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The author team attended a group which visited University of Nebraska Medical Center and experienced their medical education system in 2016, sponsored by China Scholarship Council. Some education reformations and trials were carried out in the authors’ affiliations after the program finished. In this work, an analysis of the differences in medical education of the USA and of China was made, combining the published perspectives and our own experiences. The critical comments raised in this work may contribute to the remodeling of our medical education system and teaching mode.

Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET 0 ) is a crucial variable for estimating the ecological water demand of vegetation. Under climate change, the trends of ET 0 change vary in different regions. The study of spatial and temporal variations in ET 0 and attribution analysis at the regional scale is more conducive to the regional agricultural water management and ecological water demand estimation under the changing environment. We analyzed the change trend, spatial distribution and the contribution of meteorological factors to annual ET 0 change of the Fenwei Plain during a historical period (1985-2015) and a future period (2030-2060) based on the latest climate data and high-precision grid data from the Sixth International Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The results showed that the meteorological data from CMIP6 could be used for the prediction of ET 0 after bias correction, and that the prediction accuracy of the multi-model ensemble approach ( R 2 of 82.9%, RMSE of 14.9 mm) was higher than that of a single climate model. ET 0 in the Fenwei Plain showed a significant decreasing trend in the historical period, but a non-significant increasing and significant increasing trend in the future period under the SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios, respectively. The vapor pressure deficit had the largest contribution to the ET 0 change in both the historical and future periods, and was the primary meteorological factor affecting the ET 0 change in the Fenwei Plain under the climate change. Solar radiation and wind speed were important meteorological factors affecting the ET 0 change in the historical period, while temperature and wind speed were the important meteorological factors affecting the ET 0 change in the future period. The meteorological factors that had great contribution to ET 0 change were due to the larger multi-year relative change rates, rather than the high sensitivity of these meteorological factors to ET 0 . The ET 0 of the plain under the SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios increased by 4.2% and 3.1% in the future period, respectively, compared with the historical period. The differences in the spatial distribution of the result were mainly from the eastern and western regions of the plain. Based on the high-precision spatial and temporal distribution of ET 0 , the spatial and temporal data could be used as a reference for the development of various adaptation for climate change in the Fenwei Plain.

The special environmental features of high altitude, such as hypobaric hypoxia, low temperature, arid, high solar radiation, variable climate and geochemical anomaly, cause great effects on human physiology and health. It will provide valuable references and new ideas to study drug's metabolism in special environment of high altitude hypoxia, and give the guidance to clinical reasonable medication, avoiding adverse reactions and personalized medicine in plateau areas. This article reviewed the effect of high altitude hypoxia on drug metabolism, elaborated metabolic characteristics of some drugs and the activity and expression of drug metabolism enzymes under hypoxia environment at high altitude, and discussed related mechanism.

Objective: To study the protective effect of Lycium ruthenicum on peripheral blood system against radiation injury in mice., Methods: Kunming mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, positive group and Lycium ruthenicum high dose (8 g/kg), middle dose (4 g/kg) and low dose (2 g/kg)treatment groups that experimented three days after irradiation. In the same way, groups were set at 7 days and 14 days after irradiation respectively. Lycium ruthenicum extract were administered orally to the mice in the three Lycium ruthenicum treatment groups and normal saline were administered orally to the mice in control group and model group for 14 days. Positive group were treated with radioprotective agent amifostine (WR-2721) at 30 min before irradiation. Except control group, mice in other groups received quantity of 5 Gy X-radiation whole body evenly with one time. Hemogram, organ index, DNA, Caspase-3, Caspase-6 and P53 contents were observed at the 3rd, 7th and 14th day after irradiation., Results: Lycium ruthenicum significantly increased the total red blood cell count, hemoglobin count, the indexes of spleen and thymus and bone marrow DNA contents (P < 0.05), as well as decreased Caspase-3 and Caspase-6 contents in serum and the expression of P53 in intestinal crypt epithelial cells., Conclusion: The results showed that Lycium ruthenicum had protective effects on peripheral blood system against radiation injury in mice.