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The arid inland river basins in northwestern China have been experienced various stages of soil and water resources over-exploitation over the past 50 years, as well as ecological protection and restoration in recent years, which has significantly influenced the regional groundwater and ecological environment. However, the long-term evolution of groundwater and its ecological effects remain unclear. In this study, the Kongque River Basin is chosen as a study area, and the spatio-temporal evolution of groundwater flow field is analyzed based on the comparison of recent groundwater monitoring data and historical data. The ecological effects of long-term groundwater evolution are discussed by analyzing the influence of regional groundwater to Populus euphratica in the riparian zone. The results show that from 1971 to 2021, the groundwater flow in the Kongque River Basin has undergone drastic variation due to excessive groundwater exploitation, and the groundwater levels have shown a general downward trend. The total area where the groundwater levels have decreased by more than 40 m is 204.69 km2, as well as 1735.81 and 1018.56 km2 for 20−40 and 5−20 m, and eventually led to the formation of a regional drawdown funnel, which have seriously affected the water consumption of Populus euphratica in the middle and lower reaches. From 1971 to 2016, the regional groundwater level depth in the riparian zone of the Kongque River Basin decreased by more than 10 m, with a degradation and shrinkage of Populus euphratica. After the implementation of the ecological water transport project since 2016, the groundwater level depth has gradually increased by 2−4 m, and reached the critical groundwater level of Populus euphratica. From 2014 to 2018, the regional NDVI increased by 17%, which indicates that the coverage rate of natural vegetation has improved. This study can improve the understanding of evolution patterns in groundwater and ecological environment in arid inland river basins of the northwestern China, and provide scientific references for sustainable development and utilization of groundwater and ecological protection in similar regions.

In order to improve the efficiency, quality, and utilization rate of raw ingredients for Hunan flavor marinated beef, bovine leg meat was used as raw material and traditional marinated (atmospheric pressure, 95 ℃) was used as control, The NaCl mass transfer coefficients, sensory quality, texture characteristics and microstructure of beef under different vacuum marinated, micropressure marinated, pulse marinated conditions were studied to optimize the best marinated process. The results showed that the optimal marinated process was pulse marinated process: −50 kPa, 80 ℃ combined with +50 kPa, 95 ℃, pulse frequency 4 times, and marinated duration 2.7 h, Under these conditions, the sensory score (89.6) and NaCl mass transfer coefficients value (2.71×10−6 m2/s) of beef were obtained. They were superior to the optimal conditions of vacuum marinated (-50 kPa, 80 ℃), the optimal conditions of micropressure marinated (+50 kPa, 95 ℃), sensory scores of traditional marinated (85.2, 86.1, 83.6), and the NaCl mass transfer coefficients (1.91×10−6、1.92×10−6、1.64×10−6 m2/s). The texture characteristics of pulse marinated beef were significantly improved (P

【Objective】The study was conducted to promote the high-quality development of agriculture at county level in the Yellow River basin, deepen the understanding of agricultural inputs and outputs, and improve the increasingly tight constraints on agricultural resources and the deterioration of agricultural ecological environment, and to propose optimized development ideas and countermeasures.【Method】The land use changes of Dali County, Shannxi Province were analyzed by the land use transfer matrix, then the emergy analysis (EMA) method was used and an index system was constructed, several indexes based on the emergy flow were defined and calculated, the operational characteristics of agroecosystems in 2014 and 2019 and the sustainability of development were characterized and measured, the emergy values of inputs and outputs in agro-ecosystems were quantitatively analyzed and evaluated output emergy, then the key factors that constrain the sustainable development of agro-ecosystems were identified.【Result】Compared with the base period of 2014, the emergy self-sufficiency rate of the agro-ecosystem in 2019 (year of land use planning) decreased from 18% to 13%, and the net emergy output rate decreased from 2.10 to 1.27, the sustainability index decreased from 0.90 to 0.35, the emergy value investment rate increased from 4.51 to 6.71, the environmental load rate increased from 2.33 to 3.61, the emergy value density from 1.93×1012 sej/m2 to 2.69×1012 sej/m2, and the emergy consumption per capita from 1.03×1016 sej/person to 1.41×1016 sej/person. In 2019, compared with 2014, the area of forest land, artificial land and water bodies decreased by 5.75%, 0.60% and 60.06% respectively, and the area of grassland, cultivated land and wetland increased by 19.80%, 1.44% and 21.15%, respectively.【Conclusion】Land use change is not the main factor influencing the change of agricultural output emergy, the overall development level of agriculture in Dali County is also increasing while the costs of agricultural production are also increasing, and the process of agricultural modernization is relatively rapid, which is a consumer-oriented economic system. The investment in non-renewable industrial auxiliary energy values represented by pesticides, diesel and chemical fertilizers has increased significantly, increasing the pressure on the agricultural ecological environment.

The effect of annealing time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti‒6.0Al‒3.0Zr‒0.5Sn‒1.0Mo‒1.5Nb‒1.0V new titanium alloys were studied based on the optimum annealing temperature of 740 ℃. Results show that after smelting thrice by vacuum consumable arc furnace and thrice hot rolling processes, the microstructure of the sheet is the partial recrystallization structure composed of the primary α phase, structure of β transformation, and the processing status structure. With increased annealing time, the microstructure of the annealed sheet is mainly composed of the primary α phase, with the proportion of the α phase being gradually increased from 81.73% to 85.61%. The strip-shaped α phase in the microstructure is broken and spheroidized gradually, and an equiaxial α phase begins to be homogenized and coarsened. With the increase of annealing time, the elongation of annealed sheets increases greatly; the tensile strength initially decreases, increases, and then decreases again; and the yield strength and the microhardness first increase and then decrease. When the annealing time is 1 h, the fracture of the sheet has a ductile fracture mode and is composed of slip bands, ripple appearance, and small equiaxial dimples. When the annealing time is more than or equal to 2 h, the fracture exhibits a ductile fracture mode and is completely composed of equiaxial dimples. The optimal annealing process is achieved at 740 ℃ for 2 h, in which the tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and microhardness of the alloy plate is 984 MPa, 941 MPa, 15.27%, and HV 347.67, respectively. The main results from this paper can guide the formulation of the annealing process of high-strength corrosion-resistant titanium alloy and provide a scientific basis for solving problems encountered in the actual production of titanium alloy.

The Kongqi River Irrigation District (KRID) in Xinjiang, China, has a serious problem of groundwater overexploitation.A scientific understanding of the development conditions and evolution characteristics of regional groundwater flow systems is the basis for optimizing the utilization of groundwater resources.The variation characteristics of groundwater flow systems in KRID, from 1970 to 2020, were simulated and identified via numerical modeling and streamlines tracing of the three-dimensional steady-state groundwater flow in the Quaternary aquifers.As indicated, a complex patterns of groundwater flow systems can be developed around the Kongqi River, with streamlines linking different recharge and discharge zones, varying with the pumping intensity of groundwater in KRID.In the 1970s when the condition was close to a natural state, groundwater flow systems with north-to-south flow dominated the irrigation district, and the spatial pattern depended on hydrogeological parameters and recharge-discharge factors.There were possibly 1-4 flow systems discharge to the Kongqi River in the natural condition.Currently, groundwater is strongly exploited in the irrigation district, and groundwater flow systems are attracted by the groundwater withdrawal funnel with recharge from surrounding areas, cutting off the groundwater flow system with recharge from the leaking upper reaches of the Kongqi River and discharge into the middle-lower reaches.In the past 50 years, the projected area for groundwater flow systems of the phreatic evaporation discharge has decreased by 29%, while the projected area for groundwater flow systems of pumping discharge has increased from zero to 40% of the total model area.Phreatic evaporation plays an important role in supporting natural ecosystems.Therefore, groundwater exploitation should be controlled in the irrigation district, to maintain the development condition for groundwater flow systems of phreatic evaporation discharge.

It is difficult for the traditional radar to suppress deceptive mainlobe interference and separate the range ambiguous clutter. The proposal of a waveform diverse array changes the way of obtaining information through utilizing degrees-of-freedom in the transmit dimension. Through flexible system design and signal processing methods, this array enhances the ability of information extraction and improves the anti-jamming and detection performance, compared with the traditional phased array and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) radar. This paper summarizes the research progress of waveform diverse array radars in China and overseas and provides the basic concepts of the array diversity system regarding frequency, time, and phase modulation. Furthermore, the research trend of waveform diverse array radars has been discussed. Based on the existing basic theory and key technology research, the advantages of a waveform diverse array in providing new information about targets and increasing the additional controllable degrees-of-freedom of the system are verified, thereby improving the multidimensional detection capability of the new radar system.

ObjectivesThis paper studies the hydrodynamic performance of the submarine sailing near the ice surface using numerical simulation method.Methodsthe Suboff full-appended model, RANS method, SST k-ω turbulence model and volume of field method are used to calculate the hydrodynamic performance of the submarine in the STAR-CCM+ software. The effectiveness of the calculation method is guaranteed by the method of grid independence verification and the method of hydrodynamics analysis near the ice surface.ResultsThe results show that when the submarine sails under ice surface, the total resistance coefficient of submarine decreases with the increase of the submergence depth at the same Froude number, and decreases with the increase of Froude number at the same depth. In addition, when the dimensionless depth is greater than 1.63, the submergence hardly affects the drag coefficient.ConclusionsStudies have shown that the total drag coefficient of submarine is greatly influenced by Froude number and submergence depth. With the increase of submergence depth, the influence of submergence depth on drag coefficient decreases gradually.

The security risks existing in the process of circulation and use of data factors were analyzed systematically.On the basis of summarizing the statue of researches, practices and relevant national standards and norms of data circulation at home and abroad, a countermeasure before, during and after the whole process of circulation and use of data factors for the security risks was proposed, and amanagement and technology synergistic solution to construct a secure and trusted system for circulation and use of data factors was presented.It provided reference for the realizing trusted, controllable data trading that “data sources can be confirmed, scope of use can be defined, circulation process can be traced, and security risks can be prevented”, and promoted the stable and sustainable development of data trading market.

In the past twenty years, most studies of elementary school libraries were about how the library was used. However, little research regarding why students would like to visit the library and what are their favorites in the library has been carried out. The purpose of this study is thus to understand the influential factors of graders library use at school library. This study adopted the qualitative research in a semi-structured in-depth interview and a participant observation research. The interviewed objects are sixteen 3-6 graders who borrowed books or media frequently from the school library. There are some influential factors can affect the library use including library factors and non-library factors. The analyses found that the function of the school library lies not only on reading, circulating and searching, but also being a place for leisure and social activities. That is a successful school library which is not only a library, but also a living room at home. Ideally, the school should enhance the positive linkage between the students and the library as well as the librarian should be a facilitator to connect them. On the other hand, the librarian should encourage students read enthusiastically by making library as a warm, convenient, and comfortable environment. As a result, the student would like to be a long-term patron of the library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of LTE data and VoLTE services,subscribers pay more and more attention to network experience.LTE optimization faces many challenges.Therefore,China Mobile Shandong Corporation made a complete and feasibility solution,which met the requirement of high-speed scene optimization.There were four dimensions in this solution: double layers network deployment,VoLTE optimization of high-speed rail,coordinating optimization in the boundary of high-speed network and normal LTE network,and the exploration and deployment of new functions.After the implementation of the solution,VoLTE coverage rate increases from 87.95% to 91.66%,MOS value upgrades from 3.6 to 4,the ratio of MOS value greater than 3.0 rised from 89.61% to 96.70%.

Steel slag–peanut shell-based activated carbon was prepared using ultrafine steel slag powder and peanut shells through microwave processing. The response surface method was used to evaluate the effects of microwave power, impregnation ratio, steel slag content, and steel slag particle size on the rate of the adsorption of formaldehyde gas by the prepared activated carbon. Subsequently, optimum parameters were calculated for the preparation of activated carbon with the maximum rate of adsorption for formaldehyde gas adsorption. Finally, the activated carbon was characterized by an X-ray infrared spectrometer, field emission scanning electron microscope, and specific surface area and pore size analyzer. Results revealed that the activated carbon prepared using 530 W of microwave power, steel slag powder corresponding to a mesh size 1160, steel slag content equal to 10.8%, and impregnation ratio of 1.25 has the highest formaldehyde adsorption rate. According to the established regression model, the theoretical adsorption rate of formaldehyde gas will be 94.96% under the above optimal preparation conditions. Thus, the prepared activated carbon had a formaldehyde adsorption rate of 94.14%, which is within a 5% error range of the adsorption rate estimated by our regression model for the same conditions. We further demonstrated that our response curve model can predict the adsorption rate of the activated carbon prepared by this process efficiently and that it is feasible to optimize the preparation of activated carbon by the response surface method. Furthermore, the regression analysis further reveals that the degree of influence of the four factors related to this method of preparing activated carbon on the rate of formaldehyde gas adsorption is in the following order, from large to small: microwave power, steel slag content, impregnation ratio, and steel slag fineness. The mutual interaction of the four influencing factors on the formaldehyde gas adsorption rate can be intuitively observed through the three-dimensional response surface graph. Pore structure analysis of the activated carbon prepared using the optimal preparation conditions revealed that it has an H3-type hysteresis loop and a flat-panel slot-like structure. The pore size distribution is uneven, with predominant micropores and small-sized mesopores. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that after adding steel slag for modification, the activated carbon had more acidic functional groups, which is beneficial to the adsorption of formaldehyde. Morphological analysis reveals that the layered structure of the activated carbon is clear and that adding a small amount of steel slag is beneficial to improve the rate of pulverization.

Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization and immutability, and has received widespread attention in recent years. Data can not be tampered, which will cause a series of problems such that malicious transactions can not be eradicated and wrong transactions can not be modified. The existing related researches can modify specific block data, or add new transactions to achieve logical editing. The former will cause the editing record can not be verified, the latter can keep the wrong data storage, but lack of secure access mechanism. In addition, the existing relevant studies have not fully considered the characteristics of the data to be edited, resulting in subsequent transactions affected and ineffective. Therefore, an editable blockchain model is proposed. Firstly, taking deposit data as an example, the underlying data structure of blockchain is redesigned, time-series attributes are added, and the index is built. Then it proposes new submission, editing and query algorithms, and realizes the logical editing of blockchain data through subsequent additional transactions, to provide users with a secure access interface on the basis of saving the wrong transaction certificate. Finally, based on the above work, the data structure and algorithms of transaction data are improved to solve the problem of subsequent transaction failure, to ensure that subsequent transactions are not affected by data editing. Experimental results show that this model can realize the editable blockchain on the basis of ensuring performance of the system.

Currently defense policies selection based on game theory mostly applied either the complete information game model or the static game model.In order to be more in line with the reality of network attack and defense,at-tack-defense behavior was studied by dynamic rivalry and incomplete information.The attack-defense signaling game mode was built,the method to quantify policies was improved and an algorithm to obtain the perfect Bayesian equili-brium was proposed.On the basis of analyzing equilibrium,the algorithm for selecting the optimal defense policy was proposed.The simulation experiment demonstrates that the model and algorithms are feasible and effective.By the expe-rimental data,general rules on signaling attack-defense game are summarized,which can guide defenders of different types to make decisions.

本研究採質性研究方法,透過半結構式深度訪談、參與觀察、館員日誌及圖文徵集資料解析等方法,以臺北市銘傳國小學童為研究對象,訪談16位中、高年級學童;有目的性地觀察記錄學童在館內活動情形,並輔以簡短非正式訪談,以瞭解學童在學校圖書館內之使用情形,歸納解析學童使用學校圖書館之影響因素為圖書館因素及非圖書館因素。 本研究歷經四個月的深度訪談及十四個月的觀察記錄,研究發現影響學童使用學校圖書館的因素可歸納為館藏、館舍與設備,以及館員、閱讀推廣活動與館規等三個面向。非圖書館因素包括課業與補習、重要他人及校內活動等因素。同時,本研究更發現:一個以館藏為核心、以學童為主體、無安靜壓力、歡迎學童、溫馨似家的閱讀環境,正是學童樂於前往使用的重要因素。因為親切,所以喜悅;因為舒適,所以享受;因為明亮,所以安全;因為隨時開放,所以方便取用;因為溫馨,所以有一種想留下來看書的感覺。學童在其間所發生的社會性互動,透過共讀、討論與分享所流露之歡愉,正是其人際關係的學習和知識分享的實踐。 根據研究結論,研究者對家長、館員、學校及教育當局提供若干建議,期以現況之探索研究,做為提升銘傳國小圖書館服務品質之參考,並探索未來小學圖書館發展的可能樣貌。In the past twenty years, most studies of elementary school libraries were about how the library was used. However, little research regarding why students would like to visit the library and what are their favorites in the library has been carried out. The purpose of this study is thus to understand the influential factors of graders library use at school library. This study adopted the qualitative research in a semi-structured in-depth interview and a participant observation research. The interviewed objects are sixteen 3~6 graders who borrowed books or media frequently from the school library. There are some influential factors can affect the library use including library factor and non-library factors such as: the abundance and attractiveness of collections; the independence and distance of premises, the comforts of interior space; the equipments including network, light, air-conditioner, and audio-video facilities; the competence and friendly support of the librarian, the reading activities, and longer opening hour. Moreover, the schoolwork, the significant persons and the others, etc. are also important. The analyses found that the function of the school library lies not only on reading, circulating and searching, but also being a place for leisure and social activities. That is a successful school library which is not only a library, but also a living room at home. Ideally, the school should enhance the positive linkage between the students and the library as well as the librarian should be a facilitator to connect them. On the other hand, the librarian should encourage students read enthusiastically by making library as a warm, convenient, and comfortable environment. As a result, the student would like to be a long-term patron of the library.

Objective: To explore clinical effect of modified transverse tibial bone transfer microcirculation reconstruction in treating end-stage diabetic foot., Methods: From August 2016 to June 2018, 87 patients with diabetic foot treated with modified tibial transverse bone removal and microcirculation reconstruction, inclduing 54 males and 33 females;aged from 39 to 95 years old with an average of (68.9±11.3) years old;2 patients were grade 2, 37 patients were grade 3 and 50 patients were grade 4 according to Wagner's classification;the courses of diabetic were for 10 to 16 years with an average of (13.0±2.2) years;the courses of diabetic feet were for 21 to 48 days with an avergae of (34.2±8.6) days. Postoperative comlications were observed. Skin temperature, visual analogue scale(VAS) and ankle brachial index(ABI) and wound healing were recorded before and 3 months after operation., Results: All patients were followed up for 4 to 19 months with an average of (12.6±2.8) months. Two patients occurred subcutaneous tissue liquefaction and seepage under needle passage during bone transfer, and scabed without special treatment. One patient was performed amputation above 5 cm of ankle joint because of severe infection, and 1 patient occurred re-ulceration at 1 year after wound healing, bone transfer was performed again at the same site, and was completely healed at 8 weeks after operation. The healing time of wound ranged from 3 to 24 weeks with an average of (11.9± 3.8) weeks. Foot skin temperature before operation was (28.9±0.91) ℃, and increased to (31.70±0.32)℃ at 3 months after operation( t =5.72 P =0.006);VAS score before opertaion was (7.80±0.72), and improved to (2.20±0.13) at 3 months after operation ( t =25.38, P =0.000);ABI beforeoperation was(0.48±0.30), increased to(0.98±0.24) at 3 months after oeprtaion( t = 14.68, P =0.000)., Conclusion: Modified lateral tibial bone transfer could effectively reconstruct microvascular network under lower leg, promote recovery of peripheral blood vessels, and promote wound healing of foot, reduce or avoid amputation. At the same time, the improved osteotomy is one of the effective methods for the treatment of diabetic foot which has advantags of less trauma, simple opertaion.

This article reviews the research progress of the chemical constituents and biosynthesis mechanisms of Polygonum cuspidatum. The chemistry components isolated from P. cuspidatum are mainly anthraquinones, naphthoquinones, stilbenes, flavonoids, and other compounds. The synthase genes involved in the biosynthesis process were summarized. The biosynthesis mechanism of stilbenes and anthraquinones was discussed. This article hopefully to provide a reference for further research, development and utilization of P. cuspidatum.

Objective: To investigate and analyze the capabilities of Plasmodium microscopic examinations in medical and health organizations in Dongxihu District, Wuhan City, so as to provide evidences for achieving the standard of malaria elimination and malaria control in the future., Methods: The basic information of the laboratorians and the hardware facilities in 15 microscopic examination stations of Plasmodium were collected and analyzed from 2010 to 2015. Meanwhile, the quality of making, dyeing, cleanliness of all the negatives blood smears were evaluated, and all the positive smears were re-checked in the district during the period above mentioned., Results: Totally, there were 28 laboratorians and 9 qualified microscopes in 15 microscopy stations in Dongxihu District. The age of the laboratorians in the first-level and third-level organizations was mainly from 40 to 50 years old, but the age of those in the second-level organizations was from 20 to 30 years old. The years for microscopic examination working of most of the laboratorians in the first-level and third-level organizations were more than 15 years, while the working years of those in the second-level organizations were mainly less than 10 years. The education level of the laboratorians in the first-level organization was mainly (50.00%) junior college, while the education levels of those in the second and third organizations were mainly bachelor. From 2010 to 2015, 8 561 blood smears were produced and 539 of them were reviewed, the coincidence rates of review were all 100%, and the average qualified rates of making, dyeing, and cleanliness of the negative blood smears were 82.08%, 79.92% and 83.33%, respectively. All the rates mentioned above in 2015 were higher than those in 2010 ( χ 2 = 26.45, 16.85, 13.93, all P ＜ 0.01)., Conclusions: The capability of microscopic examinations of Plasmodium has improved obviously in Dongxihu District, but the human resources construction and hardware input in this district should be improved, meanwhile, the check on the quality control of microscopic examinations of Plasmodium should be continued, so as to guarantee the sustainable and healthy development of malaria control work in this district.

Objective: To retrospectively review the clinical data of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) during the last 10 years in Fuwai Hospital in order to assess the factors associated with the outcome of patients who had undergone ECMO, as well as to summarize the clinical experience, and to adopt a treatment strategy for future clinical decision., Methods: The clinical data of adult patients undergoing ECMO admitted to Fuwai Hospital from December 2004 to December 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic characteristics, diagnosis, ECMO related data, including ECMO indication, operation, undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or not, and site of establishment, clinical parameters before and 24 hours after ECMO, duration of ECMO, and complications were collected to set up a database. The patients were divided into survival group and non-survival group according to the prognosis. The risk factors of mortality in hospital after ECMO were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS There were 142 adult patients who had received ECMO support, with 106 male and 36 female. All patients received veno-arterial ECMO (V-A ECMO). The indication of ECMO in 59 patients was unsuccessful weaning from extracorporeal circulation (41.5%), and that of 44 patients was low cardiac output cardiogenic shock (31.0%). CPR was necessary in 34 out of 142 patients undergoing ECMO. In 37 patients intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) was necessary. ECMO was successfully weaned in 99 patients (69.7%), and 84 patients (59.2%) survived. The most frequent complication during ECMO support was bleeding from site of catheterization or operation (45.8%). Logistic regression revealed that high lactic acid levels [odds ratio (OR) = 1.469, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.170-1.843, P = 0.001] and high blood glucose (OR = 0.984, 95%CI = 0.969-0.999, P = 0.037) at 24 hours after ECMO, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS, OR = 17.243, 95%CI = 3.177-93.581, P = 0.001), gastrointestinal bleeding (OR = 8.774, 95%CI = 1.414-54.457, P = 0.020) were risk factors of in-hospital mortality in adult patients undergoing ECMO., Conclusions: ECMO can provide effective auxiliary support in patients with respiratory and circulatory failure, which 'shows good clinical effect. Strict indication, timely ECMO support and sophisticated management are the keys to the success of ECMO. The most frequent complications during ECMO support is bleeding from site of catheterization or operation. High lactic acid levels at 24 hours after ECMO, MODS and gastrointestinal bleeding are predictors of in-hospital mortality in adult patients, and appropriate control of blood sugar was beneficial for the recovery of patients.

Health injury, properties compensation and ecological and environmental destruction caused by environmental pollutions have become the focuses of the government, the public and the society at present in China. The experiences of developed countries have revealed that the environmental damage assessment system must be established through development of environmental damage assessment legislations, technologies and funding guarantee system suitable for the nation's conditions based on the specific environmental situation and main issues. China has some experience in marine ecological environment, fishery resources damage assessment, forest resources damage assessment and remediation management of contaminated sites; however, the managing function of environmental damage assessment is assigned to different governmental departments. There are also shortcomings such as few cases of environmental public compensation, insufficient environmental privacy determination and compensation, etc. Based on the methods of materials and information collections, questionnaires, visiting environmental court and government sectors, interviews to assessment organizations and professionals, launching practical assessments to related cases and participating in environmental public lawsuits, the situation of environmental pollution damages in China was analyzed, the related legislation and management mechanism were reviewed, the corresponding assessment organizations regarding environmental damages were sort out, and the funding sources of environmental damage assessment were explored. Aiming at the main issues in Chinese environmental damage management, a standard and unified system for environmental damage assessment based on current managing and technological systems is important to improve the practical work in determination, assessment and compensation of environmental pollution damage in China, and to further explore the feasible environmental damage quantitative management.

Freshwater lake of the Tibetan plateau has great ecological value and extreme vulnerability. The water samples have been collected in Daggyaima Co at an altitude of 5 080 m +/- 10 m. This study has investigated the sources, the major controlling factors of the major ions, and hydrochemical evolution trend according to the hydrochemical composition of water samples. The results showed that the major cations and anion of lake water were Ca(2+), Na(+) and HCO3(-), respectively, and the hydrochemical type was HCO3 -Ca, The total dissolved solid (TDS) was in the range of 71.2-199.8 mg x L(-1). The concentrations of EC, Ca(2+) and HCO3(-) in water samples from Southeast areas were relatively low resulted from the rich aluminum and poor calcium of geological background and the dilution effect of surface runoff. The Na(+)/(Na(+) + Ca(2+)) of water samples was 0.08-0.75, Cl(-) /(Cl(-) + HCO3(-)) was 0.11-0.35, Ca/Na was 0.58, Mg/Ca was 0.12, and HCO3/Na was 1.46, which suggested that the hydrochemical composition of the lake water was mainly controlled by silicate rock weathering based on Gibbs model and analysis of elemental stoichiometry. The minerals participated in weathering processes included plagioclase (anorthite, albite), potassium feldspar, biotite, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, rock salt, etc. The average value of K/Na was 0.059, indicating the weathering level of potassium feldspar was relatively low. The saturation index (SI) of calcite, dolomite, gypsum, quartz and hematite contained in the lake was higher than zero, while the SI of rock salt was lower than 0, revealing the trend that the freshwater lake is turning into salt water lake in Tibetan Plateau.

Jialing River is a 1st grade tributary of upstream Yangzi River. In two years, Samples were collected monthly in Wentang Gorge section of Jialing River and analyzed multi-parameters including hydrochemistry and isotopes. Thus, a general result was concluded that the hydrochemical characteristic of Jialing River in Wentang gorge is controlled by weathering of stratum and the hydrochemical type is HCO3(-) -Ca. Most irons were influenced by dilution, which had higher concentrations in dry season than that in rainy season, but nitrate. Nitrate, which was controlled by human activities, has higher concentrations in rainy season. However, some other analyst revealed weathering impacts. The contrast ratio of (Ca(2+) + Mg2+) and HCO3- were between 0.5-1, the same as (Ca(2+) + Mg2+) and (HCO3(-) + SO4(2-)), Which implied that the weathering impacts in this basin was mainly carbonated and sulfate weathering of carbonated, and sulphate rocks weathering was not so significant. The values of delta13C(HCO3- in Jialing River were -8.74 per thousand(-) - 7.36 per thousand, and delta34S(SO)(4)2 - was 14.43 per thousand in dry season and 12.21 per thousand in rainy season. The data of isotopes inferred that, in rainy season sulfate weathering of carbonated and sulphate rocks weathering both had more impacts and sulphate rocks weathering played a more important role than sulfate weathering of carbonated, but, in dry season, carbonated weathering of carbonated was more meaningful.

The geochemical background of nitrate in groundwater in Jinfo Mt. area was determined, and spatial and temporal variability of nitrate contaminant was analyzed using geochemical, statistical and GIS methods. Twenty-three samples were collected from groundwater discharge points in the study area during 1976-1977, 2004-2006 and 2009, and mass concentration of nitrate in groundwater was tested. The results showed that the geochemical background of nitrate in groundwater in study area was in the range of 0.72-2. 00 mg x L(-1), and the threshold of anomaly was 3.20 mg x L(-1). During 2004-2006 and 2009, the average values of nitrate concentration in groundwater in Jinfo Mt. natural reserve were 2.08, 2.67, 2.59 and 3.92 mg x L(-1); and were 39.08, 25.46, 17.99 and 13.73 mg x L(-1) in the groundwater out of the reserve; the average over-limit rates (standard limit NO3(-) -N < or = 10mg x L(-1)) were 451.64%, 478.61%, 331.85% and 145.67%; the maximum over-limit rates were 1 475.81%, 1 080.39%, 538.20% and 361.78%. Results of interpolation showed that the high value centers of nitrate concentration in groundwater in study area were changing over time, but districts with low nitrate concentration in groundwater in study area were distributed along Jinfo Mt. natural reserve. The application of environmental policy measures and industrial restructuring implemented were reasonable and successful, which had a positive effect to environmental protection.

The full length cDNA of SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid (N) protein was amplified by PCR and cloned into yeast expression vector pPIC3.5K to generate expression vector pPIC3.5K-SCoVN. The plasmid was linearized and then transformed into P. pastoris (His- Mut+) by electroporation method. His+ Mut+ recombinant strains were screened on G418-RDB and MM/MD plates, and further confirmed by PCR. The influence of various inducing media, dissolved oxygen(DO) and the different final concentration of methanol was subsequently investigated. The results showed that the FBS medium was optimal for recombinant N protein expression and growth of the recombinant strain. The optimal final concentration of methanol is 1% (V/V), and the DO has a significant effect on recombinant N protein expression and growth of recombinant strain. The recombinant N protein expressed was about 6% of the total cell proteins, 410 mg/L of recombinant N protein and 45 OD600 were achieved in shake flask. Western-blot showed that the recombinant N protein had high specificity against mouse-anti-N protein-mAb and SARS positive sera, but had no cross-reaction with normal human sera. The result of scale-up culture in fermemtator demonstrated that 2.5g/L of recombinant N protein and the maximum cell 345 OD600 of were achieved, which was 6.1 times and 7.7 times higher than that in shake flask. So this study provide a basis for further researches on the early diagnosis of SARS and the virus reproduction and pathology reaction of SARS coronavirus.

Production of Hepatitis E Virus capsid protein by high cell density culture in recombinant E. coli has been studied in 10L and 30L fermentors. The effects of different factors on growth and producing recombinant protein of E. coli have been studied by batch culture, such as different media, the ratio of phosphate and Magnesium sulfate. Comparison of fermentation performance for recombinant E. coli in different fed-methods culture has been investigated by fed-batch culture. The effects of inducing at different stages of growth and time of inducing on growth and producing recombinant protein, also obtained by fed-batch culture. At last, the solubility of inclusion body in different urea concentrations also has been obtained by fed-batch culture. The results show that the concentration of phosphate and Magnesium sulfate in the optimal media is 80mmol/L and 20mmol/L in batch culture respectively, that induction with 1.0mmol/L IPTG at mid log phase (about 45 OD at 600nm) is suitable for growth and recombinant protein expression, the cells were approaching stationary growth phase and the maximum cell OD at 600nm of 80 was achieved in 5h of fed-batch culture, and the expression level is 29.74%. The results also indicate that the solubility of inclusion body in 4mol/L urea solution induced at 37 degrees C reaches 14mg/mL, over 80% inclusion body was resolved. The culture process achieved in 10L fermentor could be successfully scaled up to 30L fenmentor with good reproducibility.

Objective: To introduce the development of the collagen materials in drug release and tissue engineering., Methods: Literature review and complex analysis were adopted., Results: In recent years, some good progress has been made in the studies of collagen, and study on collagen-based materials has become an investigative hotspot especially in tissue engineering. Some new collagen-based drug delivery and engineered materials have come into clinically-demonstrated moment, which will promote their clinical applications in tissue repairs., Conclusion: Collagen has been considered a good potential material in drug release, especially in the tissue-engineering field. To give collagen new characters we should pay more attention to grafting with different function branches through chemistry technique in the future work, except moderate cross-linking treatment or commingling with other nature or synthesized macromolecules.