese in the mainland of Japan, it directly helped shaping and forming the Okinawa people's self-identity as Uchinan-chu. Truly, Kuninda no longer exists in the Okinawa society today, but Kuninda-chu's descendants have been upholding their unique ethic image through various traditional activities organized by different groups, Kume-Sosekai notwithstanding. Moreover, Kuninda-chu is also one of the earliest overseas Chinese groups who had assimilated successfully into the local Okinawa community. It is clear that Kuninda is one of the most paramount alternative cases for the studies of overseas Chinese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the efficient arrangement plan of buoyancy modules, which plan is used to secure the safe operation and structural stability of a marine riser. The marine riser is connected between a vessel and seabed devices. The movement of the vessel and the seabed devices are affected by the motion of the riser. The riser of a deep-seabed integrated mining system exerts a strong influence on the healthy transfer of minerals. So, buoyancy modules must be equipped to compensate for the problem which is the structure stability and the dynamic motion. Installation locations and quantities of the buoyancy modules are determined by real sea experiments. But this is not easy to do because in real sea experimental conditions the cost is expensive as well as being, time-consuming and dangerous. Therefore, the locations and quantities should be determined by numerical simulation. This method is called simulation-based design. The dynamic analysis models of the riser and the buoyancy modules are built into the commercial software of DAFUL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Foreign Literature Studies is the property of Foreign Literature Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although Freemasonry is a subject that is seldom explored in Korea, in Mexico it is considered an institution that played a very important role during the movement for Mexican Independence and subsequent formation of the new state. In particular, after achieving independent statehood, the conflicts between two Freemasons, the so called "los liberales" (York rite) and "los conservadores" (Scottish rite) lasted many more years, and led to serious consequences for Mexican policy. This study will reveal and clarify the role of Freemasonry in the independence process of Mexico. This paper investigates thoroughly the participation of Masons in the War of Independence and the subsequent construction of the first Federal Republic of Mexico, allowing a more concrete view of Mexico's Freemasonry and Mexican Independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the feasibility of applying the theory of "Ethical Literary Criticism" to the reading of the Korean myth of Dangun as a literary text. Guided by this theory, this paper offers a critical analysis of this myth in view of exploring the ethical values of the early Korean people. This paper concludes that this myth,by representing taboos and ethical choices of the early Korean people,carries a lofty ideal of "Benefit All Mankind," an attitude of "harmony" and "standard of human ethics" towards the human relationship and the relationship between human and nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was to analyze adherence to self-care behaviors and identify factors affecting the adherence behaviors among inpatients with heart failure. Methods: A total 94 hospitalized inpatients from three hospitals participated in a survey. Data were collected using structured self-reported questionnaire from November 28, 2011 to March 31, 2013 and analyzed using frequency, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. Results: The score of adherence to self-care behaviors among inpatients with heart failure was 26.02(±8.84). Factors related to the adherence to self-care behaviors were living with spouse (t=-2.47, p=.019), functional state (t=2.18, p=.034), heart failure knowledge (r=-.49, p<.001), social support (r=-.35, p<.001), self-control (r=-.25, p=.016), and self-care confidence (r=-.24, p=.019). The factors affecting adherence to self-care behaviors were heart failure knowledge, self-care confidence, and social support. These factors explained 32% of the variance in adherence to self-care behaviors. Conclusion: The adherence to self-care behaviors with heart failure can be improved if heart failure knowledge, self-care confidence, and social support are improved. Therefore, developing a nursing intervention program for patient with heart failure that is considered these factors leads to improve quality of life and prevent readmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the casual relationship between nurses’ social capital and turnover intention and to verify the goodness of fit between a hypothetical model and actual data in order to suggest the best model. Methods: This survey was conducted with 315 nurses working in general hospitals in Seoul. Data were collected from December 1 to December 30, 2011, and analyzed using SPSS Windows 18.0 and AMOS 16.0. Results: Nurses’ social capital was found to have a direct effect on reducting organization cynicism and increasing organizational commitment. Nurses’ organizational cynicism and organizational commitment were found to have a direct effect on turnover intention, but social capital did not have a direct effect on turnover intention. However, social capital had a partial and indirect effect on turnover intention through mediating organizational cynicism and organizational commitment. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that nurse managers should put increased effort in reducing nurses’ organizational cynicism and improving their organizational commitment, two contrary parameters. At the same time managers need to develop plans to establish social capital more efficiently so that nurses have lower turnover intention/ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was done to test a hypothesized model, the Biobehavioral Family Model (BBFM), on the relationship of family emotional climate, security of parent-child relationship, depression symptoms and eating problems in adolescent girls, to further understanding of eating problems in this population. Methods: With a convenience sample of 647 girls, aged 15 to 18, a self-report survey was conducted which included the Korean form of the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) to assess eating problems. Results: The estimated results of the structural equation modeling indicated a good fit of data to the hypothesized model proposing that family emotional climate and security of parent-child relationship were associated with the risk of eating problems by way of depression symptoms. That is, negative family emotional climate and insecure parent-child relationship increased the risk of eating problems indirectly by way of depression symptoms. Conclusion: The findings are consistent with the BBFM, which suggests a psychobiologic influence of specific family processes on children's stress-sensitive physical disease activity by way of depression symptoms. Therefore, the applicability of the BBFM for understanding adolescent girls' eating problems is supported. The psychobiologic pathways from depression to eating pathology should be addressed in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) caused by the Hantann virus occurs frequently in Korea. On the other hand, the incidence of HFRS is very low in Jeju Island. A 62-year-old man was transferred from another hospital because of persistent fever, myalgia, generalized edema, epigastric pain, conjunctival injection, costovertebral angle tenderness, thrombocytopenia and azotemia. On the second hospital day, he exhibited oliguric symptoms. His urine output increased from the fourth hospital day. The test for the anti-Hantaan virus antibody was positive. Finally, he was diagnosed with HFRS and recovered with conservative management. HFRS should be considered when acute renal failure develops in patients with fever and thrombocytopenia in Jeju Island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Quality of nursing research should be evaluated before it is applied as an evidence for evidence-based nursing practice. This study attempted to analyze and to compare tools for the quality assessment and reporting standards of nursing research using CONSORT and STROBE checklist by types of research design. Methods: We searched the tools for quality assessment in nursing research based on the National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency (NECA) publication. Then, we analysed and compared the tools for quality evaluation by types of research design. Results: According to the analysis using CONSORT checklist, ROB shows coherence in 17 items, Jadad shows coherence in 3 items, SIGN (for RCT) shows coherence in 26 items, and Downs & Black shows coherence in 24 items. According to the analysis using STROBE checklist, MINORS shows coherence in 25 items, NOS shows coherence in 21 items, SIGN (for Cohort studies & Case-control studies) shows coherence in 29 items, and RoBANS shows coherence in 21 items. Conclusion: Based on our analysis, we recommend that nursing researchers should report according to the reporting standards of tools for quality evaluation. We hope that our analysis can be helpful to develop evidence-based nursing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic chronic inflammation of the intestines. IBD treatment may require anti-inflammatory agents such as sulfasalazine or 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA) and immunomodulators to control the symptoms. However, these agents have a variety of common adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, skin rash, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and infections. Moreover, rare side effects such as nephrotic syndrome, pneumonitis, and pericarditis can occur. A 21-year-old male was admitted to the hospital due to acute chest pain, fever, and sweating. The patient had a history of Crohn's disease and had been taking mesalazine for 3 weeks. Chest x-ray, echocardiography, and clinical manifestations revealed that the patient had acute pericarditis. However, we did not recognize the relationship between these findings and 5-ASA at that time. Two years later, the patient took 5-ASA again, and similar symptoms occurred, which led us to confirm that he suffered from pericarditis induced by this drug. We report a case of acute recurrent pericarditis that developed after taking 5-ASA for IBD treatment with a review of the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hamiltonian system is introduced for pre-buckling and post-buckling of elastic beams under the thermal load. In the symplectic space, the problems of the pre-buckling and the post- buckling of beams are deduced respectively into the~ subjects of the zero eigenvalues and non-zero eigenvalues of the system. The critical temperatures and buckling modes can be obtained by generalized eigenvalues and eigensolutions of Hamiltonian system. Using the expanding method of symplectic eigensolutions, the post-buckling problem is discussed, in which the non-linear problem of the large deformation is considered. The whole process from the pre-buckling to the post-buckling of the beam is revealed. Results show that there is a transitional mode in the process of the buckling deformation and the last phase of the buckling is a periodic vibration of the beam on a balanceable station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are approximately 10,000 people who have been identified as men of merit for independence movement by the Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs in Korea. Currently, January of 2008, it is assumed that there are 156 doctors (medical school students included) had participated in independence movement, among them, 71 people have received the rewards from the government with the honor of independence movement as a doctor or medical school student. However, there are still 85 doctors have not received any rewards from the government despite their participation in independence movement. Korean doctors and medical students participated in independent movement through many ways in domestic and foreign country during the Japanese colonial period. They made use of their doctor license, and occasionally took part in independent movement as ordinary people. They not only had acted as politicians, diplomats, and medical officers, but also supported medical service, donation campaign, social movement, and educational movement for independent movement against Japanese colonial rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]