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Objective To investigate the value of dual-energy CT (DECT) quantitative parameters combined with clinical laboratory indicators in differentiation of portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) from thrombosis (PVT). Methods A case-control study was conducted on 65 patients diagnosed with portal vein thrombosis (n=39) or tumor embolus (n=26) who underwent abdominal dual-energy enhanced CT examination in our department from May 2022 to March 2024. Their clinical and imaging data were collected. Linear blending image (LB), non-linear blending image (NLB), 40 keV and 100 keV virtual monoenergetic image (VMI), iodine image and electron density/effective atomic number image (Rho/Zeff) were reconstructed with the aid of post-processing workstation. The image characteristics of thrombus were evaluated in LB images, including whether the vessel wall at the thrombus was smooth, whether the vessel at the thrombus was widen, and whether the embolus was neovascularization. The quantitative parameters and clinical laboratory indicators of PVT and PVTT in DECT were compared. Laboratory indicators included apha-fetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to analyze DECT quantitative parameters, embolus image characteristics and clinical laboratory indicators. Then receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of the quantitative parameters and combined model of DECT. Results Among the DECT parameters, except for Rho, the other parameters in PVTT were significantly higher than those in PVT (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that there were obvious differences in LB, NLB, CEA and AST (P < 0.05), and NLB had better diagnostic efficacy (AUC: 0.830, sensitivity: 53.85%, specificity: 100.00%, accuracy: 81.54%). The combined model based on DECT quantitative parameters and clinical laboratory indicators (LB+NLB+CEA+AST) obtained the best diagnostic efficacy (AUC: 0.983, sensitivity: 96.15%, specificity: 92.31%, accuracy: 93.85%). Conclusion The combined imaging and clinical model based on DECT provides a reliable reference for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant portal vein embolus, and it has potential application prospects.

为明确支链脂肪酸（BCFA）与奇数链脂肪酸（OCFA）对肠道健康的影响，利用气相色谱-质谱联用分析健康人群与肠道疾病患者血液中脂肪酸含量的差异，并应用正交偏最小二乘-判别分析（OPLS-DA）鉴定肠道健康人群的特征脂肪酸。结果表明：健康对照组、肠道息肉组、结直肠癌组3组人群中共检测出9种BCFA和4种OCFA；BCFA、OCFA含量在健康人群中显著偏高（p

ObjectiveWith the increase in coffee consumption， its impact on health has garnered significant attention. However， the relationship between coffee intake and cancer risk remains controversial in epidemiological studies. To summarize the most reliable evidence on coffee consumption and cancer risk， we conducted a comprehensive review of meta-analyses examining the association between coffee consumption and cancer risk in various populations.MethodsMeta-analyses of observational studies were conducted， utilizing searches of the PubMed and Web of Science databases to identify associations between coffee intake and cancer risk.ResultsA total of 24 observational studies comprising 76 non-overlapping associations were included in this umbrella review. Coffee intake was found to be associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer， brain cancer， colon cancer， colorectal cancer， endometrial cancer， liver cancer， melanoma， non-melanoma， oral cancer， and oral/pharyngeal cancer. Conversely， coffee intake was associated with a high risk of urothelial carcinoma and bladder cancer.ConclusionModerate consumption of coffee has a wide range of potential benefits in reducing the risk of cancer. Further well-designed randomized controlled trials， taking into account other factors that may have contributed to bias， are needed to investigate the association between coffee consumption and cancer in other anatomical sites.

Gene therapy research on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) focuses on SOD1, C9ORF72, FUS and ATAX2, et al. According to the mechanism, the pathogenicity of variant genes is mostly acquired by the toxicity gain of function. Two strategies are adopted for the silencing and editing of disease causing genes, namely, naked injection of antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) to induce the degradation of mRNA mediated by RNase H or the silencing of disease causing gene mediated by adeno-associated virus (AAV) to delivery RNA interference (RNAi) to decrease toxicity protein. CRISPR/Cas9 edits and modifies the causing gene to decrease the expression of toxic protein. In addition, there has been much progress in decreasing the level of toxic protein through specific antibodies and metabolic regulators, as well as neuroprotective therapy.

The disease burden caused by chronic non-communicable diseases continues to grow, with profound implications for public health and socio-economic development. The traditional health management of chronic diseases lacks diagnostic criteria and reasonable intervention time, and the bottleneck of the lack of residents' initiative is increasingly prominent. The construction of proactive health index (PHI) is expected to be an effective means to improve the health management of chronic diseases. As the world enters a critical period of digital transformation, China's health strategy has made clear that technological innovation and information technology should play a leading role in maintaining people's health, and digital health brings strategic opportunities for the development of chronic disease health management. In the context of the development of digital chronic disease prevention and control, this study analyzes the main bottlenecks existing in China's chronic disease health management, clarifies the importance of establishing diagnostic criteria for chronic disease health management, proposes the concept of PHI, and introduces the construction of PHI to solve the key problems of chronic disease health management. The application scenarios of PHI are deployed and prospected from the government side, the family physician side and the public side, in order to provide ideas for improving residents' health management initiative and enhancing the effectiveness of chronic disease health management.

Aiming at the shortage of experimental resources and the difficulties in the on-site debug of the electro-hydraulic steering system, a set of semi-physical simulation platform, based on mathematic model of electro-hydraulic steering system, is developed. Mathematical model of the electro-hydraulic system is established. Combined with the actual electronic control unit of the multi-axis steering system, the hardware-in-loop simulation platform is constructed. Based on the platform, the experimental verification and simulation of the electro-hydraulic steering system are completed. The result shows that the semi-physical simulation platform provides an efficient and convenient approach for the research and development of the electro-hydraulic steering system of the autonomous-rail rapid tram.

This article introduces a high-throughput molecular screening chip： peptide arrays. As a kind of biochip， the peptide arrays are easy to synthesis， stable in probe chemistry， high-throughput in screening and highly specific compared with other biochips. To analyze the new high-throughput data， researchers have recently proposed a series of deep learning and bioinformatics methods to study the binding characteristics of peptide probes and target molecules. Those algorithms could be used to predict the binding affinity of protein targets against peptides. Moreover， peptide arrays could also play important roles in analyzing protein-protein interactions，screening novel drug peptides， disease diagnosis and general health assessment based on recent reports. The application of this new technology could provide novel insights into public health research.

ObjectiveTo determine the situation and challenges of innovation platforms in China， and to explore the construction strategy of Shanghai Nutrition Innovation Platform， which is suitable for Shanghai and may achieve the research and transformation of nutrition innovation and population health， so as to coordinate， unite and gather the superior resources of all parties and promote nutrition innovation.MethodsConstruction scheme and operational mechanism of Shanghai Nutrition Innovation Platform were explored by literature review， expert consultation and questionnaire.ResultsThere were various forms of innovation platforms in China. However， challenges were identified， such as decentralizing force， resource rearrangement and insufficient sharing effect. Shanghai Nutrition Innovation Platform adopted a modular organizational structure， which was divided into central group， node group， and subject group. Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention， as the central organization， is responsible for the platform operation management. The expert database as an academic committee selected key organizations from nutrition-related universities， research institutes， academic associations， centers for disease control and prevention， hospitals and the industry. Based on the opening of its own innovation resources， the platform made effective use of external innovation resources and formed a closely integrated nutrition innovation network of multiple disciplines.ConclusionThis study promotes the construction of innovation platform model of cooperation， co-construction and resource sharing， and provides reference for the construction of innovation platform in China.

Objective To explore the diagnostic values of different post-processing modes of dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) in the differentiation of glioma grade. Methods A total of 89 patients with glioma confirmed by postoperative pathology in our hospital from January 2013 to July 2019 were enrolled, including 29 patients of gradeⅡ, 24 of grade Ⅲ and 36 of grade Ⅳ. All patients underwent preoperative DCE-MRI examination, and corresponding parameters were collected and processed using post-processing software Tissue-4D and Omni-Kinetics (OK) respectively. One-way ANOVA was adopted to compare the differences of the obtained parameters among glioma of different grades. Spearman rank correlation analysis was performed to analyze the correlation between each parameter and glioma grade, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the area under the curve (AUC) of each parameter. Results In hot spot analysis, the Ktrans values of both post-processing modes, as well as the iAUC value of Tissue-4D and the Vp value of OK were all significantly different among glioma of different grades (P < 0.05). The Kep value of grade Ⅳ glioma was obviously lower than that of grade Ⅱ glioma (P < 0.05), while the Ve values of grade Ⅳ and Ⅲ tumors were notably higher than that of gradeⅡ one (P < 0.05). The AUC value of Ktrans (Tissue-4D) was 0.949 in the differentiation of gradeⅡ from grade Ⅳ glioma (P < 0.01), indicating the highest diagnostic efficiency, and the correlation between Ktrans (OK) and glioma grade was the highest (r=0.775, P < 0.01). In the histogram analysis of OK, the 50th percentile of Ktrans value, the mean and the 75th and 90th percentiles of Ve value, the mean, entropy and the 50th percentile of Kep value, as well as the mean value of Vp showed significances in the differentiation of grade Ⅱ from grade Ⅲ and grade Ⅱ from grade Ⅳ glioma (P < 0.05). Moreover, the energy, entropy and 50th, 75th, 90th percentiles of Vp value, and the energy of Kep value were statistically different in the identification of grade Ⅳ from grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅳ from grade Ⅲ (P < 0.05). Conclusion The Ktrans and Ve values of the 2 post-processing modes have rather high diagnostic efficiency for glioma grading in the hotspot analysis, and the histogram analysis of OK software involves more abundant and comprehensive parameters.

Breast cancer, accounting for 17.1% of the female cancers, is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among women in China. Current treatment strategies based on the breast cancer subtype have remarkably improved the prognosis, however, obstacles remain. It’s of great importance to elucidate problems, including the tumor heterogeneity, metastases and therapeutic resistance, to promote therapeutic efficacy. Single-cell RNA sequencing is a novel method that enables unbiased, high-throughput and high-resolution transcriptomic analysis at the single-cell level. It could profile intratumor gene expression features at single-cell resolution and improve our understanding of breast cancer. This review illustrated the application of single-cell RNA sequencing in breast cancer from diverse aspects to obtain further knowledge of this emerging technology and provided new insights into breast cancer research.

An investigation was undertaken to assess the potential for heavy metal leaching from gold tailings (GTs) when used GTs as fine aggregate for concrete. The leaching behavior in different pH leaching solutions and long-term leaching features of gold tailings concrete were studied. A kinetic model was used to predict the total amount of heavy metal leaching that will occur in next thirty years. The results reveal that the levels of Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb, Mn and Cu in GTs exceed the natural levels of these elements found in Chinese soil. Significantly, the leaching of Ba, Cd, Pb, Mn and Cu is more evident. GTs content shows a positive correlation with the leaching amount of heavy metals, and the cumulative leaching amount of heavy metals drops dramatically after 16 d. Based on 30 years leaching amount prediction, the leaching amount of Pb, Cu and Ba is 2 - 3 mg / L, while the leaching amount of Cd, Cr and Mn is less than 1 mg / L. These findings indicate that the GTs is sufficiently cured in concrete, thereby reducing the risk of long-term leaching of heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radioactive jaw necrosis is a serious complication of head and neck radiotherapy. This complication 􀆳s main characteristics are chronic necrosis and infection, and its clinical manifestations are local pain, mouth opening re⁃ striction, speech disorder, dysphagia, exposure of dead bone, prolonged healing of facial and neck soft tissue fistula, and even pathological fracture, which brings great pain to the patient􀆳s body and mind. Radioactive jaw necrosis has become a clinical problem in the field of medicine, specifically for maxillofacial surgery of the external head and neck. The pathogenesis of radiation⁃induced jaw necrosis is still unclear, but high radiotherapy dose, extraction of teeth after radio⁃ therapy and surgical trauma are recognized as high⁃risk factors. The diagnosis of radiation⁃induced jaw necrosis needs to be combined with the patient􀆳s radiotherapy history, clinical symptoms and imaging examination. Conservative or sur⁃ gical treatment should be selected according to its clinical classification and stages, and the prevention of radiation⁃in⁃ duced jaw necrosis should be emphasized. The key points are to remove dental caries, residual roots and crowns before radiotherapy; improve radiotherapy technology; and take preventive measures against high⁃risk factors. In recent years, the diagnosis and treatment of radiation⁃induced jaw necrosis has gradually become standardized and individualized. This article reviews the progress of treatment and research on radiation⁃induced jaw necrosis at home and abroad in terms of its definition, etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment and prevention to provide reference for clinical treat⁃ ment.

Soil nutrients of samples, from the reclaimed area and primary landform in the iron mining wasteland of 54 areas in 17 counties of Hebei province, were detected to clarify the soil nutrients status in the reclamation area. Soil organic matter contents from primary landforms and reclaimed areas were slightly deficient, deficient, or extremely deficient in most cities. In the primary landform, soil available nitrogen content was slightly deficient or much less, except for Qinhuangdao, Chengde, and Zhangjiakou. Soil available phosphorus contents were medium levels or slightly deficient levels. Soil available potassium contents were abundant or extremely deficient levels in different cities' samples. In the reclaimed area, soil available nitrogen contents were deficient levels and extremely deficient levels. Soil available phosphorus was slightly abundant and medium level. Soil available potassium was changed from a slight level to extremely deficient, except for Qinhuangdao. In a word, soil available nutrients in the reclaimed iron mining area, such as available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium, were low levels, which will provide a theoretical basis for soil fertility improvement during mining area reclamation in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Whole-body cell analysis of organisms is one of the major challenges in biomedicine. Tissue optical clearing technique combined with optical imaging and image processing technique can make the whole organ or the body transparent rapidly for structural and cellular analyses, providing a very promising solution for the application of advanced optical technique in life science. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the principle and process of tissue optical clearing technique, to summarize the research progress of tissue optical clearing technique, to present imaging technology for tissue clearing, and to discuss the application of tissue optical clearing technique in biomedical researches. METHODS: The first author searched relevant literatures in PubMed database with the keywords of "tissue optical clearing technique, tissue optical clearing, whole-body imaging and 3D imaging". A total of 168 articles were initially retrieved. After sorting and screening systematically, 72 literatures were included for analysis, summary and discussion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Current tissue optical clearing protocols are divided into two groups: solvent-based clearing methods and hydrophilic reagent-based clearing methods. Tissue clearing is usually conducted by the following steps: (a) tissue fixation, (b) permeabilization, (c) decolorization, and (d) refractive index matching. Tissue optical clearing technique can rapidly transform tissue into an optically transparent form, improving imaging depth and contrast. Combined with microscope imaging techniques such as confocal, two-photon and light sheet microscopes, tissue clearing can achieve 3D imaging of the whole organ or body at cellular resolution, accelerating the process of whole-body cell analysis of organisms. Tissue optical clearing technique will continue to evolve in the future, promote the development of new clearing reagents and clearing optimized microscopes, further enhance the acquisition of structural and molecular information from intact systems and contribute to the comprehensive understanding of whole biological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the study of chemical composition, performance and microstructure characteristics of the ceramsite, the obtained conclusion is: Fe2O3 in tailings can reduce the sintering temperature and promote the formation of crystal phase. However, when the content of Fe2O3 is too much, the Al2O3/SiO2 and RO contents determine the formation of the mullite and pyroxene phases, which plays an important role in the ceramsite structure. Differential thermal analysis proves that in the higher strength ceramsite, different crystal phases are produced at 1140 °C, which is an exothermic reaction. Meanwhile, Fe2O3 will be reduced by C to produce gas, which promotes the formation of ceramsite pores. However, at 1160 °C, the internal liquid phase of ceramsite will increase, and the pores will become closed pores, resulting in higher ceramsite strength and lower density. The ceramsite sintered with the unique iron tailings in southern Shaanxi meets the requirements of Class 900 ceramsite according to GB/T 17431.1-2010. The sintering temperature is 1160 °C and optimal mass ratio is tailings:bentonite-bauxite=70:20:10, the ceramsite possesses bulk density of 832 kg/m³ and compressive strength of 8.04 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a large number of Late Paleozoic volcanic rocks existing in Karamaili area, recording the activities of the Siberia plate and the Kazakhstan-Junggar plate. This paper systematically analyzes the lithofacics and geochemical characteristics of the basic volcanic rocks in Shuangquan gold mine of Karamaili, and discusses the geotectonic environment and its significance. The basic volcanic rocks of Shuangquan gold mine belong to the peraluminous and calc-alkaline rock series, and the rocks are rich in potassium and magnesium and are poor in sodium and calcium. The magmatic hydrothermal source may be the crust and mantle mixed magma of the lower crust or upper mantle. At the same time, the abundance of large ion lithophile elements is low, enriching light rare earth elements, and significantly depleting high field strength elements, showing the rock characteristics of the continental and oceanic plates in which island are volcanic rocks and crust are assimilated. The characteristics of the island arc volcanic rocks are shown on the environmental structure discriminant diagram. It is speculated that it is likely to he formed in the fore-arc tension environment affected by the oceanic ridge subduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze the device characteristics of spin Hall effect based MRAM (SHE-RAM) element with lateral dimension below 100 nm, demagnetizing factors of the elliptic nano-magnets are introduced, and the switching dynamics of the in-plane SHE-RAM are investigated. Analytic expressions for threshold current density are presented and verified by the comparison with macro-spin and micromagnetic modeling. Moreover, the geometric dependence of the thermal stability and switching current density under room temperature are investigated. It is found that these key parameters can be effectively improved by proper geometric design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, drug resistance resulted from the extensive abuse and over-use of antibiotics has posed a great threat to human health. Scholars have conducted numerous studies on the impacts of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in different types of environments. Aerosol is not only a potential reservoir for ARGs, but also an important route for transmission of ARGs in the environment. However, a systematic summary of its sources, transmission, human exposure, and health risks is lacking. This review focused on four types of typical sites for aerosol research: human functional living places, farms, urban wastewater treatment plants, and hospitals. The sources, transmission routes, human exposure, and health risks of ARGs in the aerosol of these four typical sites were reviewed. This article also provides a reference for prevention and control of ARGs in aerosols.

The development of high-throughput sequencing techniques enabled a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of environmental microbiology. Specifically, the third-generation sequencing techniques represented by nanopore sequencing have greatly promoted the development of environmental microbiology research due to its advantages such as long sequencing reads, fast sequencing speed, real-time monitoring of sequencing data, and convenient machine carrying, as well as no GC bias and no PCR amplification requirement. This review briefly summarized the technical principle and characteristics of nanopore sequencing, followed by discussing the application of nanopore sequencing techniques in the amplicon sequencing, metagenome sequencing and whole genome sequencing of environmental microorganisms. The advantages and challenges of nanopore sequencing in the application of environmental microbiology research were also analyzed.

"The Expert Group on Tumor Ablation Therapy of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, The Tumor Ablation Committee of Chinese College of Interventionalists, The Society of Tumor Ablation Therapy of Chinese Anti-Cancer Association and The Ablation Expert Committee of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology" have organized multidisciplinary experts to formulate the consensus for thermal ablation of pulmonary subsolid nodules or ground-glass nodule (GGN). The expert consensus reviews current literatures and provides clinical practices for thermal ablation of GGN. The main contents include: (1) clinical evaluation of GGN, (2) procedures, indications, contraindications, outcomes evaluation and related complications of thermal ablation for GGN and (3) future development directions.
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During the COVID-19 epidemic, our national guidelines have suggested that surgical patients should wear a mask to decrease the potential transmission of COVID-19 in the operating room, as long as the condition allows. However, so far, there is no study to discuss the influence of wearing a mask on the ventilation and blood oxygenation status in patients of spontaneous breathing with supplementary oxygen through an anesthetic facemask. This is a before-after study in the same patient, and 10 healthy volunteers were recruited, by testing the arterial blood gas parameters at key time points before and after oxygen inhalation to evaluate the effects of two different supplementary oxygen methods ('disposable medical mask + anesthetic facemask' and 'anesthetic facemask only') on the oxygenation of subjects. Our data demonstrated whether wearing a disposable medical mask or not could effectively increase the oxygen supply of the subjects compared with the basic value before oxygen inhalation; however, compared with the group without mask, the arterial oxygen partial (PaO 2 ) reduced significantly at each time points when subjects wearing a disposable medical mask. There was no significant difference in other parameters, and our data showed that age growth and smoking had no significant effects on the difference of PaO 2 between the groups with and without masks. This study demonstrates effective oxygen supplementation through anesthetic facemask in subjects with spontaneous breathing who is wearing a disposable medical mask, whose pulse oxygen saturation and arterial oxygen saturation can reach 100% rapidly, and this provides a theoretical basis for the management of patients with disseminated respiratory diseases to wear masks in the operating room; however, the rate and amount of PaO 2 increase are both decreased as compared to those who is not wearing a disposable medical mask during supplementary oxygenation. Whether this difference will affect the clinical outcome needs further study.

Background: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has become one of the local treatment for inoperable early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study observes effectiveness and safety of computed tomography (CT) guided RFA followed intratumoral chemotherapy (RFA-ITC)., Methods: From 2005 to 2015, our group perspectively enrolled inoperable early stage NSCLC underwent RFA-ITC duo to poor cardiopulmonary function or with other diseases or patient can't tolerate or reject surgery. RFA was performed by a directive apparatus assisted CT guided semi real-time and step-by-step puncture method, conformal umbrella-shaped electrode and single or multiple targets ablation. While the plan finished and CT showed normal lung tissue around the tumor present ground-glass opacity (GGO), the procedure ended, then 200 mg of carboplatinum were injected into the tumor via the electrode needle. Safety and effectiveness were evaluated by follow-up., Results: Technical success rates of 125 RFA-ITC treatments of 110 patients were 100%. The median survival was 48.0 months, overall survival (OS) was 55.4 months, progression-free survival was 55.1 months, 1, 2, 3, 5-year OS rates were 100%, 90.7%, 62.7%, 21.9%, respectively. Survival of GGO presence or not was 68.3 months and 40.1 months, respectively (P=0.001). The survival rates of the N1 staging and tumor size was no significant difference. No perioperative deaths occurred, the main complications i.e. pneumothorax, pulmonary hemorrhage, pleural effusion, fever, intraoperative chest pain, subcutaneous emphysema, intraoperative cough were slight and tolerable., Conclusions: CT guided RFA-ITC provides a good method for treatment of inoperable early stage NSCLC with better survival, less complication and small damage.
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Objective: To analyse population pharmacokinetic (PPK) parameter values of ciprofloxacin in Chinese elderly patients with lower respiratory tract infection., Methods: Hospitalized in Respiratory Intensive Care Unit (RICU) due to severe lower respiratory tract infection and at high risks of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 43 consecutive elderly patients received an intravenous infusion of ciprofloxacin at a dose of 200/400 mg every 12/24 h empirically. Plasma samples were drawn from Day 4 and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 h after infusion. The serum concentrations of ciprofloxacin were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ciprofloxacin population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted by the NONMEM 7.3.0 software., Results: Forty patients aged (78 ± 9) years completed the study. A total of 210 serum concentrations were detected. The mean values of clearance and volume of distribution (V1) were 17.8 L/h and 49.8 L respectively. The serum creatinine level influenced ciprofloxacin according to the equation: Clearance - 17.8 × [1 - 0.001 3 × (serum creatinine - 67)] × e(η1i) × 0.659(n) (at a dose of 200 mg, n - 1, at a dose of 400 mg, n - 0; ηi for inter individual random variation). The values of clearance and V1 were multiplied by 0.659 at a dose of 200 mg. At the doses of 200 and 400 mg, the maximum steady-state concentrations (C(max)) were (4.2 ± 1.1) and (5.3 ± 1.21) mg/L, the minimum steady-state concentrations (C(min)) (1.1 ± 1.1) and (0.8 ± 0.4) mg/L and the area under concentration-time curve measured in steady-state up to 24 h after dosing (AUC(0-24 h)) were (45.5 ± 28.1) and (47.2 ± 11.3) mg · h · L⁻¹ respectively., Conclusions: The clearance of ciprofloxacin in elderly patients significantly decreases as compared with adult patients. Ciprofloxacin PPK model shows a significant influence of serum creatinine level on ciprofloxacin clearance. A single dose of 400 mg may increase serum drug concentration, but causes no in vivo drug retention.

Objective: To assess the clinical value of HPV genotyping in follow-up after treatment for cervical high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL)., Methods: Two hundred and thirty eight patients with HSIL receiving conization in Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from Dec, 2006 to Jan, 2009 were accrued in our study. All the patients were prospectively observed after conization every 6 months for 3 times or till histologically confirmed recurrence. The items in every visit included pelvic examination, cervical cytology and HPV genotyping. Twenty-one HPV genotypes were detected by PCR-hybridization method. The last follow-up was July 31, 2010, and the median follow-up time was 28.3 months (range 6.5-43.0 months). Kaplan-Meire method as used for analyzed the median recurrent time, and the relationships between HPV status and recurrent disease were calculated by and log-rank test and Cox-regression model., Results: Among the 238 patients, 110 cases (46.2%, 110/238) had positive result of HPV DNA testing at any visit. The most common HPV types detected in follow-up were HPV16 (45.6%), HPV58 (26.5%), and HPV52 (16.9%). There was no correlation between recurrent disease and any individual high risk HPV infections (P>0.05). Seventeen recurrent cases (7.1%) were identified in 238 patients within a median recurrent time of 14.9 months (range 6.0-32.1 months). In univariate analyses, HPV positive at any visit, persistent infection, multiple infection, type specific persistent infection and positive HPV at 18 months after conization were indicators for residual/recurrent disease (P<0.05). In multivariate analysis, only multiple HPV infection (HR=8.6, 95% CI: 1.8-41.7, P=0.008) and type specific persistent HPV infection (HR=5.1, 95% CI: 1.0-24.8, P=0.042) had an elevated risk of recurrent disease., Conclusions: HSIL with multiple HPV infection and type specific persistent HPV infection in follow-up are at high risk of recurrent disease. Patients with HPV turning into negative within 18 months after treatment have a low risk of recurrence.

Objective: To investigate the survival and recurrence data after treatment in neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix (NECUC) with stage Ib-IIa, and to analyse its prognostic factors., Methods: Thirty-two cases of primary NECUC in early-stage disease treated from Jan. 2005 to Dec. 2013 at Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences were reviewed, and their data of clinicopathologic characteristics were collected and analysed. The median age was 37 years (range, 23-57 years). The distribution by International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) clinical stage: 19 cases stage Ib1, 10 cases stage Ib2, 1 case stage IIa1, 2 cases stage IIa2. Pathologic types: 22 cases of small cell carcinoma, 1 case of atypical carcinoid, 9 cases of mixed carcinoma. The diameter of cervical tumor: 12 cases ≥4 cm, 20 cases <4 cm. All patients underwent radical hysterectomy and pelvic ± para-aortic lymphadenectomy, and 15 cases of them were preserved unilateral or bilateral ovaries. Pathologic examination showed that 25 cases with cervical deep stromal invasion thickness ≥1/2, 21 cases with lymph-vascular space invasion (LVSI), and 18 cases with pelvic and (or) para-aortic lymph nodes involvement. Ten cases were performed neoadjuvant chemotherapy (range,1-3 cycles), all patients received postoperative chemotherapy (range,3-6 cycles), and 15 patients were treated with radiotherapy after surgery. The follow-up data were updated on Jul. 2014. The median follow-up time was 18 months (range, 7-71 months). A retrospective analysis was conducted to analyse the survival and recurrence data,and to explore the prognostic factors of NECUC., Results: Thirteen patients died during the follow-up period. The cumulative progression-free survival (PFS) of 2 and 5 years were respectively 54.2% and 38.1%, and the estimated median PFS was 29 months. The cumulative overall survival (OS) of 2 and 5 years were respectively 56.1% and 44.9%, and the estimated median OS was 31 months. Fourteen cases had recurrence, and the median recurrence time was 9 months (range, 3-30 months). Recurrent or metastatic sites: 2 cases in pelvis, 4 cases in liver, 3 cases in lung, 3 cases in adrenal glands, 3 cases in bones, 2 cases in brain, 1 case in pancreas, 1 case in lymph nodes of para-aorta and neck, and 3 cases had metastasis in two or more organs. Thirteen cases with recurrence died of disease, and another one is alive with disease. The univariate analysis showed that lesion size of the cervix and FIGO stage were significant prognostic factors (P<0.01), while age, tumor components, deep invasion in cervical stromal, LVSI, pelvic and (or) para-aortic lymph nodes involvement, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, adjuvant radiotherapy and preserving ovaries were not significantly associated with prognosis (all P>0.05)., Conclusion: The prognosis of NECUC in early-stage is poor and the lesion size of the cervix and FIGO stage are prognostic factors.

Objective: To investigate the safety of ovarian preservation for stage I endometrial carcinomas in women aged 40 years and younger., Methods: Seventy-five cases of stage I endometrial cancer aged 40 years and younger from Jan 1999 to Jan 2012 were treated in Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. They were further divided into two groups: 20 patients who underwent ovarian preservation (group A) and 55 patients who underwent oophorectomy (group B). Clinical and pathological recordings of these patients were reviewed and compared., Results: In the group A, there were 13 patients preserved both ovaries, and 7 patients preserved a single ovary. While there were no significant differences in the age, body mass index, surgical staging, histology, grade, cytology of peritoneal lavage or ascites, and postoperative treatment between two groups (all P > 0.05). The differences in the level of CA125 [25% (5/20) versus 18% (10/55)] and number of patients underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy [35% (7/20) versus 84% (46/55)] were statistically significant between two groups (all P < 0.05). Of seventy-five cases, only two patients relapsed and all survived after a median follow-up time of 31.7 months (range: 0 to 160 months). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed no difference in overall survival (100.0% versus 100.0%) and disease free survival (90.0% versus 95.5%) between two groups (P = 0.579)., Conclusions: Ovarian preservation has no statistically significant impact on the survival of young patients with stage Ia, well differentiated endometrial cancer. Large-scale, prospective clinical studies are needed to validate the safety of ovarian preservation for those patients.

Objective: To explore the nature history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) including type at onset, involvement of region, patterns of spread, survival time and prognosis., Methods: A total of 86 patients with sporadic ALS underwent follow-ups at 6-month intervals. Symptom appearances were determined by the revised version ALS functional rating scale. The data were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier curves, t test and variance., Results: Their median survival time was 33 months. Median survival time with combined type onset (combined-type ALS<1) defined as involvement of two regions within 1 month of initial presentation was 12 months; Median survival time with combined type onset (combined-type ALS 2-3) defined as involvement of two regions within 2-3 months from single-site onset was 19 months. The median survival time with combined type onset was shorter than with single-site onset. The interval from onset to involvement of a second region was correlated significantly with survival. ALS frequently involved anatomically close to regions in a longitudinal manner and rarely skipped more distantly in disease progression. Early manifestations of bulbar symptoms within 1 year and appearance of respiratory symptoms in patients with normally preserved motor neuron function were associated with a worse survival. Nine patients surviving >5 years had a lower limb onset with a relatively younger age of onset., Conclusion: The patients with combined type onset, shorter time of interval from onset to involvement of a second region, early involvement of bulbar and respiratory functions are associated with poor prognosis. Lower limb and younger age onset may achieve a better survival.

Objective: To investigate the correlation of CD(+)4 T lymphocyte count and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) with periodontal status in HIV-positive patients with periodontitis., Methods: Twenty subjects were selected according to inclusion criteria. The plasmatic CD(+)4 T lymphocytes were counted. All the individuals were divided into three groups, group A (CD(+)4 T lymphocyte count < 200 cell/mm(3)), group B (200 cell/mm(3) ≤ CD(+)4 T lymphocyte count ≤ 500 cell/mm(3)) and group C (CD(+)4 T lymphocyte count > 500 cell/mm(3)). Periodontal indexes, including plaque index(PLI), bleeding index(BI), attachment level(AL) and probing depth(PD) were recorded.GCF samples were taken from 120 index teeth by means of sterile paper strips.GCF PGE2 levels were determined by radioimmunoassays. Mann-Whitney was used to compare the periodontal indexes and PGE2 levels among the three groups. Partial correlations and Spearman correlations were applied to analyze the correlation of CD(+)4 T lymphocytes count and PGE2 in gingival crevicular fluid with periodontal status., Results: BI value, PGE2 concentration and total PGE2 were 3.00(2.00), 90.75(30.60) µg/L, 447.58 (243.08) pg in group B, which were higher than those in group A[2.00(1.25), 79.75(30.50) µg/L and 339.52 (200.97) pg respectively] and group C[2.00(1.00), 73.38 (14.83) µg/L and 299.18 (108.33) pg respectively] (P < 0.0167). But the differences of PD and AL among the three groups were not significantly different(P > 0.0167). The correlations were observed between CD(+)4 T lymphocyte count and BI for the subpopulations with CD(+)4 T lymphocyte count <200 cells/mm(3) (r = 0.657, P < 0.05) and between 200-500 cells/mm(3) (r = -0.369, P < 0.05). PGE2 concentration was negatively correlated with BI, PD and AL (P < 0.05), and total PGE2 was positively correlated with PD and AL(P < 0.05)., Conclusions: There was an association between the periodontal status and CD(+)4 T lymphocyte count in HIV(+) patients.GCF PGE2 level was related to periodontal parameters including BI, PD and AL.

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness and mechanism of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGMCSF) gel on wound debridement and healing of deep II thickness burn., Methods: Between December 2008 and December 2010, 58 patients with deep II thickness burn, accorded with the inclusive criteria, were collected. There were 36 males and 22 females with an average age of 32.4 years (range, 12-67 years). The causes were hot liquid in 38 cases and fire in 20 cases. The time from injury to treatment was 1-3 days (mean, 2.1 days). In this randomized, double-blind, and self-control study, all patients were randomly divided into 2 groups, wounds were treated with rhGMCSF gel (test group) or gel matrix (control group). There was no significant difference in wound area between 2 groups (P > 0.05). The time of completed removal eschar and the percentage of removal-area of eschar were recorded at 2, 6, 10, 14, and 18 days during healing process. The time of wound healing was also recorded., Results: Compared with control group, the necrotic tissues on the burn wound got soft in test group at 4 days after treatment. At 6 days, they loosened and eventually sloughed off. The wound bed presented in red and white, followed by rapidly growing granulation tissues. Except 18 days after treatment, there were significant differences in the percentage of removal-area of eschar between 2 groups (P < 0.05). The time of completed removal eschar in test group [(7.71 +/- 2.76) days] was significantly shorter than that in control group [(14.71 +/- 3.63) days] (t = 13.726, P = 0.000). The time of wound healing in test group was (18.41 +/- 2.47) days, which was significantly shorter than that in control group [(23.58 +/- 3.35) days] (t = 15.763, P = 0.000)., Conclusion: Compared with the gel matrix, the rhGMCSF gel may promote wound debridement and healing in deep II thickness burn.

Objective: To study the liposoluble ingredients of Quchiling (LQ), which enter the blood and the brain,and to confirm the active ingredients of LQ in vivo., Method: Serum pharmacochemistry and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy were used to analyze ingredients of LQ entering the blood and the brain., Result: There were eleven ingredients of LQ to enter the blood and six ingredients of LQ to enter the brain., Conclusion: It is confirmed that eleven ingredients of LQ entered the blood, which are beta-asarone, schisandrol A, schisandrol B, deoxyschisandrin, schisandrin B, schisantherrin A, schisantherrin B, schisantherrin C, delta-cadinene, delta-cadinol and calamendiol in the blood, and that six ingredients are beta-asarone, schisandrol A, schisandrol B, deoxyschisandrin, schisandrin B and calamendiol in the brain.

Objective: To study the analgesic effect and mechanism of bornyl acetate, the main ingredient of Amomum Villosum Volatile oil., Methods: The analgesic effects were tested by pressing tail method. The I, and II phase pain were observed with the pain model caused by formalin test. Influence of naloxone antagonism test on analgesic effect of bornyl acetate., Results: Bornyl acetate produced obvious analgesic effects on pain models induced by pressing tail. Bornyl acetate had inhibitory effect on I and II phase pain in formalin inducing pain model animals. Analgesic effect induced by Bornyl acetate wasn't significantly reduced by naloxone., Conclusion: Bornyl acetate shows analgesic effects. The analgesic site may locate in both central and peripheral nervous system. Its analgesic action way not be related to the opioid receptor.

Objective: To study analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of bornyl acetate, the main ingredient of Amomum villosum volatile oil., Methods: The analgesic effects were tested by hot-plate and writhing reaction method, the ear swelling caused by dimethylbenzene in mice., Results: Bornyl acetate could restrain writhing reaction caused by acetic acid glacial, lighten the pain caused by hot-plate. It could also suppress ear swelling caused by dimethylbenzene in mice., Conclusion: Bornyl acetate shows analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Objective: This study were designed to investigate the inhibition of matrine on C6 glioma cell line and its mechanism., Methods: MTT was used to measure the levels of the proliferation of C6 cultured with matrine in different concentrations. The effects of matrine on cell cycle of C6 were observed by FCM. The expression of proto-oncogenes C-myc was measured by RT-PCR., Result: The proliferation of C6 was obviously inhibited by matrine in a dose dependent manner. The inhibitory rate came to 53.8% +/- 5.6%, when cultured with matrine at 0.20 g/L. The outcome of FCM showed that the proportion of G0/G1 phase cells was decreased obviously, the proportion of S phase cells was reduced when cultured with matrine at 0.20 g/L in 3 days. The outcome of RT-PCR showed that the expression of proto-oncogene C-myc was notably decreased when the dose of matrine was increased., Conclusion: Matrine can inhibit the proliferation of C6 and inhibit the expression of proto-oncogenc C-myc.

Objective: To observe inhibiting effect of ethanol extract from Achyranthes bidentata (Nx-E) on A beta 42 on (beta-amyloid protein 42) aggregation and fibril formation., Methods: A beta 42 and Nx-E were incubated in 37 degrees C, 5%, CO2 incubator first, fibril formation was monitored by thioflavine-T fluorescence and was observed with transmission electron microscopy., Results: At 7 days, 1 microgram.microL-1 A beta 42 fluorescence intensity was significantly increased, and much amyloid-like fibril was observed. A beta 42 co-incubated with 15 and 30 micrograms.microL-1 Nx-E for 7 days, their fluorescence intensities were remarkably reduced, few fibrils but an amorphous material were often observed., Conclusions: After 1 microgram.microL-1 A beta 42 was incubated alone up to 7 days, A beta 42 aggregated and amyloid-like fibril formed. 15 and 30 micrograms.microL-1 Nx-E can prevent A beta 42 from polymerizing to some extent.

Objective: To study pharmacokinetics of ferulic acid and paeoniflorin that are two chief active compounds in Angelic-Paeonia Root Powder (APRP)., Methods: After the mice were administered by APRP through ig, HPLC was used to determine ferulic acid and paeoniflorin concentration in serum at different times. 3P87 procedure was used to process concentration-time data., Results: Ferulic acid and paeoniflorin were detected from serum in the mice. The pharmacokinetics parameters were: Ferulic acid: Ke = 0.330 +/- 0.085 1/h, Ka = 0.555 +/- 0.133 1/h, t1/2(ka) = 1.249 +/- 0.365 h, t1/2(ke) = 2.101 +/- 0.665 h, Tpeak = 2.606 +/- 0.586 h, Cmax = 6.372 +/- 1.510 mg.L-1, AUC = 41.399 +/- 11.763 mg.h-1.L-1; Paeoniflorin: Ke = 0.511 +/- 0.117 1/h, Ka = 0.656 +/- 0.121 1/h, t1/2(Ka) = 1.056 +/- 0.263 h, t1/2(Ke) = 1.356 +/- 0.281 h, Tpeak = 2.062 +/- 0.396 h, Cmax = 3.401 +/- 0.879 mg.L-1, AUC = 16.047 +/- 3.767 mg.L-1. The present research provided valuable data for rational clinical practice of APRP.

Objective: The effects of different concentration Kadsura heteroclita extract (HS2) on the growth of newborn rat hippocampal neurons were observed by means of dissociated cell culture., Methods: The newborn rat hippocampal neurons were cultured with different level HS2. The convert phase microscope was used to analyse the number and the length of neurites, as well as the maximum diameter of hippocampal neurons soma. The survival neurons count and LDH assay were carried out to investigate the effect of HS2 on the growth and development of neurons in different culture time., Results: After 36h, the number and the length of neurites of 1 mg/ml HS2 group were increased and the maximum diameter of hippocampal neurons soma did not change. The 0.2 mg/ml HS2 group did not show statistical difference as compared with the control group, while 8 mg/ml HS2 inhibited notably the growth of neurons. The number of survival neurons of 1 mg/ml HS2 group was more than that of the control group, and the LDH activity of 1 mg/ml HS2 group was lower in different culture time., Conclusion: This study suggested that suitable dose HS2 can promote the growth and development of hippocampal neurons.

Objective: Leptin is involved in the regulation of body weight and metabolism. Previous data have suggested that leptin levels are related to insulin resistance and in a few reports with impaired insulin secretion. Some even revealed the existence of adipoinsular axis. However, little is known of these relations in Chinese population. With the availability of measurements of true insulin (TI), proinsulin (PI) and leptin, we examined the possible correlation of leptin with TI, PI and with insulin resistance (the HOMA model) in non-diabetic subjects of north China. We also evaluated whether leptin levels were associated with impaired insulin secretion, as evaluated by the fasting PI/TI ratio., Methods: 902 non-diabetic subjects (670 with normal and 232 impaired glucose tolerance, aged 30 - 80 y) from a population of Beijing residents who underwent a diabetes survey in 2000 were studied. Fasting serum leptin, PI and TI levels were detected by sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) which were all developed in our laboratory., Results: Serum leptin values were higher in women. Correlation analysis showed that leptin levels were significantly correlated with fasting TI, PI and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (in men, n = 794, r = 0.345, 0.236 and 0.364 respectively; in women, n = 110, r = 0.574, 0.375 and 0.576 respectively, P < 0.001), but not with PI/TI ratio (r = -0.09, P < 0.01) in both sex. After adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), leptin levels remained significantly correlated with TI, PI and HOMA-IR, although the magnitude of the association was considerably attenuated., Conclusions: TI and PI levels were positively related to leptin levels independent of obesity and body fat distribution. Thus, subjects with increased insulin levels and/or insulin resistance may be relatively resistant to the effects of leptin, suggesting a dysfunction of leptin-insulin axis. However, leptin levels are not significantly associated with the fasting PI/TI ratio suggesting that leptin levels are not associated with an impairment in insulin secretion. The role of association between hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance and hyperleptinemia/leptin resistance in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance-related diseases needs further study.

Objective: To understand the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary cryptococcosis., Methods: Patients diagnosed as having pulmonary cryptococcosis in the past 15 years were retrospectively studied. Their demographic data, respiratory symptoms, diagnostic methods, chest radiograph, immune state, antifungal therapy and follow-up results were analyzed., Results: Thirty cases of cryptococcosis were diagnosed, of which 7 were diagnosed as having pulmonary cryptococcosis, one of them presented with concomitant meningitis. Of the 7 patients, 4 were male and 3 were female, with a median age of 41.8. All were HIV negative; one case was immunocompromised with a history of colon cancer and glucocorticoid therapy for 8 months, while others were immunocompetent. Three patients complained of low fever or cough and sputum, while 4 others presented no symptoms. The X-ray and chest CT showed unilateral or bilateral patches, nodules or cavities. The diagnosis was made by pathology and bacterial culture of sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Amphotericin B plus flucytosine were initially given to 4 patients, all of them developed liver and renal abnormalities to some degree after therapy. Three patients were given fluconazole or itraconazole initially. All the 7 patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis responded favorably to antifungal therapy and the prognosis was good., Conclusions: Clinically pulmonary cryptococcosis was less common than cryptococcal meningitis. Pathology and cryptococcal culture were essential to the diagnosis. For immunocompetent patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis, the prognosis was good.

Objective: To identify Citrus grandis var. tomentosa Hort. and Citrus grandis Osbeck., Methods: Descriptions and microscopy identification., Results: There are nonglandular hair in the stem epidermis, many starch grains in the stem cortex and many prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate in the phloem of C. grandis var. tomentosa Hart. The palisade tissues of the leave are thick. The outer layer palisade tissues contains prismatic crystals. The cortex of leaf vein is thick. The other characters are similar to C. grandis Osbeck., Conclusion: Above-mentioned characters can be used to identify C. grandis var. tomentosa Hort. and C. grandis Osbeck.

Objective: To explore the relation between dendritic cell (DC) and the persistence of HCV in chronic hepatitis C., Methods: The mononuclear cells were separated from the peripheral blood and cultured with the AIM-V serum-free culture to induce DC. The shape and the ultrastructure of DC, the phenotype of DC, the capacity of DC to induce allogeneicly naive T cell proliferation and the level of cytokines in supernant were investigated., Results: The expression rate of CD(86) in HCV-DC was (52.4 +/- 13.3)%, which was obviously lower than that of normal-DC [(83.7 +/- 15.8)%, P < 0.01]; The capacity of proliferation of HCV-DC to induce allogeneic T cell (cpm: 19 245 +/- 2 788) was obviously lower than that of the normal-DC (cpm: 26 529 +/- 3 218) (P < 0.01); In mixed lymphocyte reaction, the average of IL-12 p(40) and interferon (IFN)gamma in HCV-DC was (404 +/- 103) ng/L and (7 891 +/- 821) ng/L, which was obviously lower than (802 +/- 205) ng/L and (13 490 +/- 1 554) ng/L of the normal-DC (P < 0.005)., Conclusion: The function of DC in patients with chronic hepatitis C is decreased, suggesting that it is related to the persistent infection of HCV.