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Umami peptides from the enzymatic hydrolysate of Stropharia rugosoannulata were separated by ultrafiltration (UF) and gel filtration chromatography (GFC) combined with sensory evaluation and electronic tongue analysis. Fraction F3, with the strongest umami intensity, were identified by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-MS/MS). The identified peptides were synthesized and evaluated for their taste characteristics. The results showed that eight umami peptides were identified in fraction F3, namely ELWR, RLVDR, KPDNR, AHLRF, LDWDR, LAEWR, DDWWR and EGHKGW, and all of them possessed umami characteristics and umami-enhancing effects with thresholds ranging from 0.30 to 1.33 mmol/L and from 0.53 to 2.43 mmol/L, respectively. All peptides except LDWDR showed different degrees of umami improvement in monosodium glutamate (MSG) solution, ranging from 0.18% to 61.12%. ELWR, RLVDR, KPDNR, AHLRF and EGHKGW showed good umami-enhancing effects at low concentrations. The peak concentration of RLVDR and KPDNR for synergistic umami-enhancing effect was 5 mg/mL. LDWDR, LAEWR, DDWWR and EGHKGW reached the umami peak at 4 mg/mL. The amino acid composition and the spatial structure of umami peptides could affect their taste properties. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of umami peptides from S. rugosoannulata.

In order to explore the flavor composition profiles of fresh and dried Stropharia rugosoannulata and the key components determining its good flavor, the aroma and flavor components of fresh and dried samples prepared by four different drying methods, namely hot air drying (HAD), vacuum freeze drying (VFD), microwave drying (MWD), natural drying (ND) were analyzed. A total of 118 aroma compounds were detected. After drying, the aroma richness was significantly improved (P HAD > ND > fresh sample > MWD. A partial least squares regression model was established based on the sensory scores and the component data. The R2X, R2Y and Q2 of the first three principal components were 79.4%, 98.9%, and 0.974, respectively. The loading information showed that the interaction between aroma and taste characteristics was obvious. Variable importance in projection scores showed that sweet amino acids, 1-octene-3-ol, butyl-2-octenal and EUC were crucial for the good characteristic flavor of S. rugosoannulata. This study will provide a theoretical basis for subsequent screening of sample pretreatment methods and the development of flavor related products.

Objective To investigate the clinical symptoms and molecular biological characteristics in a family with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD). Methods Clinical data of the family members were collected. Genomic DNA were isolated from peripheral blood of 6 family members including the probands for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). TA cloning followed by Sanger DNA sequencing was conducted for detecting PABPN1 gene mutations. Results The first symptom of the 4 family members in OPMD pedigree was ptosis at 50⁃years⁃old. The clinical symptoms of pharyngeal muscles involved in gradually dysphagia. Genetic testing found: the proband (Ⅱ3), the second sister of the proband (Ⅱ2), the fourth brother of the proband (Ⅱ4), and the fifth sister of the proband (Ⅱ5) had abnormal amplification of (GCN) repeat, (GCN)10/(GCN)13 in exon 1 of PABPN1 gene, which was identified in 4 members of the family who conducted the genetic testing. There was a dominant inheritance pattern in the lineage. The final diagnosis was OPMD, and the family was diagnosed as OPMD. Conclusions Clinical symptoms play a decisive role in the detection of the disease, thus genetic testing is the ctritical factor to the diagnosis and prevention of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, which provides necessary information for choosing treatments and genetic counseling.

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2013.12.015

Objective: To compare the combined FDG PET/CT with PET alone in the detection of lymph node metastasis (LNM) for esophageal carcinoma patient., Methods: From November 2003 to August 2005, 35 patients with esophageal carcinoma underwent FDG PET/CT before esophagectomy and lymph node (LN) dissection. The patients who had history of previous anticancer treatment or diabetes mellitus and inflammatory lung diseases as well as being inoperable for medical reasons were excluded. The results of LNM detection by PET/CT and PET alone were compared with pathological results., Results: Twenty-nine men and 6 women were eligible for this study, with a mean age of 57 years (range: 40 to 72 years). Of these 35 patients, 3 had lesion at the upper third thoracic esophagus, 22 at the middle third and 10 at the lower third. All patients underwent surgical resection successfully. Twenty-five patients and 65 out of 313 excised nodal groups were found to have metastases by pathological examination. The true positive and true negative LNM interpretation reached 61 and 229 LN groups on PET/CT versus 53 and 217 LN groups on PET alone. False negative LNM interpretation was found in 12 LN groups on PET alone, and 8 of them were corrected by PET/CT including one cervical LN, 4 paraesophageal LNs, one left gastric arterial LN, one left gastric cardia LN, one lesser gastric curve LN. False positive interpretations on PET alone were found in 31 LN groups, 12 of them were corrected by PET/CT which included 9 false-positive interpretations due to physical tracer uptake (2 in the cervical region and 7 in gastrointestinal tract ) and 3 lesions with heterogeneous tracer uptake in the primary tumor. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of LNM detection by PET alone was 81.54% (53/65), 87.50% (217/248), and 86.26% (270/313), whereas by PET/CT, which was 93.85% (61/65), 91.24% (229/248) and 92.65% (290/313), respectively. There were statistically significant differences in sensitivity and accuracy of LNM detection between PET/CT and PET alone (0.033 and 0.009)., Conclusion: Compared with FDG PET alone, FDG PET combined with CT can improve the sensitivity and accuracy in detection of lymph node metastasis in esophageal carcinoma.

Objective: Defining the margin of clinical target volume (CTV) is very important for three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). In this study, according to the comparison between gross tumor volume (GTV) silhouetted by radiology and pathology in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we tried to define the correlation of GTV by radiology and pathology, and assess the degree of correlation to local microscopic extension (ME) among different pathologic types of NSCLC, so as to define the margin of CTV precisely., Methods: From February 2001 to February 2002, forty-three NSCLC patients after surgical resection were studied. All patients had had CT scans of the chest before surgery and routine pathology examination after surgery. The tumor size at X (lateral direction), Y (ventrodorsal direction) and Z (craniocaudal direction) axes were measured on CT. Also by pathology examination, the tumor size at X, Y, Z axes and the degree of ME at X, Y, Z axes were measured, respectively., Results: Without taking into account the value of ME, there was almost total agreement on the GTV by radiology and pathology in three dimensions. The mean value of ME was 2.18 mm for adenocarcinoma (ADC) and 1.33 mm for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (P = 0.001). But, taking into account 95% of the ME, a margin of 7 mm and 5 mm must be allowed for ADC and SCC, respectively., Conclusion: There exists a correlation of GTV by radiology and pathology. In the target volume defining for 3DCRT and IMRT, we could use the GTV by radiology instead of the GTV by pathology, with the ME being different for ADC and SCC. To cover 95% of the ME, the margin from GTV to CTV must be extended to 7 mm and 5 mm for ADC and SCC, respectively.