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Objective: To establish the finite element model of spinal canal reconstruction and internal fixation,analysis influence of spinal canal reconstruction and internal fixation on spinal stability,and verify the effectiveness and reliability of spinal canal reconstruction and internal fixation in spinal canal surgery., Methods: A 30-year-old male healthy volunteer with a height of 172 cm and weight of 75 kg was selected and his lumbar CT data were collected to establish a finite element model of normal lumbar L 3 -L 5 ,and the results were compared with in vitro solid results and published finite element analysis results to verify the validity of the model. They were divided into normal group,laminectomy group and spinal canal reconstruction group according to different treatment methods. Under the same boundary fixation and physiological load conditions,six kinds of activities were performed,including forward bending,backward extension,left bending,right bending,left rotation and right rotation,and the changes of range of motion (ROM) of L 3 -L 4 ,L 4 -L 5 segments and overall maximum ROM of L 3 -L 5 were analyzed under the six conditions., Results: The ROM displacement range of each segment of the constructed L 3 -L 5 finite element model was consistent with the in vitro solid results and previous literature data,which confirms the validity of the model. In L 3 -L 4 ,ROM of spinal canal reconstruction group was slightly increased than that of normal group during posterior extension(>5% difference),and ROM of other conditions was similar to that of normal group(<5% difference). ROM in laminectomy group was significantly increase than that in normal group and spinal canal reconstruction group under the condition of flexion,extension,left and right rotation. In L 4 -L 5 ,ROM in spinal canal reconstruction group was similar to that in normal group(<5% difference),while ROM in laminectomy group was significantly higher than that in normal group and spinal canal reconstruction group(>5% difference). In the overall maximum ROM of L 3 -L 5 ,spinal canal reconstruction group was only slightly higher than normal group under the condition of posterior extension(>5% difference),while laminectomy was significantly higher than normal group and spinal canal reconstruction group under the condition of anterior flexion,posterior extension,left and right rotation(>5% difference). The changes of each segment ROM and overall ROM of L 3 -L 5 showed laminectomy group>spinal canal reconstruction group>normal group., Conclusion: Laminectomy could seriously affect biomechanical stability of the spine,but application of spinal canal reconstruction and internal fixation could effectively reduce ROM displacement of the responsible segment of spine and maintain its biomechanical stability.

As one of the main diseases leading to end-stage renal disease, steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome(SRNS) can cause serious complications such as infection. Without effective control, this disease can further lead to the malignant development of the renal function, bringing serious social and economic burdens. As previously reported, the formation of SRNS is mostly related to the podocyte injury in the body, i.e., the injury of glomerular visceral epithelial cells. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt) signaling pathway, nuclear transcription factor-κB(NF-κB) signaling pathway, mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)/adenosine monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase(AMPK), transforming growth factor(TGF)-β1/Smads, and other signaling pathways are classical signaling pathways related to podocyte injury. By regulating the expression of signaling pathways, podocyte injury can be intervened to improve the adhesion between podocyte foot processes and glomerular basement membrane and promote the function of podocytes, thereby alleviating the clinical symptoms of SRNS. Through the literature review, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has unique advantages and an important role in intervening in podocyte injury. In the intervention in podocyte injury, TCM, by virtue of multi-target and multi-pathway role, can regulate and intervene in podocyte injury in many ways, alleviate the clinical symptoms of SRNS, and interfere with the progress of SRNS, reflecting the unique advantages of TCM. On the other hand, TCM can directly or indirectly inhibit podocyte injury by regulating the above signaling pathways, which can not only promote the effect of hormones and immunosuppressants and shorten the course of treatment, but also reduce the toxic and side effects caused by various hormones and immunosuppressants to exert the advantages of small side effects and low price of TCM. This article reviewed TCM in the treatment of SRNS by interfering with podocyte injury-related signaling pathways and is expected to provide a reference for the in-depth study of TCM in the treatment of SRNS, as well as a theoretical basis and a new direction for the clinical application of TCM to shorten the course of treatment of SRNS and delay the progression to end-stage renal disease.

Objective: To explore the correlation between pathological characteristics of target organs and excess evil syndrome in IgA nephropathy., Methods: Data were collected in multicenter cooperation. Totally 266 IgA nephropathy patients were typed into exogenous wind-heat affection syndrome (49 cases), lower energizer damp-heat syndrome (100 cases), damp-phlegm syndrome (43 cases), and blood stasis syndrome (74 cases). Meanwhile, percutaneous renal biopsy was performed in all patients for Hass classification, Oxford classification, Katafuchi integral, and Jiang's classification methods. The correlation between excess evil syndrome and pathological index was analyzed., Results: Four syndrome types were correlated with their Hass levels (r = 0. 341, P <0. 01). Affection of exogenous wind-heat syndrome was correlated with segmental proliferation of endothelial cells and damaged active lesions of segmental capillary loops. Lower-energizer damp-heat syndrome was associated with Hass III level, destroying active lesions of capillary loops, segmental proliferation of endothelial cells, glomerular segmental lesions, focal interstitial infiltration of inflammatory cells, focal interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. Blood stasis syndrome was associated with Hass IV level, glomerular sclerosis, segmental glomerulosclerosis (S)/adhesion, mesangial hypercellularity (M), angiohyalinosis, multi-foci interstitial infiltration of inflammatory cells, multi-foci interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. Phlegm-damp syndrome had higher proportions of Hass I and III levels, but with no association with other pathological parameters., Conclusions: Excess evil syndrome was associated with partial pathological characteristics of IgA nephropathy. It could reflect pathological damage degree of target organs, activities, chronic lesions, and prognosis of IgA nephropathy to certain extent. Correlated pathological characteristics and its evolution could indicate excess evil syndrome types and their evolution rules.

Objective: To observe the efficacy of Jianbu Tongluo Xunzheng Liquid (JTXL) in treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA), and to explore the correlation between changes of infrapatellar fat pad scanned by CT and the efficacy., Methods: Totally 105 KOA outpatients were randomly assigned to three groups, i.e., the treatment group, the control group, and the combination group, 35 in each group. Patients in the treatment group were fumigated by JTXL, 30 min each time, once daily, 10 times as a course of treatment, 3 courses in total. Those in the control group received intra-articular injection of Sodium Hyaluronate Injection (SHI), 3 mL each time, once per 6 days, 5 times in total. Those in the combination group were treated by fumigation of JTXL + intra-articular injection of SHI in the same way as the aforesaid two groups. All patients were treated for 30 days. Their clinical efficacy and changes of infrapatellar fat pad scanned by CT were observed, and their correlation was analyzed., Results: The total effective rate was 88.57% in the combination group, better than that of the control group (74.29%) and the treatment group (80.00%; both P < 0.05). Besides, the score for knee joint functions at Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) was better in the combination group than the other two groups (P < 0.05). The anteroposterior diameter, exterior-interior diameter, the superior-inferior diameter were shortened, and the density decreased in the treatment group and the combination group (P < 0.05). Besides, they were superior to those of the control group (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Changes of infrapatellar fat pad scanned by CT only existed in the combination group and the treatment group, indicating changes of CT scanning was only correlated with effect on changing physicochemical properties of infrapatellar fat pad. Treatment by Chinese medicine could omnipotently and balanced regulate functions and structures of every tissue. Therefore, CT could be taken as a better method for clinical efficacy observation by Chinese medicine.

On-farm conservation and utilization of crop landraces have been proposed as means of conserving plant germplasm, in contrast to ex situ germplasm conservation, but little is known about the effectiveness of this approach. This paper reports the findings from a survey conducted in 15 unique ethnic groups of the Yunnan Province on the conservation and utilization of paddy rice, wheat (including wheat, barley, oats, and rye) and maize landrace varieties through participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and questionnaires. The surveyed regions covered 306 villages (the village group) from 237 administrative villages in 124 towns (township) distributed in 36 counties of 11 prefectures (city) in Yunnan Province. The survey showed that 44.8%, 77.5%, and 37.3% of the visited villages had lost their paddy rice, wheat, and maize landraces, respectively. A total of 901 landraces were collected, including 371 rice, 119 wheat, and 411 maize varieties, respectively. There were 2.9 on-farm varieties on average per village, 3.3, 8.0 and 5.2 varieties on average per 100 households, 1 000 peasants and 100 Ha farmland areas, respectively. Among the 306 villages, two villages (Laomian and Qingkou) maintained the highest crop diversity with 18 varieties (including 10 rice and 8 maize varieties) and 14 paddy rice varieties. Also, on-farm varieties in different ethnic groups varied significantly from each other, ranging from 16 to 120 varieties per group. The diversity of paddy rice varieties was the highest, ranging from 1 to 72, and the diversity was mainly distributed in southern, southwest Yunnan of tropical, subtropical ethnic regions. The wheat varieties ranged from 0 to 47 and distributed in northern, northwest Yunnan of high altitude, temperature, and cold ethnic regions. The maize varieties ranged from 4 to 40. These patterns of variation in on-farm varieties are directly associated with traditional culture and custom for the ethnic minorities and reflect the lack of improved varieties for the local special environments. These findings confirm the role of on-farm conservation in plant genetic resources in China and provide baseline information for better on-farm conservation and utilization of plant germplasm in China.

To reveal the genetic variation of rice paddy landraces across 30 years, we compared the genetic variation of between 6 paddy rice landraces grown in Yuanyang Hani's terraced fields in Yuanyang County, Yunnan Province in the 1970s (past-grown landraces) and 6 paired ones that have been grown during the past decade (current-grown landraces) using 60 SSR markers. The results showed that one to four alleles were amplified in 60 loci and 159 alleles in all the landraces tested. The number of alleles from the current-grown landraces decreased by 7 alleles compared to the past-grown landraces. The average number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), locus polymorphism information content (PIC), and genotype diversity (H') of the past-grown landraces were higher than those of the current-grown landraces, with Na of 2.567>2.450, Ne of 2.052>1.968, PIC of 0.469>0.439, and H' of 0.768>0.722. The average genetic similarity coefficient (GS) of the past-grown landraces was 0.437 with a range from 0.200 to 0.700 based on the 60 SSR markers, and the average GS of the current-grown landraces was 0.473 with a range from 0.117 to 0.667. In conclusion, the genetic diversity in current-grown landraces was decreased compared to the past-grown landraces, and the degree of variation in some of the allele locus varied in different rice landraces as a result of 30 years' natural and artificial selection.