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Objective To study the normal reference values of intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in children of different ages. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on the children with simple epidural hematoma who received hematoma removal and implantation for intracranial pressure monitoring in our department from January 2015 to June 2022.The intracranial pressure and arterial blood pressure of the children were monitored per hour after surgery, and the changes in intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure were analyzed based on time and age in different age groups.The intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in stable period (72 h after surgery) were used as the relative normal reference values, and the 95% range of intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure were calculated statistically by percentile method as the reference range. Results A total of 207 children were included in this study, including 25 in the < 2-year-old group, 82 in the 2~6-year-old group and 100 in the >6-year-old group.Intracranial pressure in different age groups was increased rapidly after a short period of low level, while cerebral perfusion pressure experienced a short period of high level, and both reached a peak and a trough from 12 to 24 h after surgery, and gradually reached a stable range at 72 h after surgery.The range of intracranial pressure 72 h after surgery was 3.0~8.0 mmHg for the < 2-year-old group, 5.0~11.0 mmHg for the 2~6-year-old group, and 6.0~14.0 mmHg for the >6-year-old group.Cerebral perfusion pressure range was 50.9~68.7, 55.0~73.3, and 57.3~79.6 mmHg, respectively for the above 3 age groups. Conclusion The normal ranges of intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure are different in children of different ages, and we suggest increasing with age.

Objective To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer or gastroesophageal junction cancer (GC/GEJC). Methods CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials, Cochrane Library and other databases were searched to collect the clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced GC/GEJC. The retrieval time was from the inception to Nov. 2019. Outcome measures mainly included ORR, DCR, PFS, OS and toxicities. The adoption rate difference and hazard ratio were effect measures. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Results We included seven literatures with a total of 1949 patients. Meta-analysis showed that for the patients with advanced GC/GEJC, the second-line or later immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy improved the overall survival rate at 12 and 18 months; the OS of the patients was prolonged, compared with chemotherapy/placebo therapy (all P < 0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions of any grade or ≥grade 3 caused by immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy was lower than that caused by chemotherapy/placebo. Conclusion Immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment could improve survival endpoints in some patients with advanced GC/GEJC, and the incidence of common adverse reactions is low.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of formation of traumatic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) in children and analyze the clinical manifestations, treatment and prognosis of CVST. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 21 children with traumatic CVST treated in our hospital between January 2009 and December 2019. The clinical manifestations, causes of thrombosis, imaging characteristics and the effects of heparin versus non-heparin treatments were analyzed. Results Among the 21 children with CVST, the main clinical symptoms included headache, vomiting, decreased activity, increased intracranial pressure (30.53±5.07 cmH2O), and papilledema (81%). Cranial fractures involving different sinuses or epidural hematoma was common in the children with CVST. The time of first-time hematoma volume reduction was 18.33±6.15 d in these children, and was significantly shorter in children receiving low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) treatment than in those without LMWH treatment (15.00±5.13 vs 23.75±2.96 d, P < 0.001). The percentage of residual hematoma was meanly 11% (3.0%, 14.5%) in the cohort, and it was significantly lower in children with LMWH treatment than in those without. The hematoma stabilization time was 31.08±8.81 d and 37.75±5.01 d and the D-dimer stabilization time was 12.92±4.62 d and 14.62±2.82 d in LMWH group and non-LMWH group, respectively, showing no significant differences between the 2 groups (P>0.05). Conclusion CVST in children often occurs following skull fracture across the venous sinuses or epidural hematoma that compresses the venous sinus. Anticoagulation therapy can shorten the time of hematoma volume reduction, reduce the volume of residual hematoma, and accelerate recanalization to improve the short-term outcomes of the patients.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of changes in intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and determine their intervention thresholds in children with severe traumatic brain injury (STBI). Methods This prospective observational study was conducted among the children with STBI admitted in the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between June, 2014 and June 2018. ICP and CPP of the children were dynamically monitored at every hour after the operation. The theoretical thresholds of ICP and CPP were adopted from literature, and the pressure-time indexes (PTIs) for these thresholds were calculated and their predictive ability was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. For children in different age groups (< 2 years, 2-7 years and >7 years), the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated according to the PTIs for each theoretical threshold and Glasgow Outcome Scale score at 6 months after the trauma. The theoretical thresholds corresponding to the maximum AUC was determined to be the optimal thresholds. Results A total of 115 children with STBI were included in this study. For children aged < 2 years (25 cases), 2-7 years (52 cases) and >7 years (38 cases), the age-specific thresholds of ICP was 14.4, 20.0 and 21.6 mmHg, and those of CPP was 45.0, 55.0 and 55.0 mmHg respectively. Conclusion The intervention thresholds of ICP and CPP differ among the STBI chidren at different ages. In children with STBI aged < 2 years, 2-7 years and >7 years, we recommend postoperative ICP of 14.4, 20.0 and 21.6 mmHg, and CCP of 45.0, 55.0 and 55.0 mmHg respectively, as the thresholds for initiating interventions.

Objective To explore clinical features of the etiology, imaging characteristics, complications and prognosis of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage in infants. Methods Clinical data of 131 cases of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage in infants (≤3 years old) admitted to our department from January 2011 to December 2018 were collected and retrospectively analyzed, including their clinical etiology, imaging examination results, complications, treatment methods and prognoses. Results The causes of intracranial hemorrhage in this cohort included delayed vitamin K deficiency(72 cases, 54.9%), arteriovenous malformations (16 cases, 12.2%), hemophilia (15 cases, 11.4%), other unexplained coagulation dysfunction (9 cases, 6.9%), cavernous hemangioma (5 cases, 3.8%), hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (4 cases, 3.1%), brain tumor stroke (3 cases, 2.3%), cerebral paragonimiasis and aneurysm (both 2 cases, 1.5%), and acute leukemia, hemophilic syndrome and Sturge-Weber syndrome (all 1 case, 0.8%). All cases were diagnosed with intracranial hemorrhage by CT scanning or MRI, and for the 34 cases with suspected cerebrovascular disease, the detection rate of CTA was 100%. The complications included convulsion or seizure (86 cases, 65.6%), anemia (77 cases, 58.8%), secondary infections (46 cases, 35.1%), cerebral hernia (32 cases, 24.4%), cerebral edema (28 cases, 21.4%), cerebral infarction (27 cases, 20.6%), hydrocephalus (26 cases, 19.8%), respiratory failure (14 cases, 10.6%) and status convulsion (9 cases, 6.9%). There were 43 cases undergone surgical treatment, and 88 cases received non-surgical treatment. Glasgow outcome score (GOS) scale indicated that 100 patients (76.3%) achieved a good prognosis. The results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that cerebral edema (OR=5.794), cerebral hernia (OR=11.326) and respiratory failure (OR=8.028) were risk factors for poor prognosis in the infants with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (P < 0.05). Conclusion The most common cause of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage in infants is delayed vitamin K deficiency. If the cause of hemorrhage is suspected to be cerebrovascular disease, CTA examination should be conducted as early as possible. The most common complications is convulsion or seizure. Cerebral edema, cerebral hernia and respiratory failure often indicate poor prognosis. The disease can obtain a good prognosis after active treatment.

The anode oxide of nanocrystalline Mn-Mo-Ce was prepared by anode electro-deposition technology, and its nanostructure and selective electro-catalytic performance were investigated using the SEM, EDS, XRD, HRTEM, electrochemical technology and oxygen evolution efficiency testing. Furthermore, the selective electro-catalytic mechanism of oxygen evolution and chlorine depression was discussed. The results show that the mesh-like nanostructure Mn-Mo-Ce oxide anode with little cerium doped is obtained, and the oxygen evolution efficiency for the anode in the seawater is 99.51%, which means a high efficiency for the selective electro-catalytic for the oxygen evolution. Due to the structural characteristics of γ-MnO2, the OH- ion is preferentially absorbed, while Cl- absorption is depressed. OH- accomplishes the oxygen evolution process during the valence transition electrocatalysis of Mn4+/Mn3+, completing the selective electro-catalysis process. Ce doping greatly increases the reaction activity, and promotes the absorption and discharge; the rising interplanar spacing between active (100) crystalline plane promotes OH- motion and the escape of newborn O2, so that the selective electro-catalytic property with high efficient oxygen evolution and chlorine depression is achieved from the nano morphology effect.

By correction to the thermodynamic calculation based on E0-pH diagram of MnSO4-SO42--H2O plating system, effective pH value range for anodic electrodeposition of MnO2 phase structure materials got clear, at 363K, with Mn2+ concentration 0.2mol·dm-3. The influence law of the pH values was also obtained based on the characterization of the oxide structure and test of its electrochemical performance. The results show that pH value in the 0.33-3.4 range, with its increase and accordingly the conducive to the effective deposition of MnO2 type Mn-Mo oxide. However, although with pH value increasing, deposition efficiency improves, the coating quality gets degraded, especially making the electrocatalytic performance of the oxide obviously deteriorated. It also shows that with pH value of plating solution 0.5, obtained Mn-Mo oxide has excellent coating quality and high electrocatalytic activity. The reason is closely related to competition in oxygen evolution reaction during the preparation of the oxide. When pH value is small, oxygen evolution reaction competition causes the solid-liquid interface stirring, the dendritic growth of oxide gets inhabited and the diffusion layer gets thinning, which promotes the nucleation of oxide on the electrode micro-surface and makes grain refined, so as to improves the electrocatalytic performance of oxide.

The residual flocculant in manufactured sand produces adverse impact on properties of concrete. The effects of three types of flocculants, which are anionic polyacrylamide (APAM), nonionic polyacrylamide (NPAM) and polyaluminium chloride (PAC), and four dosages (0%, 0. 015%, 0. 030%, 0. 050%, mass fraction) on the fluidity, setting time and mechanical properties of Portland cement were examined. X-ray diffraction ( XRD) detection and scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination were conducted to explore the affecting mechanism of flocculants. In additions, the effects of water reducing agent, retarder and dispersant on the fluidity and mechanical strength reduced by flocculant were studied. The results show that APAM affects the fluidity of paste most significantly, and NPAM secondly, while PAC the least. Both APAM and NPAM slightly shorten the setting time, while PAC slightly prolongs the setting time of paste. Three flocculants all reduce the strength of mortar, and the higher the dosage is, the greater the decline is. Three flocculants all hardly change the hydration products of Portland cement, while APAM and PAC promote cement hydration, and NPAM inhibits the hydration. The combined use of water reducing agent and retarder significantly improves the fluidity and compressive strength of mortar mixed with flocculant [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study explored the cultural content in a culturally responsive curriculum (CRC) used at an Atayal elementary school in northern Taiwan. The principles underlying the formulation of the CRC were also investigated. The CRC's theme was "becoming qualified Atayal men and women" and it was based on an integrated curriculum framework and was designed to combat the stereotypes portrayed in a variety of cultural vehicles. Consonant with the socialization process of Atayal children, Atayal narratives were selected and organized sequentially based on cultural ideas such as people on the land, people with the tribe, and people in nature to cover culturally relevant concepts, events, and facts. To help students view the world from an indigenous-centered perspective, the CRC had guided students to read tribal narratives, compare cultures with each other, acquire scientific knowledge from ethnic culture, and experience cultural activities. The findings indicated that cultural fluidity and Atayal teachers' beliefs are key elements in CRC implementation and suggested that they should be deliberated and adjusted appropriately in time and through the curriculum action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the continuous expansion of data sets and the continuous improvement of computer performance, the traditional image classification methods always lead to low accuracy. Because of their high accuracy and great convergence, the residual networks have become a key technical in the field of image classification, they are worthy of studying in detail. Each variant improves network performance by improving classification accuracy, reducing model complexity or reducing calculation amount. Firstly, This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each variant and the suggestions are given for the application of them. Then, the performance of each variant is compared intuitively from the three aspects of accuracy rate, parameter amount and calculation amount. Finally, the challenges and future development of residual networks are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper was to argue that school teachers could make a critical literacy curriculum for all the students including the disadvantaged students at the classroom level. There were three dimensions discussed in the paper. The first one was to define the category of critical literacy and to form the goals of the curriculum which were to develop the students' high level literacy, including critical literacy, and to enlighten their critical consciousness to understand themselves and construct their social consciousness. The second dimension was to discuss the strategies of critical literacy instruction and it suggested to hold three principles: the teachers could guide the students to engage in reading and make text meanings out, to guide them to discuss the cultural difference with their life experience, and to discuss the social issues of text and to have social awareness. The core strategy of reading instruction was included three concert methods: the teachers could form the students' critical perspectives and stances to read, to insight the ideology of text context, to use discourse analysis in the process of reading and representing text meanings. The third dimension was that the teachers could construct the environments of classroom discourse and to change their teaching language and form the students' learning language. The most important element of the practical framework is the teachers' role that they believe their students and they could adopt scaffolding teaching, and plan and reflect the content of classroom discourse, and positively support their students to develop critical literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins are the secondary metabolites found in higher plants, that contribute to the colors of flowers and fruits. Anthocyanins are known to play a significant role in plant defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. Anthocyanins are produced by regulation of many genes of a specific branch of the fiavonoid pathway. The expressions of catalyzing enzyme structure genes are regulated by putative MBW (MYB-bHLH-WD40 ) complexes composed of MYB, bHLH and WD40 transcriptional factors. Here, the functions and roles of the above three transcription factors are introduced to reveal their effect on the regulation of the structure gene expression and anthocyanin biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employing the polyhedral grid technique and based on the volume of fluid (VOF) two-phase flow boiling model, the heat transfer simulation of fluid-structure interaction for a diesel engine cylinder head was accomplished using Star CCM+ software. The tested temperature of the cylinder head proved the validation of simulation results. Then, the heat transfer regularity of the cylinder head was studied. The results show that, when the load of the single cylinder diesel engine increases, the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of the bridge between the exhaust valve ports of the cylinder head wet wall increases quickly at lower load but it increases slowly at higher load. The heat flow through the cylinder head increases rapidly with the increase of the load of single cylinder diesel engine. The tested data indicated that, under the rotating speed of diesel engine at 2 000 r ⋅ min-1, the heat flow through the cylinder head could be increased by 31.4% while the power increasing from 44 kW to 61 kW and it could be heightened by 61.3% while the power increasing from 61 kW to 80 kW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of elongation, ozone volume concentration, relative humidiy on ozone aging resistance of natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates had been investigated. A quick evaluation method of ozone aging resistance for NR vulcanizate was established. The appropriate type and amount of protective wax for NR vulcanizate were optimized by this method. Test results showed that the ozone cracking began to appear on the surface of samples and the degree of cracking gradually increased with higher elogation and ozone volume concentration as well as relative humidity. The test condition of 50% maximum elongation and 1.00×10-4% ozone volume fraction with 50% relative humidity at 40 ℃ could characterize the resistance to ozone aging of NR vulcanizates filled with carbon black quickly. The protective wax with high content of non-normal pafaffins and intermediate carbon paraffins had good protection effect of static ozone for NR vulcanizates. Using this quick evaluation method, protective wax A was found to have better performance of ozone aging resistance for NR vulcanizate. And the optimum amount of protective wax A was 3 phr.

研究者繼Atayal部落國小低年級文化回應課程（ culturally responsive curriculum, CRC）知識選擇探究之後，本研究延續教育現場資料聚焦討論CRC知識傳輸方式及其教學特徵。本研究依據臺灣北部宜蘭地區Atayal部落國小B低年級實施CRC之質性資料，分析與詮釋個案教師如何提升學童語文及認識文化能力的歷程。歸納個案教師傳遞課程知識之策略與特徵有五點： 一、本案「Atayal男狩獵、女織布」主題課程能統整適合二年級學童學習的文化內容；二、以敘事之認識論規劃敘事文本閱讀、聆聽敘事與敘說經驗及模擬傳統技能等活動是恰當的文化傳輸策略；三、應用現代科技及學科概念教學，學童能獲得文化相關之學科知識；四、多樣的閱讀活動設計，能提升學童參與程度及國字正確率；五、個案教師課室師、生話語權分配比例趨向均等。本研究討論與建議︰一、文化認同度高的教師能積極轉化文化知識及均等分配學童學習機會；二、傳輸CRC知識之教師應具備閱讀教學、跨文化理解、學科教學等能力，較易達成CRC的多重目標。 This study is based on the author’s previous exploration of knowledge selection in a culturally responsive curriculum (CRC) for students in lower grades of the Atayal tribal elementary schools. The present manuscript provides a focused discussion of knowledge transfer methods and teaching features based on on-site CRC educational materials. A qualitative research approach explored the implementation of CRC for lower-grade students at the Atayal tribal elementary school in northern Taiwan in order to analyze and interpret the processes by which the teachers successfully improved students’ language outcomes and cultural understanding. Five key findings can be summarized in terms of the strategies and teaching features used by teachers for CRC knowledge transfer: (1) the curriculum topic of “Atayal boys to become hunters and girls to become weavers” suitably integrated cultural content for the second grade students’ learning; (2) cultural transmission strategies involved the design of learning activities based on the epistemology of narrative, including reading ethnic texts, listening to elders’ narratives, and simulating traditional skills; (3) modern technology and subject-based concept instruction were used to help students successfully acquire culturally relevant subject knowledge; (4) the design of diverse literacy activities encouraged students to actively participate in ethnicnarrative discussions, enhancing Chinese literacy strategies, and improving their accuracy in writing Chinese characters; and (5) the distribution of discourse power between teachers and students in the classroom tended to be equal. This paper discusses and proposes two recommendations: (1) teachers with high levels of cultural identity are best able to actively transform CRC knowledge and ensure equality of learning opportunities for students; and (2) teachers responsible for CRC knowledge transmission should possess skills related to literacy instruction, ethnic cultural identity, cross-cultural understanding, and subject teaching in order to easily achieve the multiple goals of the CRC.

The effects of γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH 550), 1,6-bis(N,N′-dibenzothiazolylformamyldisulfide)-hexane (WY 988), mixing temperature and time on Mooney viscosity, curing characteristics, physical and mechanical property, compression set, creep property and their stability of natural rubber compounds filled with channel black had been investigated. The results showed that with the addition of KH 550, Shore A hardness and modulus at 300% of vulcanizates increased, and compression set and creep property were significantly improved. The optimum amount of KH 550 was 0.9 phr, the stability of Mooney viscosity, the difference between maximum torque and minimum torque (MH-ML), Shore A hardness and modulus at 300% of vulcanizates were significantly improved. As for the compounds mixed at elevated temperature and prolonged time or with the addition of WY 988, the stability of Mooney viscosity, MH-ML, Shore A hardness and modulus at 300% of the compounds were improved significantly. Shore A hardness and modulus at 300% of the vulcanizate increased while compression set and creep increment decreased.

The separation of light actinides plays an important role in the fields of nuclear industry, environmental radiochemistry, nuclear forensics, etc. Solid phase extraction(SPE) is one of the main methods for the separation of light actinides, and the key of this method is to select adsorbents with excellent adsorption performance and good physicochemical stability. Porous metal phosphonates are a kind of inorganic-organic hybrid materials combined of metal centers and organic phosphonic acid ligands. Generally, they exhibit high specific surface area, abundant active sites and good physicochemical stability, as well as excellent adsorption properties due to the outstanding binding ability of phosphonic groups to light actinides. Therefore, they are expected to be used as adsorbents for light actinides. In this review, the synthesis and structure of porous metal phosphonates are summarized, and their application in the separation of light actinides is focused, including the adsorption properties, adsorption mechanism, the physiochemical stability and practical treatment methods of these materials, etc. In the end, the development of this field is prospected.

" Addition of conductive fillers such as conductive carbon black (CCB) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) could significantly improve the electrical conductivity of rubber. However, that would result in the deterioration of processing properties for rubber compound and the rapid increase in hardness of vulcanizates, which affected seriously the preparation of conductive rubber composites and thus limits the application in the field of flexible conductive rubber materials. Plasticizer such as paraffin oil was usually utilized to reduce the hardness of conductive vulcanizates, accompanied by strength reduction. In this paper, conductive fillers were pre-dispersed in solid rubber and liquid rubber, which had good compatibility with rubber matrix of conductive vulcanizates. Conductive fillers and plasticizer were directly replaced by the above composite. It aimed to achieve good electrical conductivity and flexibility together with improved strength of vulcanizates. Firstly, CCB and CNTs were mixed well with solid ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) and liquid EPDM. EPDM matrix was masticated and then mixed with the aforementioned composite and the rest of reagents. Finally, rubber compounds obtained above were vulcanized to prepare vulcanizates. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) micrographs of conductive vulcanizates were shown in Fig 1. The pre-mixed conductive fillers were uniformly dispersed in matrix of conductive vulcanizates, while those without pre-mixing had poor dispersion. This might be due to good compatibility between rubber matrix of conductive vulcanizates and rubber carrier of solid EPDM and liquid EPDM, in which conductive fillers were pre-dispersed well. It was of benefit to further improvement of conductive filler dispersion in rubber matrix during compound mixing process. Volume resistivity (ρv) of vulcanizates decreased initially with increasing CNTs dose [up to 1.5 phr (mass, similarly hereinafter)] and tended to level off afterward (Fig 2). The improvement of electrical conductivity resulted from the formation of conductive network consisting of CCB and CNTs. Tensile strength and tear strength of vulcanizates increased with increasing CNTs dose (Fig 3). It might be attributed to the synergistic reinforcing effect of CCB and CNTs, which meant that rubber composite could withstand more stress. For the conductive vulcanizate with CCB of 25 phr and CNTs of 1.5 phr with pre-mixing, shore A hardness, ρv, tensile strength and tear strength were 63, 223 Ω·cm, 15.3 MPa and 44 kN/m, respectively, much better than those of the vulcanizate without pre-mixing (68, 1.1×105 Ω·cm, 11.5 MPa and 32 kN/m, respectively). The results indicated that conductive fillers well-dispersed in rubber carrier could significantly improve electrical conductivity and strength of vulcanizates, mainly due to better dispersion of pre-mixed conductive fillers and thus more complete conductive network as well as better synergistic reinforcing effect."

教師專業的概念內涵包括教師專業團體發展及教師個人專業化兩個面向，本文企圖從實際個案研究的觀察與反省，探討教師專業之理想與實踐的落差。本研究發現：偏遠地區小學在學校形成專業團體及專業文化有其困難，原因在於教師調動頻繁、人事組織不穩定，更因為教師態度不積極、學校領導人員不約束教師教學，大部分教師追求專業的意識不足等原因，而無法形成支持教師專業發展的專業倫理及專業團體。教師專業發展有賴個人強烈動機與更新實踐知識的行動，本研究個案教師透過改變課程與教學而經驗專業化歷程。教師專業能力增強可從幾個部分展開：（一）行動前，能評估學校課程脈絡及資源太少，自己決定課程、範圍及班級課程計畫；（二）行動中，能不斷擴充學生知識，增加判斷學生學習問題及改變程度的能力；（三）行動之後的反省，教師強化了自我覺知、增進規劃課程與更新教學活動的能力，更能掌握反省教室師生活動的意義，同時增強評估課程實施成效等能力。整個歷程發現，教師追求專業成長的強烈動機，產生與教學行動連結，採取更新實踐知識的反省態度，是教師再次專業化關鍵因素。 This purpose of this research is to discuss the difference the practice of teachers’ reprofessionalization form the theory, especially at rural elementary school. There were many difficulties in forming the professional culture and professional ethics in the rural elementary school. The teacher of the case study knew the truth and she decided to take action research on her curriculum and instruction in order to elevate profession by herself. The article described the process of the teacher’s reprofessionalization and presented the situations which the teacher encountered, too. The teacher reformed professional life from three dimensions: the first, she controlled little conditions and resources of the curriculum context, and decided to change class curriculum plan to cultivate the disadvantaged students’ reading abilities. The second, during the process of curriculum practice, she reflected her instruction and extended students knowledge, especially about how to evaluate her students’ performance. The third, she reflected her action research, she enhance self-awareness, curriculum knowledge, curriculum practice, and curriculum evaluation knowledge. The teacher was supported by her own strong motive of reforming professional instruction, then she did her endeavors to solve problems in the process of action research.

In this study, we delved into the prototypical components and metabolites of Platycodonis Radix extracts(PRE) from Tongcheng city in plasma, urine and feces of rats, and revealed its metabolic pathways and metabolic rules in vivo. The prototypical components and metabolites of PRE in rats were characterized and identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and mass defect filter(MDF). The biological samples were analyzed by ACQUITY UPLC BEH C&#95;(18)(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm), with 0.1% formic acid water(A)-0.1% formic acid acetonitrile(B) as mobile phase, and the biological samples were analyzed in negative ion mode by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS). Twelve prototypical saponins and twenty-seven metabolites were detected in plasma, urine and feces of rats treated with PRE by oral administration. Eleven prototypical components and nine metabolites were detected in plasma, eleven prototypical components and eight metabo-lites were detected in urine, and ten prototypical components and twenty metabolites were detected in feces. Further studies showed that the metabolic pathways of PRE in rats mainly include oxidation, reduction, acetylation, stepwise hydrolytic deglycosylation, glucuronidation and so on. This study provides a scientific basis for clarifying the pharmacological basis and mechanism of PRE from Tongcheng city.

It is of great importance to scientifically evaluate the impact of weather and climate conditions on the occurrence of O 3 pollution in order to improve the accuracy of O 3 pollution forecasts， as well as to reasonably control and reduce the adverse effects of O 3 pollution. The characteristics of O 3 concentration and climate background were analyzed based on daily O 3 concentration data， meteorological factors， and NCEP/NCER reanalysis data from 2006 to 2021 in Shanghai. In addition， the differences in atmospheric circulation situations during years with anomalous O 3 concentrations were compared and diagnosed from the perspective of climatology. Additionally， the monthly O 3 concentration prediction model （seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average with exogenous regressors， SARIMAX） was further established by adding the key meteorological factors. The results indicated that both the whole-year average and summer half-year average O 3 concentrations in Shanghai were increasing with fluctuation， and the summer half-year average was much higher than the annual average， up to 36.2%. Furthermore， there was a significant negative correlation between O 3 concentration and wind speed （correlation coefficient of -0.826） and a significant positive correlation with the frequency of static wind and the number of days in which the low cloud cover was less than 20% （correlation coefficients of 0.836 and 0.724， respectively）. The monthly mean O 3 concentration had a clear periodicity， showing a pattern with a high concentration in the middle period （April to September） and a low concentration at the beginning and end of the periods. High O 3 concentration years （2013-2021） were accompanied by more polluted days， lower average wind speed， more small wind （≤1.5 m·s -1 ） days， more days of low cloud cover of less than 20%， more days of high temperature， higher direct solar radiation， and more sunshine hours. When the location of the stronger West Pacific subtropical high was westward and southward in the summer half-year， Shanghai was influenced by an anomalous westerly wind， which was not conducive to the transportation of clean air from the sea to Shanghai and thus led to the high concentration of O 3 pollution. When the long wave radiation emitted from the ground was low in the summer half-year， it was favorable for the increase in ground temperature and caused a high concentration of O 3 pollution. Adding direct solar radiation， maximum temperature， and wind speed as exogenous variables to the monthly O 3 forecast model could significantly improve the effectiveness of the monthly forecast， with the root mean square error decreasing by 47.7% （from 22 to 11.5） and the correlation coefficient increasing by 11.2% （from 0.819 to 0.911）， which could be applied to the practical prediction of monthly O 3 concentration.

This study investigated the choroplast genome sequence of wild Atractylodes lancea from Yuexi in Anhui province by high-throughput sequencing, followed by characterization of the genome structure, which laid a foundation for the species identification, analysis of genetic diversity, and resource conservation of A. lancea. To be specific, the total genomic DNA was extracted from the leaves of A. lancea with the improved CTAB method. The chloroplast genome of A. lancea was sequenced by the high-throughput sequencing technology, followed by assembling by metaSPAdes and annotation by CPGAVAS2. Bioiformatics methods were employed for the analysis of simple sequence repeats(SSRs), inverted repeat(IR) border, codon bias, and phylogeny. The results showed that the whole chloroplast genome of A. lancea was 153 178 bp, with an 84 226 bp large single copy(LSC) and a 18 658 bp small single copy(SSC) separated by a pair of IRs(25 147 bp). The genome had the GC content of 37.7% and 124 genes: 87 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 29 tRNA genes. It had 26 287 codons and encoded 20 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Atractylodes species clustered into one clade and that A. lancea had close genetic relationship with A. koreana. This study established a method for sequencing the chloroplast genome of A. lancea and enriched the genetic resources of Compositae. The findings are expected to lay a foundation for species identification, analysis of genetic diversity, and resource conservation of A. lancea.

Objective: To improve the prevention and treatment of venomous snake bites by analyzing the epidemiological characteristics of venomous snake bite in Wuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region., Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted. The medical records of 1 091 patients with venomous snake bites admitted to the department of snake wound of Wuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2014 to December 2020 were collected, including snake species, gender and age of patients, bite time, bite site and local symptom., Results: The medical records of 952 patients with a definite clinical diagnosis of snake bite were enrolled. Among the 952 patients with venomous snake bites, the main bites were from Ovophis (32.98%), Trimeresurus (27.84%) and Naja (26.26%), followed by Bungarus multicinctus (6.51%), Ophiophagus Hannah (3.15%) and Agkistrodonhalys (1.58%), and few bites were from Rhabdophis subminiatus (0.73%), Bungarus fasciatus (0.42%), viper (0.32%) and Agkistrodon (0.21%). Of the 952 patients with venomous snake bites, there were almost twice as many males as females [647 cases (67.96%) vs. 305 cases (32.04%), with male to female ratio of 2.12:1]. The age of patients ranged from 0.8 to 87.0 years old, with 40-59 years old as the majority (42.44%), followed by ≥ 60 years old (27.31%). Snake bites mainly occurred from April to November (93.59%), with a peak in October (16.39%). The incidence time was mainly afternoon (12:00-17:59, 30.88%) and evening (18:00-23:59, 33.30%), followed by morning (06:00-11:59, 24.69%), and early in the morning (00:00-05:59, 11.13%). The incidence time of Ovophis and Bungarus multicinctus mainly concentrated in 18:00-23:59, the time of Trimeresurus was in 06:00-11:59, and that of Naja and Ophiophagus hannah was in 12:00-17:59. Most cases of snake bite were on limbs (98.53%), and mainly on the right limbs (53.57%). The lower limbs mainly were bitten by Ovophis, while the upper limbs mainly were bitten by Naja and by Ophiophagus hannah. The local symptoms of the bite of Ovophis and Trimeresurus were similar, mainly including pain, swelling, tenderness, high temperature of skin around the wound, bleeding and exudation, etc. And the local symptoms of the bite of Naja were pain, swelling, bruising, tenderness, bleeding and exudation, red skin, etc. Numbness and mild pain were the main symptoms of the bite of Bungarus multicinctus and Bungarus fasciatus, but other local characteristics were not obvious., Conclusions: The majority of venomous snake bite patients in Wuzhou City of Guangxi were middle-aged and elderly males, and the majority of venomous snakes were Ovophis, Trimeresurus, and Naja. Most venomous snake bite occurs from April to November, and the incidence time was concentrated between 12:00 and 23:59. The majority of venomous snake bite was limb bites. The local symptoms were pain, swelling, tenderness, high temperature of skin around the wound, bruising, etc. To reduce the incidence rate, disability rate and mortality of snake bite disease, a snake bite prevention system should be established, the education and publicity of snake bite prevention knowledge should be strengthened, the awareness of snake bite prevention should be improved, and clinical diagnosis and treatment should be assisted, based on the epidemiological characteristics of snake bite in Wuzhou area.

In this study, the gene encoding the key enzyme 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase(KAT) in the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway of Atractylodes lancea was cloned. Meanwhile, bioinformatics analysis, prokaryotic expression and gene expression analysis were carried out, which laid a foundation for the study of fatty acid β-oxidation mechanism of A. lancea. The full-length sequence of the gene was cloned by RT-PCR with the specific primers designed according to the sequence information of KAT gene in the transcriptomic data of A. lancea and designated as AIKAT(GenBank accession number MW665111). The results showed that the open reading frame(ORF) of AIKAT was 1 323 bp, encoding 440 amino acid. The deduced protein had a theoretical molecular weight of 46 344.36 and an isoelectric point of 8.92. AIKAT was predicted to be a stable alkaline protein without transmembrane segment. The secondary structure of AIKAT was predicted to be mainly composed of α-helix. The tertiary structure of AIKAT protein was predicted by homology modeling method. Homologous alignment revealed that AIKAT shared high sequence identity with the KAT proteins(AaKAT2, CcKAT2, RgKAT and AtKAT, respectively) of Artemisia annua, Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus, Rehmannia glutinosa and Arabidopsis thaliana. The phylogenetic analysis showed that AIKAT clustered with CcKAT2, confirming the homology of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase genes in Compositae. The prokaryotic expression vector pET-32 a-AIKAT was constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) for protein expression. The target protein was successfully expressed as a soluble protein of about 64 kDa. A real-time quantitative PCR analysis was performed to profile the AIKAT expression in different tissues of A. lancea. The results demonstrated that the expression level of AIKAT was the highest in rhizome, followed by that in leaves and stems. In this study, the full-length cDNA of AIKAT was cloned and expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3), and qRT-PCR showed the differential expression of this gene in different tissues, which laid a foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism of fatty acid β-oxidation in A. lancea.

Compared with adults, children tend to have lower incidence rate, hospitalization rate, and mortality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), while the cause of such age-based differences in disease severity remains unclear. An investigation of pathogenesis in children may help to analyze the therapies for the high-risk population. Human angiotensin-converting enzyme Ⅱ is the main receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and can limit pulmonary capillary leakage and inflammation mediated by angiotensin 2 and exert a protective effect against acute lung injury. Its expression decreases with age. Regular vaccination and frequent upper respiratory virus infection in children can lead to regular immune activation, and its combination with strong innate immunity can help to achieve virus clearance in the early stage of infection in children with COVID-19. Meanwhile, there are strong regeneration and repair abilities of alveolar epithelial cells in children, which may help with the early recovery of infection. In addition, risk factors, such as underlying cardiopulmonary diseases, obesity, and smoking, are relatively uncommon in children. Social factors, including home quarantine and timely closure of schools, may help to reduce the infection rate in children. However, children with immunodeficiency are a high-risk population and should be closely monitored. Further studies are needed to investigate the immune and protection mechanisms against COVID-19 in children.

Objective: To study the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and other key molecules of the RAS pathway in normal mice at different developmental stages, and to provide ideas for understanding the infection mechanism of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as well as the diagnosis and treatment of children with COVID-19., Methods: The mice at different developmental stages were enrolled, including fetal mice (embryonic days 14.5 and 18.5), neonatal mice (0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days old), young mice (28 and 42 days old), and adult mice (84 days old). The lung tissues of all fetal mice from 4 pregnant mice were collected at each time point in the fetal group. Four mice were sampled in other age groups at each time point. Whole transcriptome resequencing was used to measure the mRNA expression of AGT, ACE, ACE2, Renin, Agtr1a, Agtr1b, Agtr2, and Mas1 in mouse lung tissue., Results: The expression of ACE2 in the lungs showed changes from embryonic stage to adult stage. It increased gradually after birth, reached a peak on day 3 after birth, and reached a nadir on day 14 after birth (P<0.05). The expression of AGT reached a peak on days 0 and 7 after birth and reached a nadir on day 21 after birth (P<0.05). The expression of ACE increased rapidly after birth and reached a peak on day 21 after birth (P<0.05). Agtr1a expression reached a peak on day 21 after birth (P<0.05). Agtr2 expression gradually decreased to a low level after birth. Renin, Agtr1b, and Mas1 showed low expression in lung tissues at all developmental stages., Conclusions: At different developmental stages of mice, ACE2 has dynamic expression changes, with high expression in early neonatal and adult mice. The other key molecules of the RAS pathway have their own expression patterns. These suggest that the difference in clinical features between children and adults with COVID-19 might be associated with the different expression levels of ACE2 in the different stages, and further studies are needed for the mechanism.

Objective: To observe the effect of wrist-ankle acupuncture (WA) stimulation at "R 4 "- "R 5 " - "R 6 " on the expression of glutamate (Glu) and phosphorylated protein NMDAR1(p-NMDAR1) of the spinal dorsal horn in spared nerve injury (SNI) rats, so as to explore its mechanism underlying improvement of SNI., Methods: A total of 36 SD rats were randomly divi-ded into sham operation, model and WA groups, with 12 rats in each group. The SNI procedure comprised an axotomy and ligation of the tibial and common peroneal nerves leaving the sural nerve intact. Rats of the WA group were treated by acupuncture at "R 4 "-"R 5 "-"R 6 " points from the 5 th day to the 14 th day after modeling. The mechanical pain thresholds were measured before and 5, 10 and 14 d after SNI, respectively. The cold allodynia was dectected by Acetone solution dropped onto the lateral plantar surface of the paw. Glu content and p-NMDAR1 expression of spinal dorsal horn were detected by 1 H-MRS, ELISA and immunohistochemistry Methods., Results: Compared with the sham operation group, the mechanical pain threshold of the model group was significantly decreased ( P <0.01), the duration of cold stimulation foot contraction was increased ( P <0.01), and the Glu content and p-NMDAR1 expression in the spinal dorsal horn were significantly increased ( P <0.05, P <0.01). After WA intervention, the mechanical pain threshold was significantly increased ( P <0.01), the duration of cold stimulation was significantly shortened ( P <0.01), and Glu content and p-NMDAR1 protein expression of spinal dorsal horn were decreased significantly ( P <0.05, P <0.01) in the WA group compared with the model group., Conclusion: WA can reduce pain sensitivity in rats with neuropathic pain, possibly by inhibiting the expression of Glu and p-NMDAR1 in the spinal dorsal horn.

In order to understand the structural characteristics of squalene synthase genes in the triterpenoids biosynthesis pathway of Crataegus pinnatifida, the squalene synthase genes of C. pinnatifida was cloned and analyzed by bioinformatics and prokaryotic expression. Two squalene synthase genes CpSQS1 and CpSQS2 were cloned from C. pinnatifida fruit by RT-PCR. The ORF length of CpSQS1 and CpSQS2 were 1 239 bp and 1 233 bp respectively, encoding 412 aa and 410 aa respectively. CpSQS1 and CpSQS2 were predicted to be stable acidic proteins by online tools. The secondary structure was mainly composed of α-helix structure, and the tertiary structure was predicted by homology modeling. Structural functional domain analysis showed that 35-367 aa of CpSQS1 and CpSQS2 cDNA containing conserved trans-isoprenyl pyrophosphate synthase domains. Transmembrane domain analysis predicted that two transmembrane domains were founded in CpSQS1 and CpSQS2. The squalene synthase amino sequence of C. pinnatifida had higher homology with the known SQS of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Glycyrrhiza glabra. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that CpSQS1 and CpSQS2 were clustered into one branch of MdSQS1 and MdSQS2, which were consistent with the phylogenetic rule. Prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-4 T-1-CpSQS1 and pGEX-4 T-1-CpSQS2 were transformed into Escherichia coli Transetta(DE3) for induction, and the target protein was successfully expressed at 65 kDa. The expression levels of CpSQS2 were significantly higher than that of CpSQS1 in three different developmental stages of C. pinnatifida. In this study, the full-length cDNA sequences of C. pinnatifida SQS1 and SQS2 were cloned and analyzed for the first time, which provided the foundation for further study on the metabolic pathway of C. pinnatifida triterpenoids.

Through the comparative study on the appearance characters and internal structure of cultivated and wild Ganoderma lucidum in Huoshan,this paper provides a reference for the further study of G. lucidum. In this study,the similarities and differences between cultivated G. lucidum " Huozhi No. 1" and wild G. lucidum in Huoshan were compared by means of character observation,optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope( SEM). The results showed that the pileus color of " Huozhi No. 1" was yellowish brown and thicker,while that of wild G. lucidum was mainly reddish brown,the context was thinner,and there were gravel and rotten wood at the bottom of the stipe. A clear skeletal hyphae and binding hyphae were observed in cultivated and wild G. lucidum,but there was no significant difference. The shell layer,context layer,mediostratum layer and spores of cultivated and wild G. lucidum were observed by SEM,and the results showed that there was no significant difference. It was found that the mediostratum of " Huozhi No. 1" was thin and irregular,while the mediostratum of wild G. lucidum was neat and compact. There were two types of spores in wild G. lucidum,one of which retained the outer wall of spore type Ⅰ,with tiny pores on the surface. The other is type Ⅱ spores with many spinous processes on the surface,which may be formed by type Ⅰ spores falling off the outwall. In this study,the appearance characters and internal structure of cultivated and wild G. lucidum in Huoshan were systematically observed and compared,which provided theoretical basis and reference for the identification and quality evaluation of cultivated and wild G. lucidum.

To establish a DNA molecular markers method for identification of Corydalis yanhusuo,C. turtschaninovii and C. decumbens,the mat K,trn G and psb A-trn H sequences of 56 samples from 14 species of C. yanhusuo,C. turtschaninovii,C. decumbens and their related species were obtained by sequencing. The SNP loci were obtained by Bio Edit 7. 2. 2 software. The primers for AS-PCR identification were designed based on the mutation sites,and the conditions of PCR were optimized to identify C. yanhusuo,C. turtschaninovii,and C. decumbens according to the specific bands. The results showed that the amount of template( 0. 6-1 200 ng)and annealing temperature( 42-60 ℃) had little influence on the amplification results,and the number of cycles had much influence on the amplification results. When the number of cycles was 20,the specific bands of 297 bp( mat K),353 bp( trn G) and 544 bp( mat K) were amplified from C. yanhusuo,C. turtschaninovii and C. decumbens,respectively. The method established in this study had a minimum detection limit of 6 ng for C. yanhusuo,60 ng for C. decumbens and less than 0. 6 ng for C. turtschaninovii. Thus,the allelespecific PCR method established in the research can specifically identify C. yanhusuo,C. turtschaninovii,and C. decumbens.

The correlation between meridians and viscera is the key content of the meridian theory in acupuncture medicine. This paper introduces the close relationship between the meridians running on the body surface and viscera from ancient lite-rature, modern experimental studies (such as acupoint sensitization, neuro-endocrine-immune networks, etc.), and clinical application in the treatment of various conditions with acupuncture, moxibustion, Guasha (scraping) therapies, etc. We also presented some related research ideas (i.e., taking the clinical treatment as the forerunner, paying more attention to multi-disciplinary integration, combining clinical and basic research together, doing research from tridimensional point of review, and making full use of advanced technology, etc.) in order to provide a possibly favorable help for researchers to further reveal the scientific mechanisms underlying correlation between the meridian and viscera in the future.

"Xishuang" is a special phenomenon that chemical composition of medicinal materials crystallize on the surface exposed to air for a long time. We summarized Herbal textual research of "Xishuang" phenomenon of six herbs, such as Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, Moutan Cortex, Atractylodis Rhizoma, Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex, dried persimmon frost and watermelon frost. From historical perspective, cream of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus was firstly discovered in Lei Gong's Moxibustion Theory. Thereafter, dried persimmon frost was found in Song Dynasty, which was named "white persimmon" in Ben Cao Tu Jing and had become an independent medicine in Compendium of Materia Medica. Then, watermelon frost was found in Yang Yi Da Quan of the Qing Dynasty, and Moutan Cortex's "sand star" was recorded in Zeng Ding Wei Yao Tiao Bian of the Republic of China. After that, "Xishuang" phenomenon of Atractylodis Rhizomaand Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex were reported in 1950s and 1960s in succession. The pattern of "Xishuang" is divided into different type, natural "Xishuang" includes Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, Moutan Cortex, Atractylodis Rhizoma and Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex, artificial "Xishuang" includes watermelon frost, and dried persimmon frost formed crystals by using artificial intervention. The above 6 kinds of herbs have different crystal structure and chemical composition. Therefore, according to traditional identification experience, "Xishuang" phenomenon is related to varieties and quality of medicinal herbs. These research provide herbalism basis for the modern study of "Xishuang" medicinal materials., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Objective: To investigate the structural changes inintestinal flora and metabolic changes in type 2 diabetic patients with obesity(BMI≥40 kg/m 2 )by sequencing the 16S rRNA genes., Methods: Stool samples were collected from 4 diabetic patients before and after gastric bypass surgery for extraction of the total DNA. The diversity of the intestinal flora in the samples was investigated by 16S rRNA sequencing. After surgery, the changes in glucose and lipid metabolism were evaluated in the patients, and the changesin body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio were assessed at 3 month intervals., Results: After gastric bypass, the patient's BMI, waist to hip ratio, glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism gradually recovered the normal levels. The proportion of Bacteroidetesis increased and the proportions of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria decreased in the intestinal bacteria after the surgery., Conclusion: Gastric bypass surgery can effectively alleviate the condition of obese patients with type 2 diabetes and improve the composition of the intestinal flora.

The growth years of medicinal materials are closely related to their quality, and "Herb-chronology" has been used to determine the growth years of perennial dicotyledonous plants in recent years. On the basis of conventional paraffin section and freehand section, the anatomical study on roots of seven Sect. Paeonia species and main roots of cultivated Paeonia lactiflora was conducted in this paper. The results showed that, there existed some differences in microstructure of the seven species such as P. lactiflora, P. obovata, P. veitchii, P. mairei, P. anomala, P. sinjiangensis and P. anomala var. intermedia, and this could be used to distinguish different species. In the roots of seven Sect. Paeonia species, distinct growth rings were formed because that the different diameters or density of xylem vessels in the secondary xylem formed clusters and arranged interrupted rings in tangential direction. There were growth rings in the main roots of P. lactiflora cultivated 1-4 years in Siping, Jilin, which were all consistent with their growth years. Due to the similar growth characteristics between wild Sect. Paeonia species and cultivated P. lactiflora, the growth rings can provide a basis for the age identification and lay the foundation for the quality evaluation of Paeoniae Radix Rubra., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Objective: To explore the genetic etiology of three families affected with split-hand/split-foot malformation (SHFM)., Methods: Peripheral venous blood samples from 21 members of pedigree 1, 2 members of pedigree 2, and 2 members of pedigree 3 were collected. PCR-Sanger sequencing, microarray chip, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), real-time PCR, and next-generation sequencing were employed to screen the mutations in the 3 families. The effect of the identified mutations on the finger (toe) abnormality were also explored., Results: Microarray and real-time PCR analysis has identified a duplication in all patients from pedigrees 1 and 3, which have spanned FKSG40, TLX1, LBX1, BTRC, POLL and FBXW4 (exons 6-9) and LBX1, BTRC, POLL and FBXW4 (exons 6-9) genes, respectively. A missense mutation of the TP63 gene, namely c.692A>G (p.Tyr231Cys), was found in two patients from pedigree 2. FISH analysis of chromosome 10 showed that the rearrangement could fita tandem duplication model. However, next-generation sequencing did not identify the breakpoint., Conclusion: The genetic etiology for three families affected with SHFM have been identified, which has provideda basis for genetic counseling and guidance for reproduction.

Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic effects of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) and laparoscopic duodenal-jejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADJB-SG) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a low body mass index (BMI) of 25-27.5., Methods: Thirty-one type 2 diabetic patients with a BMI of 25-27.5 underwent bariatric surgeries in the General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command between August, 2013 and August, 2015. The patients receiving LRYGB (17 cases) and SADJB-SG (14 cases) were compared for physical indexes, glucose metabolism and of pancreatic islet function at 1 year after the surgeries., Results: No mortality occurred in the patients after the operations. At 1 year after the operation, the patients in LRYGB group showed significant improvements in body weight, BMI, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), oral glucose tolerance test 2 h (OGTT2h), C-peptide, fasting insulin (FINS), and postprandial 2 hour insulin (2 hPINS) (P<0.05); in SADJB-SG group, significant improvements were observed in the body weigh, BMI, HbA1c, FPG, OGTT2h, and FINS after the operation (P<0.05). The postoperative improvements in body weigh, BMI, HbA1c, FPG, OGTT2h, C-peptide, and 2hPINS were comparable between SADJB-SG group and LRYGB group (P>0.05), but the incidence of postoperative anastomotic ulcer was lower in SADJB-SG group., Conclusion: SADJB-SG and LRYGB produce similar therapeutic effects in type 2 diabetic patients with a low BMI, but SADJB-SG is associated with a low incidence of postoperative complications and is therefore more suitable in such patients.

"Assessing the quality by distinguishing features of traditional Chinese medicinal materials" is a characteristic quality evaluation system of traditional Chinese medicine, and it is also the basis of "Rating according to characters and setting the price by the grade" on the market. Astragali Radix was regarded as a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and this paper has carried out herbal textual research on the development and formation of the concept, "assessing the quality by distinguishing features of traditional Chinese medicinal materials", of Astragali Radix. The authentic medicine producing areas of Astragalus in China have experienced a great change, Gansu , Sichuan and adjacent areas before the Tang Dynasty; Shanxi during the Tang and Song Dynasty. The concept, "assessing the quality by distinguishing features of traditional Chinese medicinal materials", of Astragali Radix was formed in the Song and Ming Dynasty and still used today, which described as that the shape is "straight as an arrow"; the texture is "soft as cotton"; the section looks like" gold well and jade hurdle"; it was sweet in taste and has beany flavor. The system, "assessing the quality by distinguishing features of traditional Chinese medicinal materials", of Astragali Radix has undergone the adjustments from "true or false" to "good or bad", advance with the times, pick out the advantages from others and absorb the experience of traditional identification actively. Besides, it always returns to laconism from erudition and was summarized highly. Assessing the quality by distinguishing features of traditional Chinese medicinal materials and commodity specifications have the same root, so the former has reference meaning to revise the latter., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Anhui is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain, its across warm temperate zone and subtropics. The mountain and water next to each other, which leads to Chinese medicine resources ranked first in East China. The utilization of traditional Chinese medicine resources in Anhui has a long history, which could date back to the publishing time of Ming Yi Bie Lu (Appendant Records of Famous Physicians). And the kinds of traditional Chinese medicine in Song Dynasty ups to 80. There are also some differences in the distribution of various geographical units in terms of the types: Jianghuai hilly region's ups to 64, 25 in Wannan mountainous area, the species in Dabie Mountains and Huaibei plain are 16 and 14 respectively. In addition, the Jianghuai hilly region's and Wannan mountainous area have a long history among of them, which have been reached a peak in the Song Dynasty. The history of native medicinal materials in Anhui recorded in different periods, though combing herbal books. And the results showed that the vast majority of varieties in ancient are the same as modern ones, which provide the historical basis for the rich bulk medicinal materials in Anhui. The distinctions in natural and social environment of different geographical units have effects on the history of the usage of Chinese medicine resources in respective regions. Thus, the variety and distribution of native medicinal materials in Anhui among the Bencao works of different period provides herbalism basis for the protection and utilization of Chinese medicine resources currently., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)