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Objective To explore the clinical significance of detecting CD4+ T cell ATP and subgroup count in patients with liver cancer recurrence after liver transplantation. Methods From November 2015 to November 2018, 84 patients with primary liver cancer underwent orthotopic liver transplantation in Shanghai Changzheng Hospital were selected and then divided into recurrence group (n=42) and non-recurrence group (n=42) according to whether the tumor recurred. Peripheral blood samples were collected on the day of diagnosis and 1, 3, 6 months after recurrence. ATP content in CD4+ T lymphocytes was detected using ImmuKnowTM immune cell function assay kit, subgroup counts were detected using IOTest. Results ATP content of CD4+ T lymphocytes in patients with liver cancer recurrence after liver transplantation was significantly lower than that in patients without recurrence at the day of diagnosis of recurrence, and 1, 3, 6 months after recurrence (P

Cell autophagy is a homeostatic mechanism that exists in most eukaryotic cells, and it is known as a kind of highly conservative process. Autophagy can degrade intracellular proteins and organelles in lysosomes, and the main targets are needless biological macromolecules, damaged cytoskeleton, aging organelles, and so on. Therefore, autophagy is not only a way of cell death, but also a self-protection mechanism, just like apoptosis and senescence, and it participates in a lot of physiological processes, including the development and the growth of an organism. The characterization of hepatic autophagy being reported over years has revealed that lysosome-mediated degradation is important not only for the maintenance of liver homeostasis. In fact, the functions of autophagy involve far beyond the elimination of damaged cellular components and protein quality control, it also plays an important role in antigen presentation and participation in the response of stressors, especially in immune inflammatory response and organ transplantation. In this review, we focus on the role of autophagy in the liver immune tolerance and the regulatory mechanism in order to further understand the important effect and potential therapeutic value of autophagy in immunity in liver transplantation. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2014.06.16

For a long time, it is generally accepted that CD4+ T helper cells (Th) can be differentiated into Th1, Th2, Th17 and regulatory T cells (Treg) subgroups with different phenotypes, cytokine secretion characteristics and functions under the stimulation of foreign antigens. In recent years, however, a new group of CD4+ T cell subset that was different from above known CD4+ Th cells was found, and it was shown that the differentiation process of this group of T cell needs the co-stimulation of interleukin-4 and transforming growth factor-β. Because of the secretion of IL-9 and IL-10 by this group of T cells, they were named as Th9. A growing evidence suggests that Th9 is closely related to many diseases. In this review, we focus on the discovery, induction, cultivation, and the role of Th9 in transplantation immunity-related diseases, in order to acquire its comprehension.