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Objective To explore effects of Dihydromyricetin (DHM) on experimental colitis and regulatory B cells(Breg) of mice. Methods The mice were randomly divided into control group, DSS group, DSS+DHM group and DSS+ mesalazine group (4% DSS for 7 days). After 7 days, the mice were respectively gavaged with water (0.2 mL/d),DHM (40 mg/kg·d) and mesalazine (520 mg/kg·d) for 7 consecutive days and the disease activity index (DAI) was continuously recorded. The animals were sacrificed on the 14th day and the colon length was measured. The colon tissue sections were microscopied with HE staining. CD19+B lymphocytes and Breg(CD19+CD5+CD1d+) were determined by flow cytometry in splenic single cell suspension; real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the relative mRNA level of IL-10,TGF-β,IL-6 and IFN-γin spleen cells. The effect of DHM on the proliferation of spleen cells was measured by CCK8. DHM (40 μmol/L) was selected to act on the spleen cell suspension for 24 h. flow cytometry was used to detect the ratio of Breg (CD19+CD5+CD1d+). Results Compared with the normal group, DAI and pathological score of DSS group were significantly higher, and the colon length was significantly decreased(P＜0.05); The proportion of CD19+ B cells vs. Breg (CD19+CD5+CD1d+) was significantly decreased, the inflammatory factors were significantly increased, and the anti-inflammatory factors were obviously decreased (P＜0.05). Compared with DSS group, DSS+DHM group and DSS+Mesalazine group significantly reversed the situation (P＜0.05); It was fond in vitro experiment that DHM significantly promoted the proliferation of spleen cells and Breg (P＜0.05). Conclusions DDHM has obvious therapeutic effect in experimental colitis mice, which may be related to the promotion of Breg proliferation and of secretion of anti-inflammatory factors IL-10 and TGF-β.

The broadband agile frequency technology is used in pulse-to-pulse random frequency agility pulse Doppler fuze to make tracking or copying fuze signal with difficulty for jammer. It can resolve target detection problem of radio fuze that is in the environment of deceptive jamming based on DRFM, and can reduce the influence of suppression jamming to fuze. This paper introduces the working principle and the composition of the pulse-to-pulse random frequency agility pulse Doppler fuze, then makes the simulation analysis for anti-jamming performance of the fuze, and analyzes and optimizes the effect of pulse-to-pulse random frequency agility on target detection. The simulation results show that the fuze based on pulse-to-pulse random frequency agility technology has good anti-jamming performance.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common dementia in the aged population and is characterizd by hidden attack and progressive development. Some studies showed that exosomal microRNAs(miRNAs) regulates the shearing of amyloid precusor protein,deposition of beta-amyloid peptides(Aβ) and phosphorylation of Tau protein, influencing the generation of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In addition, special miRNAs can be transpor-ted by exsome across blood-brain-barrier and inhibit Tau phosphorylation. Measuring the expression profile of exosomal miRNAs in the peripheral blood may be a non-invasive diagnosis and treatment method of AD.

Abnormal expression of GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) and its receptor(RET) are associated with the emergence and development of tumors in the digestive system. GDNF and RET are associated with peripheral nerve invasion with a dose-dependent manner in pancreatic cancer, while RET(-) cancer cells lose the ability to invade and destroy nerves. RET mutations promote the proliferation, migration and survival of colon cancer cells, and are associated with poor prognosis of colon cancer patients. GDNF can promote the angiogenesis of liver cancer tissues independently of vasogenic growth factor, providing sufficient nutrition for the growth and invasion of tumor cells. Methylation of the GFR 3 promoter was found in gastric cancer, and the degree of methylation was negatively related to postoperative survival of patients.

The effect of bran on rheological property of wheat flour was researched. The national trial strong gluten variety Jinmai 92 was used as raw material to grind flour.The bran addition were 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% with pure flour as negative control group and pure bran as positive control group.The rheological properties were determined by electronic farinograph, electronic extensograph and automatic bubblerin accordance with GB/T 14614-2006, GB/T 14615-2006 and GB/T 14614.4-2005. The results showed thatalong with the bran addition changed from 30% to 5%, the sedimentation value, farinograph stabilizing time and extensograph energy increased gradually, the maximum bubble pressure and Dmax gradually decreased, and blowing curve length, bubble inflation index and bubble deformation energy decreased at first then upward, the ratio of stretch ratio and bubble curve increased first and then decreased. As the bran addition was 5%~25%, the dough strength hreached the level of medium or moderately strong which can be used to make noodles or steamed bread.

BACKGROUND The fluorine content in lithium mica is very high (1.36% to 8.71%), and the leaching rate of lithium during roasting lithium mica minerals decreases gradually with the increase of fluorine content. With increased defluorination of lithium mica, the leaching rate of lithium is also increased accordingly. Therefore, accurate determination of fluorine in lithium mica and control of fluorine content can provide a basis for determining the process conditions, equipment parameters and cost of roasting process. At present, the most common used method for determination of fluorine is the ion selective electrode method. However, the process is complex, the analysis time is long and the blank value is high. X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) is a green and pollution-free method, which is simple, fast and accurate. OBJECTIVES To determine the fluorine content in lithium mica. METHODS The fluorine content in lithium mica was determined by XRF with pressed-powder pellets. The working curve was made from standard material lithium ore and manually prepared calibration material, and the experience coefficient was used to correct the matrix effect and spectral interference. RESULTS The method precision(RSD, n=10) is 1.03% and the detection limit of fluorine is 46±4μg/g. Analytical results of samples synthesized from standard samples acquired by this method are in good agreement with theoretical values. It is demonstrated by actual samples that the determination results are consistent with those of the ion selective electrode method. CONCLUSIONS This method is suitable for determining fluorine in lithium mica with contents ranging from 0.68% to 9.14%.

In the determination of biological samples by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, sample powder pellets pressed by traditional sample preparation technique at 220-440 MPa are not compact and smooth, so the sample room of X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry becomes contaminated by dropped sample powder, which can then influence long term stability. Biological sample powder can be pressed into smooth and compact pellets using high pressure at 1760 MPa, therefore the sample preparation reproducibility is improved to 0.1%-2.6% (RSD, n=5). A method for direct determination of 23 major and minor elements (Al, Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si, Ba, Br, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Ti, V and Zn) in biological samples by Wavelength Dispersion X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry was established on this sample preparation basis. The matrix effects can be corrected by using Rh-Kα(from the X-ray tube target) Compton-scattered radiation and by using the background as the internal standard. The precision of the method is 0.1%-11.3% (RSD) for most elements and the detection limits is 0.08-140.96 μg/g. The feasibility of the proposed method was tested by analyzing several national biological standard materials; the results obtained were consistent with the certified values.

The powder pellet compression method for X-ray Fluorescence analysis is an ideal environmentally friendly sample preparation technique with the added advantages of being simple and having high efficiency. However, due to the impact of particle effects and mineral effects, its measurement error is within about 5%, which hinders the application of this technology in the detection of major elements. Powder pellet technology is mainly used in the determination of trace elements as well as the analysis field with less precision. In this study, the stream sediment and soil reference material were crushed to an average particle size about 4-5 μm within a few minutes by ultra-high-speed planetary pressure prototype. The method of ultra-fine pressed powder pellet sample to determine SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO and other major elements was established by using X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. Measurement precision (RSD) of the method for most of the major elements is less than 2%, and detection limits are 0.003%-0.021%, which is an improvement on the melting method detection limit (0.006%-0.081%), especially for small atomic sodium with four times improvement on the detection limit. The development of this ultra-fine powder compression method for stream sediment and soil, minimizes the impact of the particle size effect by crushing the sample into several microns. X-ray Diffraction analysis demonstrates that the mineral composition of river sediments and soil preparation is dominated by quartz. Therefore, the mineral composition is simple with negligible mineral effect. Measured data with added LOI normalized processing shows that normalized measurements for each element is consistent with the standard value. The accuracy of the method is a significant over the conventional pellet sampling method.

For the determination of Zr in Zircon sand, the spectral line of Zr is mainly used. However, the spectral line of Zr Kα does not reach the saturation thickness for the fused bead, which leads to poor linearity and large errors in the results. The determination of ZrO2, HfO2, SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, TiO2, Fe2O3, MgO, Na2O, Cr2O3, P2O5, and MnO in Zircon sand samples has been developed with fused bead by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer. In this article, a detailed description of the study for the selection of the Zr spectrum line is given. Through theoretical arithmetic, the saturation thickness of the Zr Kα is 6638 μm, which is far beyond the thickness of the fused bead of 2500 μm while the saturation thickness of the Zr Lα is only 20 μm, which is within the range of the bead. Therefore, the Zr Lα is much more suitable than Zr Kα, as mentioned in published articles. The RMS of Zr Kα is 1.03 while the RMS of Zr Lα is 0.39. The accuracy and the precision of the ZrO2 are greatly improved. The respective saturation thickness for Hf Lα and Hf Lβ is 971 μm and 1444 μm. The Hf Lα1 line is overlapped by the second line of Zr Kα, hence, the Hf Lβ line is selected as the analysing line. The mixed flux of Li2B4O7 and LiBO2, the proportion of the flux and sample and the temperature of the fused sample are all optimized. The matrix effect was corrected by the theoretical α coefficient and empirical coefficient. The calculated detection limits of the respective elements coincide with the measured results. The precision of the method (RSD) is 0.1%-10.9%. The results are in agreement with the certified values obtained by chemical methods, which showing that the measured spectral line determined through calculation of saturated thickness of Zr and Hf has certain feasibility.

Chromite analysis is dominated by chemical analysis, which is a wel-established but complicated procedure. Chromite can also be analysed by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF), however, a high-dilution fusion is not conducive to low content elements. In this paper, a method is reported for the determination of multi-elements (Cr, Si, Al, TFe, Mg, Ca and Mn) in chromite by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry with a low-dilution fusion for Li2B4O7 and LiBO2-mixed flux (20:1 reagent to sample). Also discussed in this paper is the effective flux of molten chromite. The working curve was established by a variety of chromite standard substances and manual preparation of standard materials. The inter-element effect was corrected by using the theoretical alpha coefficient with Compton scattered radiation. The results are consistent with the certified values and RSD (n=10) range from 0.2% to 5.3%. The detection limit of Mn is 60 μg/g. The detection limit of Mn by this method is as low as 225 μg/g which is lower than the previous reported limit of 250 μg/g reported elsewhere. By selecting the effective flux and low dilution ratio, the problem of chromite sample preparation has been solved, which reduces the amount of flux, increases the sample weight, improves the analysis accuracy for low content elements and reduces the cost of analysis.

Ten agronomic traits of 14 varieties of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were comprehensively evaluated by grey correlation analysis. The results showed that the order of each index and yield was as follows: Plant height > leaf length > main stem length > average node length > branch number > leaf area > stem node number > leaf width > stem diameter. The weight decision method was used to comprehensively analyze the main indexes of alfalfa, the results showed that the three indexes with higher weight were plant height, leaf width and stem diameter. The experiment indicates that the comprehensive evaluation of weighted correlation degree, Algonjin and Gannong 5 can be used as demonstration varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the present that many inherent defects such as characteristic length and coding instability exist in the most advanced 3DLBP face recognition algorithm, this paper proposed a depth image analysis optimized by gradient-LBP. Firstly, it visualized the LBP operator from different directions. Then, it calculated the adjacent pixels' depth differences, which would produce multiple guided images of depth differences. Finally, it tandem combined histogram information of each depth difference, formed a unique oriented depth difference histogram. All experiments on the images of Kinect and range scanner image database prove that the proposed descriptor is better than 3DLBP. In addition, this paper also proposed the weighted combination of the proposed descriptor and gray image LBPU2. Recognition accuracy of proposed descriptor on the high quality 3D range image scanner database (Texas 3DFR) and the low quality images collected by Kinect (EURECOM Kinect face data base) experiment equipments can achieve 96.70%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the use of the adult male and female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats in the experiment to investigate tea intervention effect on cadmium toxicity, in which results showed that high cadmium caused cell lipid peroxidation.

A new biological cross-linker microbial transglutaminase (MTG) was used to catalyze the immobilization of ε - poly-L-lysine, lysozyme and lactoferrin onto the wool fabrics, with the goal of improving their antibacterial and antifungal activities, and then tested the antibacterial and antifungal activities of them, respectively. The results demonstrate that ε - poly-L-lysine-grafted wool had the best antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus with a diameter of 1. 6 mm inhibition zone. Lysozyme-grafted and lactoferrin-grafted wool also had good antibacterial activity but without inhibition zone. Meanwhile, ε -poly-L-lysine-grafted wool also obtained the best antibacterial activity against escherichia coli, which had a diameter of 1. 75 mm inhibition zone. Lactoferrin-grafted wool had not inhibition zone against Escherichia coli, but bacterial colony breeding was suppressed. Nevertheless, the antibacterial activity of lysozyme-grafted wool was limited. As to the antifungal activity test, certain antifungal effect can be found from SCJ -950, ε -poly-L-lysine and lysozyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic characteristics and stability of moving functionally graded material thin rectangle plate were investigated. Based on Voigt model, the material properties are assumed to vary continuously through their thickness according to a power-law distribution of the volume fractions of the plate constituents. The differential equations of motion of the moving FGM rectangle plate are derived by the Kirchhoff thin-plate theory. Then the equations are discretized by the differential quadrature method, and the dimensionless complex frequencies of a moving FGM rectangle plate with two opposite edges simply supported and other two edges clamped, and one edge clamped and three edges simpiy supported are calculated. The effects of the gradient index, aspect ratio, and dimensionless moving speed, on the transverse vibration and stability of the moving FGM rectangle plate are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using the mixed major gene plus polygene inheritance model of quantitative traits, a joint analysis of four generations obtained after cross between two monoecious inbred lines was made to study the inheritance of parthenocarpy in monoecious cucumber in Jiangning (Nanjing) and Changli (Hebei). The interactions between genotype and environment were detected, and the inheritance of parthenocarpy in the monoecious cucumber was fitted in E-1-1 model and controlled by two additive dominant epistatic major genes and additive dominant polygene under different eco-environments. The F1 tendency and genetic parameters of the parthenocarpy were different, and the major gene heritability of F2 ranged from 42.1% to 97.5%, which was mainly due to the differences in sunlight intensity and air temperature during fruit-setting period at the two locations. It was suggested that the parents should be highly parthenocarpic in breeding program , and the characterization of parthenocarpy should be conducted under different eco-environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the study of the numerical methods for SDEs, avoiding the circumscribe of Lipschitz conditions, so the strong convergence of numerical methods for SDE with markovian switching and Poisson jumps with non-Lipschitz coefficients is studied by using the properties of concave functions, and the convergence of the numerical approximation solution to the time solution with strong order p = 1/2 is showed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For solving the problems that the k-means clustering algorithm and k-aggregate clustering algorithm cannot correctly cluster the non-spherical shape data, and that the convergence speed of fuzzy kernel clustering method (FKCM) is lower, a new kernel aggregate clustering algorithm - kernel k-aggregate clustering algorithm in high dimensional feature space is introduced, which combines k-aggregate clustering algorithm with kernel function method. The data experiment using Matlab shows that the kernel k-aggregate clustering algorithm has obvious improvement in accuracy, stability and robustness of clustering compared with the k-means clustering algorithm, k-aggregate clustering algorithm and FKCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study regarding the effects of diet supplement arsenate on iron absorption in mice which shows that iron absorption rate decreased by 14.9% when treated with roxarsone (ROX).

Objective: To analyze the screening results of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and gene mutation distribution of G6PD deficiency in preterm infants in Chengdu, China, in order to provide a basis for the improvement of G6PD screening process in preterm infants., Methods: Fluorescent spot test for G6PD deficiency using dried blood spots was used for G6PD screening of 54 025 preterm infants born from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2019 in Chengdu, and G6PD enzymology and gene detection were used for the diagnosis of 213 infants with positive screening results., Results: Among the 54 025 preterm infants, 192 were diagnosed with G6PD deficiency, with an incidence rate of 3.55‰. The incidence rate of G6PD deficiency in preterm infants was higher than that in full-term infants in the same period of time and tended to increase year by year. Birth in summer, gestational age <32 weeks, and birth weight <2 500 g were influencing factors for the increase in false positive rate of screening ( P < 0.05). The diagnostic accordance rate of genetic tests was significantly higher than that of enzyme activity assay in female infants ( P < 0.05). Nine gene mutations were detected in Chengdu, without compound heterozygous mutation. Homozygous mutation was not detected in female infants. In the 80 infants with gene mutations, the top three gene mutations were c.1388G>A in 26 infants (32%), c.1376G>T in 21 infants (26%), and c.1024C>T in 13 infants (16%), accounting for 75%. There was a significant difference in pathogenicity grading among the three gene mutations ( P < 0.001). The pairwise comparison showed that c.1024C>T had a significantly lower pathogenicity grade than c.1376G>T and c.1388G>A ( P < 0.0167), suggesting that c.1376G>T and c.1388G>A had greater influence on enzyme activity than c.1024C>T., Conclusions: Screening for G6PD deficiency in preterm infants should be taken seriously. It is recommended to apply cold-chain transportation of samples in summer to reduce the false positive rate of primary screening for G6PD deficiency. Genetic tests should be promoted in girls with positive screening results to improve the detection rate of G6PD deficiency in preterm female infants. There are various types of gene mutations in preterm infants with G6PD deficiency in Chengdu, and infants with c.1024C>T mutation tend to have mild conditions.

Artesunate (AS), a famous derivative of the artemisinin, is the basic treatment globally for mild to severe malaria infection due to the prominent advantages such as high efficiency, fast effect, low toxicity and not easy to produce resistance. More and more research reports have shown that AS and its active metabolites dihydroartemisinin (DHA) had various bioactivities in addition to antimalarial activity, attracting researchers to further study its new pharmacological effects in order to explore new use of the old drug. A comprehensive understanding of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of AS will be conducive to the further development of new pharmacological actions and clinical application of AS. Therefore, this paper would review the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of AS in vivo , as well as the pharmacokinetics characteristics of AS and DHA after clinical administration of AS by intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), oral or rectal routes. The in vivo process and pharmacokinetic parameters of AS and DHA were compared between healthy volunteers, malaria patients, and special populations (children, women). Meanwhile, the research progress on pharmacological effects of AS and active metabolite DHA such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti septic, antiangiogenic, anti-fibrosis and immunoregulation activities would be also reviewed, hoping to provide a theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of AS and its metabolites., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Purpose: To assess the impact of oral health promotion project on periodontal condition and life quality of the elderly in long-term care institutions., Methods: Elder people from 5 nursing homes in Wuhan city were selected and assigned to either the experimental group or the control group by random cluster grouping method. A six-month oral health promotion project was provided to the experimental group. The changes of geriatric oral health assessment index (GOHAI), oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing depth (PD) were compared with student's t test and repetitive measure analysis of variance using SPSS21.0 software package., Results: A total of 322 subjects completed the study for 6 months, with 144 from the experimental group and 178 from the control group. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in social demographic characteristics, GOHAI scores, OHI-S, GI, BOP and PD at baseline(P>0.05). Greater improvements were observed in GOHAI scores, OHI-S, GI and BOP in the experimental group than the control group after interventions (P<0.05)., Conclusions: Oral health promotion project can improve the elderly's oral health-related quality of life and periodontal condition.

Purpose: To assess the impact of comprehensive health education on oral care knowledge, attitude and practice(KAP) of the elderly in the long-term care institutions and to provide references for oral health education among the elder people., Methods: Elder people from 2 nursing centers in Wuhan were selected. The follow-up period was 6 months. Questionnaires were used to collect social-demographic characteristics and oral care KAP data at baseline, the third month and the sixth month, respectively. Comprehensive health education, toothpaste and toothbrushes were provided at baseline and the third month. The changes of oral care KAP were observed before and after interventions. SPSS21.0 software package was used for statistical analysis., Results: A total of 144 subjects with a mean age of (72.43±9.41) years completed the study after 6 months. At baseline, the KAP scores were (28.57±19.19), (70.66±21.99) and (39.86±24.18), respectively. At the sixth month, the KAP scores were (91.06±9.55), (95.31±10.23) and (90.00±13.38), respectively and significant improvements were observed (F=913.714, P＜0.001; F=114.042, P＜0.001; F=349.887, P＜0.001). Oral care knowledge and attitude, knowledge and practice, attitude and practice were positively correlated（β=0.173, P=0.038; β=0.269, P=0.001; β=0.197, P=0.018）. Social-demographic characteristics had no significant effect on KAP scores (P＞0.05)., Conclusions: Long-term care institutions should strengthen oral health education and improve oral care KAP, oral health status and oral health-related quality of life of the elder people.

Objectives: To set up ELISA for detection of atrazine with high precision., Methods: The reaction condition of indirect-ELISA was optimized, including atrazine-ovalbumin(AT-OVA) concentration and primary antibody concentration, organic solvent, goat anti-rat immunoglobin G-horseradish peroxidase(IgG-HRP) concentration. The actual samples were detected by the ELISA method established in our laboratory. Then the ELISA method was compared with the HPLC., Results: The specification curve of indirect-ELISA was set up after optimization. The relation coefficient R 2 =0.9958. The limit of detection (LOD) was 1.972 ng/ml. The percent recovery of the actual samples was in range of 80%~120%. The ELISA detection sensitivity was higher than the HPLC in the range of 0 ng/ml~6 ng/ml atrazine., Conclusions: The ELISA to detect atrazine has good specificity and high precision. And it can be applied in testing real atrazine samples replacing of the large-scale instrument.

Objective: To investigate the metabolism characteristics, to search for potential biomarkers associated with disease and to explore related metabolic pathways by analyzing the plasma metabolic profile of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) through metabolomies., Methods: Twenty-six newly diagnosed CML patients in the First Affilated Hospital of Soochow University from February 2015 to April 2015, 26 allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell donors as healthy controls and 26 patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) to obtain the best efficacy as post-treatment controls were enrolled in this study. All the metabolites of plasma were extracted by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer(GC-MS) to collect metabolic fingerprint. Multivariate pattern recognition analysis and t test were combined to screen out the metabolic biomarkers at different time points. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to evaluate the clinical efficacy of metabolites, and the metabolic pathway analysis was performed., Results: Significantly different metabolite expression mode was found seen between CML and healthy control groups. Six changed metabolites in CML were confirmed by multivariate and variate statistical analyses. Compared with the healthy controls, the levels of tetradecanoic acid and glycerol were decreased, the lactic acid, myo-inositol, d-galactose and glycine in CML patients also increased (all VIP>1,P<0.05, AUC>0.7). The plasma metabolites in CML patients after treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) showed a recovery trend toward to normal levels. The plasma metabolic pathways of CML were mainly related with galactose, pyruvate, glycerolipid, inositol phosphate and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism (all impact value>0.10)., Conclusion: Significant changes in plasma metabolite levels were found in CML patients. Metabolomics combined with multivariate pattern recognition analysis may be a new tool to assist diagnosis.

Oilseed rape(Brassica napus L. ) is a principal source of edible oil for human consumption and it feeds livestock as a by product with high energy and protein. However, oilseed plants often suffer from the invasion of various diseases, which could affect the yield and quality of the rapeseeds. Rape sclerotinia rot caused by the fungus sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib. ) de Bary may severely affect the growth of oilseed rape. Therefore, searching non-invasive detection methods of detection plant disease at early stage is crucial for monitoring growing conditions of crops. Confocal Raman spectroscopy in the region of 500～2 000 cm(-1) coupled with chemometrics methods were employed to discriminate the rape sclerotinia disease at early stage on the oilseed rape leaves. A total of 60 samples(30 healthy plant leaves and 30 infected leaves) were used to acquire the Raman spectra and wavelet transform was applied to remove the fluorescence background. Regression coefficients of the partial least squares-discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) were used to select the 8 characteristic peaks based on the whole Raman spectra. 983，1 001, 1 205, 1 521, 1 527, 1 658, 1 670 and 1 758 cm(-1) were employed to establish PLS-DA discriminate models and recognition accuracy was 100%. The results showed Raman spectra combined with chemometrics method is promising for detecting rape sclerotinia infection in the oilseed rape leaves at early stage. This study provided a theoretical reference for researching the interaction between the fungus and plants and early detecting of disease infection.

In this paper, confocal Raman spectroscopy was applied to detect the contents of lead chrome green as a heavy-metal stain illegally added in tea. Firstly, Raman spectra of five different concentrations of lead chrome green in tea infusion were acquired based on specific concentration method. The qualitative analysis of sample added with lead chrome green was achieved with comparing the Raman spectra of sample and standard substance. Four main Raman characteristic wavenumbers, 1 341, 1 451, 1 527 and 1 593 cm(-1), were extracted for the qualitative identification of lead chrome green in tea. After spectral preprocessing of the raw Raman spectra, backward interval PLS (biPLS), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and successive projections algorithm (SPA) were combined to deeply mine the characteristic wavenumbers of lead chrome green in Raman spectra, and finally 14 characteristic wavenumbers were optimized. Partial least squares (PLS) and least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) were separately used to build the model based on the extracted 14 wavenumbers. As a result, these two models both had good robustness and high ability to predict and all the determination coefficient (R(2)) of calibration, validation and prediction were higher than 0.9, which proved the effectiveness of the extracted characteristic wavenumbers. Compared with the PLS model, the nonlinear model built by LS-SVM got a better result, R(2) of prediction was 0.964 and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.535. This study indicated that it is feasible to detect the contents of lead chrome green illegally added in tea based on confocal Raman spectroscopy combined with specific sample treatment and chemometrics methods. This study helped the valid supervision of food safety problem on lead chrome green illegally added in tea.

It is not scientific to explain that fried Fructus Hordei Germinatus is more effective than row Fructus Hordei Germinatus in resolving food stagnation from the aspects of amylase, tricine and other "active ingredients". In the present experiment, the contents of active ingredients including quercetin, tricine, kaempferol, catechin, ferulic acid and inactive ingredients including 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, acrylamide in frying process were determined by HPLC. The dynamic change rules of active ingredient and inactive ingredients in the frying process were investigated by HCA, PCA and PLS-DA analysis. The results showed that the Fructus Hordei Germinatus samples with different frying temperatures were classified into 4 groups by HCA and PCA analysis. PLS-DA analysis showed that frying temperature mainly impacted the contents of inactive ingredients including 5-hydroxymethyl furfural and acrylamide, with less effects on the contents of active ingredients. Simultaneously, with the increase of time in frying process, the content of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural was significantly increased from 2 min and became stable at 16 min, while the content of acrylamide was increased continuously from 18 min. Based on the variation of the contents of various ingredients, samples at different frying time were classified into 5 groups. The results showed that the content changes of "inactive ingredients" were closely related to the duration and degree of frying process, and the dynamic change rules of "inactive ingredients" can provide scientific basis for evaluating the frying process and elucidating the efficacy mechanism of Fructus Hordei Germinatus., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

The Aconiti Radix Cocta gel and Aconiti Radix Cocta combined with Paeoniae Radix Alba gel were administered to mice. Physiological saline was taken as perfusate. The perfusion rate was 2 μL•min⁻¹ and the microdialysis samples were collected every 0.5 h intervals for eight times. The six aconitine alkaloids concentration in perfusate were determined by HPLC-MS/MS. The concentration-time curves were plotted, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and analyzed by SPSS. The effects of Paeoniae Radix Alba on transdermal permeation role of six aconitine alkaloids in herb couple of Paeoniae Radix Alba-Aconiti Radix Cocta were investigated. According to the results, Tmax of the three mono-ester aconitum alkaloids of Aconiti Radix Cocta combined with Paeoniae Radix Alba groups were shortened, meanwhile, Cmax and AUC of benzoylaconine and benzoylhypaconine were increased. However, AUC of the three diester-type alkaloids were reduced, with Tmax of hypaconitine prolonged and Cmax lowered. The study suggested that the combined administration of Aconiti Radix Cocta and Paeoniae Radix Alba promoted the transdermal permeation of mono-ester aconitum alkaloids, and inhibited the absorption of parts of diester-type alkaloids. This study proved the decreasing toxicity and increasing efficacy of the combination of Aconiti Radix Cocta and Paeoniae Radix Alba on the transdermal permeation, and provided a reference for studies on the prescription combination regularity and relevant practices., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Parenchyma cell (PAC), transition tissue between parenchyma cell and fiber cell (TC) and fibre cell (FC) of bamboo were studied by confocal Raman microscopy in this paper. Partial least squares regression was applied to establish a quantitative differentiation model for the three types of cells. The result showed that the determination coefficients (R²) of calibration and validation were respectively 0.810 and 0.800, and the root mean square error (RMSE) were respectively 0.323 and 0.332. What's more, three raman bands of 1,095, 1,319 and 1,636 cm⁻¹, verified to the characteristic peaks of pectin, hemicellulose and lignin, were found to be the important bands for the differentiation. Subsequently, these three raman bands were used to establish a multiple linear regression (MLR) model, and the determination coefficients (R²) of calibration and validation of the model were respectively 0.644 and 0.643, and the root mean square error (RMSE) were respectively 0.442 and 0.443. This result showed that there existed obvious difference among the three types of cells in these three raman bands. Finally, the raman spectral signal processed by wavelet transform to eliminate baseline were used to chemical imaging analysis. These results showed a rather large microfibril angle between cellulose fibrils and fibre axis, which contributed to higher modulus and hardness of cells. Hemicellulose and cellulose have similar distribution in the raman chemical image, due to the connection of hemicellulose and cellulose microfiber through hydrogen bond and the closely combination under the action of van der Waals force. The cell corners (CC) and compound middle lamella (CML) were heavily lignified, and a gradual decrease of lignification from the outer layer to the inner layer of the three cells indicate that lignification was first occurred at the CC and CML, and the lignification was not fully completed.

Chitin is an important structural polysaccharide of fungal cell wall. In this paper, aerial hyphae of Colletotrichum camelliae Massee was first studied by confocal Raman microscopy in vivo. Firstly, the optimal experimental parameters of hyphae for collecting the Raman spectra were determined, and the typical Raman spectra of hyphae, chitin standard and background were acquired. By comparing analysis, characteristic peaks of chitin were found in hyphae. Then, a region of interesting on hyphae was selected for Raman scanning. Through principal component analysis, the Raman signal of hyphae and background in the scanning area can be separated clearly. Combined with loading weight plot, two main characteristic peaks of hyphae were obtained, 1 622 cm(-1) was belong to chitin and 1 368 cm(-1) was assigned to pectic polysaccharide. Finally, two and three dimension chemical images of fungal hyphae were realized based on Raman fingerprint spectra of chitin in a nondestructive way.

Objective: To observe the evolutionary tendency of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) of the limbic system in post-stroke model rats and the intervention effect of Yinao Jieyu Recipe (YJR)., Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the normal control group (n =6), the sham-operation group (n =7), the multiple cerebral infarction (MCI) group (n =10), the post-stroke depression (PSD) group (n =10), the Chinese medicine (CM) treatment group (n =10), and the Western medicine (WM) treatment group (n =10) according to random digit table after open-field testing. Rats in the normal control group were routinely fed. 0. 3 mL normal saline was intravenously pushing from the external carotid artery to rats in the sham-operation group, and distilled water administered to them by gastrogavage. Each dose allogenic microthrombi were in vitro pushed to rats in the rest groups from the external carotid artery. The PSD model was duplicated by 21-day chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and single cage feeding in the PSD group 7 days after surgery. After preparing models rats in the CM group and the WM group were administered with YJR and Nimodipine respectively for 4 successive weeks. Changes of BDNF and the intervention effect of YJR were observed at week 1, 2, and 4 after intervention., Results: Immunohistochemical results of BDNF showed, compared with the normal control group, expression levels of BDNF in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala decreased in the MCI group at week 2 and 4 (P <0. 01 , P <0. 05) ; expression levels of BDNF in each part decreased in the PSD group at week 1-4 (P <0.01). Compared with the MCI group, expression levels of BDNF in each part decreased in the PSD group at week 1-4 (P <0. 01). Compared with the PSD group, expression levels of BDNF in each part increased in the CM group at week 1-4 (P <0. 01)., Conclusion: BDNF changes existed in post-stroke model rats, and YJR could slow down this progress.

The main analysis error of pressed powder pellet of carbonate comes from particle-size effect and mineral effect. So in the article in order to eliminate the particle-size effect, the ultrafine pressed powder pellet sample preparation is used to the determination of multi-elements and carbon-dioxide in carbonate. To prepare the ultrafine powder the FRITSCH planetary Micro Mill machine and tungsten carbide media is utilized. To conquer the conglomeration during the process of grinding, the wet grinding is preferred. The surface morphology of the pellet is more smooth and neat, the Compton scatter effect is reduced with the decrease in particle size. The intensity of the spectral line is varied with the change of the particle size, generally the intensity of the spectral line is increased with the decrease in the particle size. But when the particle size of more than one component of the material is decreased, the intensity of the spectral line may increase for S, Si, Mg, or decrease for Ca, Al, Ti, K, which depend on the respective mass absorption coefficient . The change of the composition of the phase with milling is also researched. The incident depth of respective element is given from theoretical calculation. When the sample is grounded to the particle size of less than the penetration depth of all the analyte, the effect of the particle size on the intensity of the spectral line is much reduced. In the experiment, when grounded the sample to less than 8 μm(d95), the particle-size effect is much eliminated, with the correction method of theoretical α coefficient and the empirical coefficient, 14 major, minor and trace element in the carbonate can be determined accurately. And the precision of the method is much improved with RSD < 2%, except Na2O. Carbon is ultra-light element, the fluorescence yield is low and the interference is serious. With the manual multi-layer crystal PX4, coarse collimator, empirical correction, X-ray spectrometer can be used to determine the carbon dioxide in the carbonate quantitatively. The intensity of the carbon is increase with the times of the measurement and the time delay even the pellet is stored in the dessicator. So employing the latest pressed powder pellet is suggested.

In order to estimate pepper plant growth rapidly and accurately, hyperspectral imaging technology combined with chemometrics methods were employed to realize visualization of nitrogen content (NC) distribution. First, pepper leaves were picked up with the leaf number based on different leaf positions, and hyperspectral data of these leaves were acquired. Then, SPAD and NC value of leaves were measured, respectively. After acquirement of pepper leaves' spectral information, random-frog (RF) algorithm was chosen to extract characteristic wavelengths. Finally, five characteristic wavelengths were selected respectively, and then those characteristic wavelengths and full spectra were used to establish partial least squares regression (PLSR) models, respectively. As a result, SPAD predicted model had an excellent performance of R(C) = 0.970, R(CV) = 0.965, R(P) = 0.934, meanwhile evaluation parameters of NC predicted model were R(C) = 0.857, R(CV) = 0.806, R(P) = 0.839. Lastly, according to the optimal models, SPAD and NC of each pixel in hyperspectral images of pepper leaves were calculated and their distribution was mapped. In fact, SPAD in plant can reflect the NC. In this research, the change trend of both was similar, so the conclusions of this research were proved to be corrected. The results revealed that it was feasible to apply hyperspectral imaging technology for mapping SPAD and NC in pepper leaf, which provided a theoretical foundation for monitoring plant growth and distribution of nutrients.

NaOH pretreatment is a convenient and effective method which is widely used in rice straw anaerobic digestion. But the mechanism of the alkaline (NaOH) hydrolysis of biopolymers compositions and polymeric cross-linked network structures of rice straw cell wall need further study. This paper firstly studied the effect and mechanism of alkali pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and biogas production of rice straw by using a combination of confocal Raman microscopy and transmission electron microscope. First, the original rice straw and the rice straw pretreated by NaOH were taken for mapping scanning by confocal Raman microscopy with micron-scale spatial resolution. Then principal component analysis was adopted to extract main information of Raman spectra, it could be found that the two types of samples were respectively presented with ray-like distribution in the first two principal component space, which were with cumulative contribution of 99%. And there was a clear boundary between the two types of samples without any overlapping, indicating that there was a significant difference of Raman spectral characteristic between original rice leaf and rice leaf pretreated by NaOH. Further analysis of the loading weights of the first two principal components showed that the Raman peaks at 1 739, 1 508 and 1 094 cm(-1) were the important bands, and these three Raman peaks were attributed to the scattering of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin respectively. Following, chemical imaging analysis of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin were achieved by combining these Raman peaks and microscopic image information. It could be found that the NaOH pretreatment resulted in a loss of dense spatial uniformity structure of tissue and great decreases of the contents of these three ingredients, particularly lignin. It can be concluded that it is feasible to non-destructively measure hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose in rice straw tissue by confocal Raman microscopy, and to achieve chemical imaging analysis of the three ingredients in tissue, and this research will be much help for revealing the promotion mechanism of NaOH pretreatment for the rice straw fermentation and biogas production.

With the development in last twenty years, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive brain imaging technique which widely used in cognitive neuroscience studies. Based on mechanism of neurovascular coupling, increased functional neural activities in brain induce higher regional cerebral blood flow, which will cause relative concentration change of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. In this paper, a single channel continuous wave fNIRS system based on multi-function data acquisition board was proposed. With the benefits of narrow spectral peaks and low divergence, laser diodes provided a better accuracy for measurement with optimal dual-wavelength of 690 and 830 nm. Frequency multiplexing technique was used to distinguish light sources from different emitters, and remove environmental stable interference sources such as ambient light and line power noise as well. LabVIEW was used to design graphical user interface with functionalities including source sequence schedule, auto gain setting, digital inhase and quadrature demodulation, data visualization and storage. The experimental results during holding breath and mental arithmetic task indicated that our system was capable of monitoring regional concentration change of hemoglobin in real time, and detecting activation associated with advanced brain functions.

Objective: To identify the self-preparation monoclonal antibody which target to clenbuterol, and set up the standard curve to clenbuterol (CL) detection., Methods: The affinity constants and activity of the monoclonal antibody which target to CL were determined by ELISA. ELISA was also used to confirm whether the monoclonal antibody had any across-reaction with BSA and CL analogues. The rat ascites which contains the monoclonal antibody target to CL was purified by (NH4)2SO4 salt-out method and further by affinity column. At last, the CL detection standard curve which based on indirect competition ELISA was established., Results: The ELISA experiment showed that the antibody titer was 10(6) and the monoclonal antibody affinity constants was 2.90 x 10(10) L/mol. The result of the indirect competition ELISA confirmed that the monoclonal antibody had no cross-reaction with BSA and a few kind of CL analogue. CL detection standard curve based on indirect competition ELISA was established, which R2 was 0.9812, and the lowest detectable limit was 1.0 ng/ml., Conclusion: The standard curve based on indirectly competitioning ELISA was established. The self-preparation monoclonal antibody which target to CL has high affinity and high specific to CL, which had established the foundation to the advanced development of the CL immune test paper and CL ELISA kit.

Healthy tea and tea infected by anthracnose were first studied by confocal Raman microscopy to illustrate chemical changes of cell wall in the present paper. Firstly, Raman spectra of both healthy and infected sample tissues were collected with spatial resolution at micron-level, and ultrastructure of healthy and infected tea cells was got from scanning electron microscope. These results showed that there were significant changes in Raman shift and Raman intensity between healthy and infected cell walls, indicating that great differences occurred in chemical compositions of cell walls between healthy and infected samples. In details, intensities at many Raman bands which were closely associated with cellulose, pectin, esters were reduced after infection, revealing that the content of chemical compounds such as cellulose, pectin, esters was decreased after infection. Subsequently, chemical imaging of both healthy and infected tea cell walls were realized based on Raman fingerprint spectra of cellulose and microscopic spatial structure. It was found that not only the content of cellulose was reduced greatly after infection, but also the ordered structure of cellulose was destroyed by anthracnose infection. Thus, confocal Raman microscopy was shown to be a powerful tool to detect the chemical changes in cell wall of tea caused by anthracnose without any chemical treatment or staining. This research firstly applied confocal Raman microscopy in phytopathology for the study of interactive relationship between host and pathogen, and it will also open a new way for intensive study of host-pathogen at cellular level.

Visible/near-infrared (380 approximately 1 030 nm) hyperspectral imaging technique was used to realize SPAD visualization of pumpkin leaves in the present study. Downy mildew could be diagnosed rapidly according to significant positive correlation between downy mildew epidemic and chlorophyll content. Leaves uninfected and infected with different level downy mildew were used to acquire hyperspectral images and extract spectral information. Competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) was applied to select optimal wavelengths and finally 10 optimal wavelengths were obtained. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was employed to establish SPAD prediction model. Results showed that, through the analysis of calibration of 48 samples and prediction of 23 samples, CARS-PLSR could obtain good results with Rc= 0. 918, RMSECV= 3. 932; Rcv- 0. 846, RMSECV = 5. 254; Rp = 0. 881, and RMSEP= 3. 714. Regression model was gained based on the relationship between SPAD and spectral of pumpkin leaves. While SPAD of each pixel was calculated with PLSR regression equation, then SPAD distribution map of pumpkin was visualized using imaging processing technology. Final downy mildew infection could be diagnosed based on SPAD distribution map. This study provided a theoretical reference for effective monitoring plant growth and downy mildew epidemic.

Crack is one of the most important indicators to evaluate the quality of fresh jujube. Crack not only accelerates the decay of fresh jujube, but also diminishes the shelf life and reduces the economic value severely. In this study, the potential of hyperspectral imaging covered the range of 380 - 1030 nm was evaluated for discrimination crack feature (location and area) of fresh jujube. Regression coefficients of partial least squares regression (PLSR), successive projection analysis (SPA) and principal component analysis (PCA) based full-bands image were adopted to extract sensitive bands of crack of fresh jujube. Then least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) discriminant models using the selected sensitive bands for calibration set (132 samples)" were established for identification the prediction set (44 samples). ROC curve was used to judge the discriminant models of PLSR-LS-SVM, SPA-LS-SVM and PCA-LS-SVM which are established by sensitive bands of crack of fresh jujube. The results demonstrated that PLSR-LS-SVM model had an optimal effect (area=1, std=0) to discriminate crack feature of fresh jujube. Next, images corresponding to five sensitive bands (467, 544, 639, 673 and 682 nm) selected by PLSR were executed to PCA. Finally, the image of PC4 was employed to identify the location and area of crack feature through imaging processing. The results revealed that hyperspectral imaging technique combined with image processing could achieve the qualitative discrimination and quantitative identification of crack feature of fresh jujube, which provided a theoretical reference and basis for develop instrument of discrimination of crack of jujube in further work.

Sixteen compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of Euphorbia sikkimensis by means of various chromatographic techniques such as silica gel, Sephades LH-20 and RP-18, and their structures were elucidated as naringenin (1), kaempferol (2), quercetin (3), kaempferol-3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (4), quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (5), quercetin-3-O-(2"-galloyl)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (6), 5alpha, 8alpha-epidioxy-(22E, 24R)-ergosta-6,22-dien-3beta-ol (7), stigmast-5-ene-7-one-3beta-ol (8), 3beta-hydroxy4a, 14alpha-dimethyl-5alpha-ergosta-8, 24(28)-dien-7-one(9), beta-sitosterol (10) , 10-cucurbitadienol( 1) , scopoletin(12) , ethyl gallate(13), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), 3 betahydroxybenzeneethanol( 15) ,and 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-acetophenone (16) on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis. All the compounds are isolated from this plant for the first time, and compounds 1, 4-8, 15 are obtained from Euphorbia species for the first time.

Using the independently designed high pressure sample preparation mold and high pressure sample preparation technology (patent number: 201310125772. 5), studies on the high pressure pressed various geological samples such as rocks, soils and stream sediments were first described in the present paper. It is the first experiment conducted in this field with significant achievements obtained. Without any binder, various types of geological powder samples can be pelleted well using 1600KN high pressure method. Such pellet has the characteristics of dense, flat, smooth and shiny surface, no cracks, no delamination, and no powder dropping. The study provides a new and contamination-free approach to sample preparation of X-ray fluorescence spectrum analysis. The comparison study conducted between the same samples pelleted under the low pressure (400 kN) and high pressure (1 600 kN) showed that using the high pressure the element peak to background ratios, and sensitivities are significantly improved, the detection limits are lowed, and the accuracies, the precisions and sample preparation repeatability are greatly improved. The Si FWHM became wider for the high pressure (1 600 kN) pellet than the same sample pelleted under the lower pressure (400 kN). The further SEM observation revealed that variation of Si spectrum shape may be caused by that the silica crystal lattices are destroyed and the particle size becomes smaller by using the high pressure pelleting techniques. So the particle size and mineral effects are also effectively reduced and the precisions and accuracies of the analytical method are improved.

Objective: To explore the disease course and outcomes of severe or critical pregnant women with 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) infection in China., Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted for 394 severe or critical pregnant women with pH1N1 influenza admitted into hospital in 27 Chinese provinces from September 1, 2009 to December 31, 2009. Their clinical features in different trimesters were analyzed. The viral infection of pH1N1 was verified by real-time reverse transcription (rRT)-PCR. Severe and critical cases were defined according to the 2009 H1N1 clinical guidelines., Results: Among them, 374 (94.9%) were infected in the second or third trimester. Fever and cough were the most common symptoms in all trimesters. However, hemoptysis, dyspnea and associated pneumonia were likely to occur in the second or third trimester. The ratio of required mechanical ventilation in the second or third trimester (44.7%, 167/374) was significantly higher than that in the first trimester (3/20). Among 77 mortality cases, 72.7% (56/77) died in the third trimester. Pregnancy was terminated after the onset of pH1N1 symptoms in 52.5%(207/394) pregnant women. And 57.0%(118/207) of them had delivery < 37 weeks and 29.0%(60/207) fetuses deceased., Conclusion: A clinician should be on a high alert for pH1N1 infection in pregnant women, particularly in the second or third trimester.

Objective: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained tachyarrhythmia in the general population. AF and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) share several common risk factors. We investigated the association between chronic kidney disease and risk of atrial fibrillation in hospitalized patients with CKD., Methods: One thousand one hundred and sixty-eight patients [(63.3 ± 14.2) years, 54.5% males] hospitalized CKD patients were included. AF was determined by electrocardiogram or medical history. The prevalence of atrial fibrillation was compared in CKD patients with various age, sex and glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors of AF., Result: The mean eGFR was (22.2 ± 19.7) ml · min(-1) · 1.73 m(-2); eGFR was ≤ 45 ml · min(-1) · 1.73 m(-2) in 84.2% patients and 38.5% patients received hemodialysis. AF was present in 14.2% of the study population and 17.2% in patients ≥ 60 years old. Prevalence of AF was significantly higher in patients with eGFR ≤ 45 ml · min(-1) · 1.73 m(-2) compared patients with eGFR > 45 ml · min(-1) · 1.73 m(-2) (15.8% vs. 5.4%, P < 0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that age, body mass index (BMI), heart failure (HF), left atrial diameter (LAD), eGFR and dialysis were independent risk factors for AF., Conclusions: AF is much more frequent in CKD patients than in the general population. Age, BMI, HF, LAD, eGFR and dialysis are risk factors for AF in hospitalized patients with CKD.

An N-type four level system where two coupling fields interact with two separate optical transitions was constructed in the present paper. By discussing the behaviors of probing field absorption profiles under the effect of different Rabi frequencies of two coupling fields, EIT, Mollow and Autler-Townes doublet can be seen and mutual transformation between them can be obtained. Multiple transition channels in the system were found and the results show that the system can be divided into several subsystems according to the transition channels. Quantum interference between different transition channels can be realized through different dividing methods, so three nonlinear effects with different generating conditions and physical nature can be seen in the system.