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The operation of the integrated energy system is one of the hot spots in the current energy research field. With the reform of the energy field mechanism, the integrated energy system with multi-micro-energy grids poses great challenges to the operation of the power grid. Aimed at the economic and operational problems caused by the integration of multi-micro-energy grid integrated energy systems into the upper distribution network, a multi-temporal and spatial scale optimization operation strategy for integrated energy of micro-energy grid considering demand response is proposed. Moreover, a multi-dimensional energy supply and demand balance model from the perspective of energy is constructed. Furthermore, a multi-time-space scale operation model with upper, middle, and lower layers of collaborative optimization is established. The upper layer adopts day-ahead scheduling, the middle layer adopts intraday scheduling, and the lower layer adopts real-time scheduling with replaceable, transferable, and curtailable loads for demand response optimization. Calculation examples show that this strategy can realize the co-ordination and complementation of multi-dimensional energy sources, realize the coordinated operation of multiple energy sources at different time and space scales, and improve the economy of system operation.

In order to improve the corrosion resistance of AZ31 magnesium alloy, a chemical conversion coating was prepared on the surface of AZ31 magnesium alloy by adding an appropriate amount of rare earth oxide (ie, cerium oxide and lanthanum oxide respectively) in an ultrasonic environment. Through the hydrogen evolution experiment, it was found that the AZ31 magnesium alloy chemical conversion coating sample added with cerium oxide had the lowest hydrogen evolution, indicating that its corrosion resistance was optimal. Through the corrosion morphology observation by SEM, it was found that the surface of the chemical conversion coating sample added with cerium oxide was relatively smooth and flat after immersion, indicating that this coating could protect the magnesium alloy substrate well. From the results of polarization curve experiment, it was found that the corrosion potential of the conversion coating sample added with cerium oxide moved positively in comparison with the original magnesium alloy, and its corrosion current density was lower than that of the original alloy. Therefore, the corrosion resistance of AZ31 magnesium alloy could be improved by the chemical conversion coating formed by adding cerium oxide under ultrasonic environment.

Improving the corrosion protection level of metal materials for ocean engineering equipment is of great significance for the improvement of the abilities to explore ocean resources. The macro corrosion mechanism of such metal materials have been investigated extensively, but the micro corrosion mechanism is still unclear. In this paper, the research progress of molecular dynamics simulation of metal materials for ocean engineering equipment was summarized. Besides, the potential function and model describing the reaction between metal and solution/gas, and the influence of different factors on metal corrosion were introduced respectively. Finally, in order to provide a reference for the study of more efficient and inexpensive corrosion protection methods, the problems existing in the current calculation and simulation of metal material corrosion were also analyzed and the prospects were put forward.

Aiming at improving the corrosion resistance of AZ31 magnesium alloy in 3.5% (mass fraction) NaCl solution, the effects of CeO2 concentration and ultrasonic and non - ultrasonic assisted processes on chemical conversion film of AZ31 magnesium alloy prepared in the mixed bath of 0.300 mol/L Na2MoO4+0.120 mol/L NaF +0.050 mol/L Na3PO4+0.075 mol/L K2FeO4 were studied. In addition, the influence of the chemical conversion film on the corrosion resistance of AZ31 magnesium alloy was also studied. Results showed that in the case of ultrasonic assisted process, when the coating was prepared with an addition of 0.050 mol/L CeO2 in the mixed bath, the corrosion potential of magnesium alloy shifted to be more positive and the corrosion current density decreased significantly. After 96 h immersion in 3.5% NaCl solution, the surface of magnesium alloy was still relatively smooth without obvious cracks, indicating that the magnesium alloy substrate was effectively protected.

The aseismic capability of the water intake tower-traffic bridge, a crucial component of the reservoir's infrastructure, is essential for ensuring the safe operation of the reservoir after an earthquake. Taking the water intake tower-traffic bridge at Shenzhen Beikeng Reservoir as an example, its seismic response was analyzed with finite element method, and its aseismic safety was evaluated. The maximum transverse displacement of the traffic bridge is 3.15 cm, and the minimum distance between adjacent decks is 2.97 cm during the design earthquake. There is no occurrence of beam dropping or collision between adjacent bridge panels. The traffic bridge experiences significant amplification of seismic accelerations in the earthquake. The maximum amplification for the bridge deck's transverse seismic acceleration is 4.01, and for the longitudinal direction, it is 3.36. During the design earthquake, the dynamic shear stress levels in the pier columns of the bridge are not high, indicating that column shear failure is unlikely. However, there are relatively high tensile stress values on the outer vertical side of the bottom of the pier columns. Additionally, the lower beams of the bridge piers exhibit high tensile stress on both the top and bottom surfaces. To ensure the seismic safety of the bridge pier structure, anti-seismic reinforcements are necessary at pier columns and beams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prefabricated dishes are an effective carrier for the foodization of agricultural products, which is an industry that is gradually moving towards a trillion-level market scale, playing an important role in ensuring food security. The prefabricated dishes industry develops modern agriculture with the concept of industrialization, promotes the further agglomeration and development of upstream and downstream supporting enterprises in the agricultural industry chain, which is the link connecting the primary, secondary and tertiary industries and the endogenous driving force to promote their innovation and development, and is an important bridge connecting the integrated development of multiple industrial chains such as production and sales between rural and urban areas. This paper introduced the development status of the prefabricated dishes industry, analyzed the problems facing by the prefabricated dishes, predicted the future development trend, and made a suggestion for the future development of the prefabricated dishes industry, so as to provide reference for the healthy and sustainable development of the prefabricated dishes industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the sympathetic detonation of explosives more reliably and more intuitively, a testing method for quantitative determination of sympathetic detonation of explosives was designed based on a self-developed continuous velocity probe. Using this method, measurements for mixed charge with different mass ratio of RDX/ANFO were performed and three possible results of test curves were given as the basis for determining the sympathetic detonation. A series of repeated experiments were carried out for the mixed charge of RDX/ANFO (mass ratio of 50%/50%), whose sympathetic detonation distance was determined and the detonation velocities of donor charge and acceptor charge were fitted. The results show that when the total distance of detonation-shock wave is equal to the total length of the donor charge, acceptor charges and the air gap, it means that the acceptor charge is initiated, while the total distance is less than the total length, it means that the acceptor charge is not initiated. The transmission distances are less than 20 mm when the mass fraction of RDX is 0 and 15%, while equals to 220 mm if the mass fraction of RDX is 50%. The maximal gap distance of air shock wave recorded by continuous pressure-conducted probe is 60 mm. The detonation velocities of initiated acceptor charge are basically equal to the values of donor charge, whose difference between them is between 0.02% and 4.4%. Indicating that the continuous pressure-conducted probe method can assess the sympathetic detonation of explosives reliably and quantitativly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Washing black liquid is a kind of waste water produced in the pressing and washing processes of refined cotton. Separate treatment of washing black liquid is relatively rare. In order to explore the degree and method of washing black liquid biochemical treatment, the two-stage anaerobic-aerobic and single aerobic processes are used to treat the washing black liquid in the pilot scale of 1 cubic meter per day. The result shows that COD of washing black liquid can be reduced from 1 100 mg/L to 330 mg/L in biochemical treatment. With the coagulation of further aluminum sulfate which optimum dosage is 2. 5%e (volume ratio), COD of washing black liquid is decreased to less than 100 mg/L and the chroma achieves less than 50 times. Stench is created by sulfate reduction in the anaerobic treatment process, which decreases the activity of microorganism. Therefore, the washing black liquid is suitable for the direct coagulation treatment of aerobic-aluminum sulfate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the construction of DUT Parallel Chinese-English Phrase Dependency Treebank (DUT-CEPDT) and mentions topics including English language translation, word segmentation, and machine translation.

When the vehicle travels underground mine, its motion region is restricted to the roadways. So we can set the modification points which has been measured the coordinates in advance in roadways to correct the error state in INS/ Odometer integrated navigation. This method is aimed at increasing the navigation precision. Firstly, the computation method of position and velocity in Odometer was introduced. System dynamic model and observation model of INS/Odometer integrated navigation was built. Based on this, position modification filter equation of known point was constructed. After introducing the Parallel-Kalman filter to realize the dual filter of integrated navigation, INS/Odometer integrated navigation system based on position modification for underground mine vehicle was proposed. Experiment of simulated data and actual measurement were made to compare the navigation accuracy between before and after position modification. The results of the experiment indicate that the INS/Odometer integrated navigation performance is increased substantially by position modification of known points in roadways. Plane precision of real-time navigation increased from dozens of meters to meter scale, which is able to meet the needs of navigation for underground mine vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional method treats gyro-side as strong side in underground control network, which has proved to be not sustainable. Moreover, there is no appropriate way to compute whole network when gyro-sides are added. A new rigorous adjustment in one cast model was proposed to resolve the problem. The theoretical derivation of the new model was given and the theoretical advantage of the model was approved. At the same time, the gyro-side observations were attempted to put into the new model, and a self-adaptive weighting algorithm based on configuration structure was proposed, which optimized the model and improved the accuracy of traverse points. The case study of an underground first control network demonstrates that the proposed new model can effectively restrain the swing phenomenon caused by angle error propagation. The self-adaptive weighting algorithm can effectively correct traverse network warping caused by the joint of gyro-sides, therefore, the traverse network structure has been effectively enhanced and the point accuracy has been improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the low light inefficient of GaN-based LEDs, the parameters of the double grating structure light-emitting diodes are designed. The FDTD method was used to simulate the light field energy flow density and the light efficiency of LED, and the dynamic effects between grating height, grating period and duty cycle were calculated. And the characteristic parameters and light efficiency of the light-emitting diodes are analyzed to maximize the light extraction efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the thermal characteristics of an array of highpower LED lamps for spotlight, the heat dissipation of critical structures was simulated by Icepak, and the flat fin heat-sink were optimized by central composite design and response surface methodology. The fin height, fin spacing and fin thickness are selected as the three response factors, and the temperature of the heat sink as the response value. By using the Design Expert 8.06 software, the data can be obtained the best combination, and finally get the polynomial quadratic equations between the three-factor and response value, also have the three-dimensional response surface diagrams of the interaction between the three-factor. The results show that the optimum condition is as follows: the fin height is 23.92 mm, the fin spacing is 5.99 mm the fin thickness is 1.03 mm, and the temperature is 45.182 2 °C. through comparison between the Icepak simulation value and the measured data obtained by central composite design, the calculation error of temperature is as low as +0.575%. This reveals the applicability of central composite design and response surface methodology to the optimization of flat fin heat-sink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new passive detection and location method for underwater targets based on the correlation metric of three signals received by three elements was proposed, and its advantages compared with two-element-correlation in detection performances were analyzed. The simulation was performed to verify the detection performances and time delay estimation accuracy. The simulation results show that, compared with two-element-correlation method, the modified method can improve the detection performance by 2 dB and the time delay estimation accuracy in a certain extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the relationship between land use and water quality in basins with different land use patterns at different spatial and temporal scales, the Wuding River Basin and Yanhe River Basin were taken as research objects. Based on land use data in 2020 and water quality monitoring data during two periods, the redundancy analysis method was adopted to quantitatively explore the impact of land use on water quality at multiple scales. The results showed that： ① The main land use types in the two basins were cultivated land and grassland, and the difference was mainly in the proportion of bare land and forest land. ② The water quality in spring was better than that in autumn, and the water quality in the middle and lower reaches was worse. ③ The interpretation rate of land use on the riparian scale was the highest in the two basins. ④ The effect of land use on water quality was more significant in the Wuding River Basin in autumn than in spring, whereas the Yanhe River Basin showed the opposite trend. ⑤ Different land uses had different impacts on water quality. Bare land, cultivated land, and Shannon diversity index （SHDI） in the Wuding River Basin had significant impacts on water quality, whereas grassland, cultivated land, artificial surface, patch density （PD）, and SHDI were significant in the Yanhe River Basin. Cultivated land and artificial surfaces in the Wuding River Basin had a negative impact on water quality. Grassland and bare land had a negative correlation with most chemical indicators. Artificial surfaces and grasslands in the Yanhe River Basin had a negative impact on water quality, whereas forest land had a significant purification effect. The research results provide important information for sustainable land use and multi-scale landscape planning, which can be used to improve water quality.

Objectives: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at different intensities on nociceptive discharges of wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons in the spinal dorsal horns (DHs) of rats, so as to explore its regulatory characteristics on nociceptive signals at the spinal level., Methods: A total of 25 male SD rats were used in the present study. A microelectrode array was used to record the discharge activity of WDR neurons in the lumbar spinal DHs of normal rats. After finding the WDR neuron, electrical stimulation (pulse width of 2 ms) was administered to the plantar receptive field (RF) for determining its response component of discharges according to the latency of action potential generation (Aβ ［0 to 20 ms］, Aδ ［20 to 90 ms］, C ［90 to 500 ms］ and post-discharge ［500 to 800 ms］). High-intensity electrical stimulation was continuously applied to the RF at the paw's plantar surface to induce DHs neuronal windup response. Subsequently, EA stimulation at different intensities (1 mA and 2 mA) was applied to the left "Zusanli"(ST36) at a frequency of 2 Hz/15 Hz for 10 min. The induction of WDR neuronal windup was then repeated under the same conditions. The quantity of nociceptive discharge components and the windup response of WDR neurons before and after EA stimulations at different intensities were compared., Results: Compared to pre-EA, both EA 1 mA and EA 2 mA significantly reduced the number of Aδ and C component discharges of WDR neurons during stimulation, as well as post-discharge ( P <0.01, P <0.001). The inhibitory rate of C component by EA 2 mA was significantly higher than that by EA 1 mA ( P <0.05). Meanwhile, both EA 1 mA and EA 2 mA attenuated the windup response of WDR neurons ( P <0.05, P <0.01), and the effect of EA 2 mA was stronger than that of EA 1 mA ( P <0.05). Further analysis showed that when EA 1 mA and EA 2 mA respectively applied to both non-receptive field (non-RF) and RF, a significant reduction in the number of Aδ component, C component and post-discharge was observed ( P <0.05, P <0.01). EA 2 mA at the non-RF and RF demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect on the windup response of WDR neurons ( P <0.01, P <0.05), but EA 1 mA only at the non-RF showed a significant inhibitory effect on the windup response ( P <0.01)., Conclusions: EA can suppress nociceptive discharges of spinal DHs WDR neurons in rats. The inhibitory impact of EA is strongly correlated with the location and intensity of EA stimulation, and EA 2 mA has a stronger inhibitory effect than EA 1 mA .

Objectives: To observe the analgesic effects of different levels and intensities of electrical stimulation on the local acupoints in the pain source area and their impact on wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons in the spinal dorsal horn, in order to provide a basis for selecting appropriate parameters for electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation., Methods: Wistar rats were used in 3 parts of the experiment. Complete Freund's adjuvant was used to establish a model of inflammation-induced pain in the gastrocnemius muscle. After modeling, 6 rats were randomly selected for multi-channel extracellular electrophysiological recording of the electrical activity of WDR neurons, to determine the threshold for activating the A-component (Ta) and the C-component (Tc), which were used as the intervention intensities for skin transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) or EA. Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into normal , model , TEAS-Ta , TEAS-Tc, EA-Ta , and EA-Tc groups, with 6 rats in each group. In the pain source area , Ta or Tc intensity of TEAS or EA intervention at"Chengshan"(BL57) was performed for 30 min each time, once a day, for 3 consecutive days. A small animal pressure pain measurement instrument was used to measure the mechanical pressure pain threshold of the gastrocnemius muscle in rats, and the Von Frey filament was used to measure the mechanical pain threshold of the footpad. Thirteen rats were randomly selected to observe the immediate responsiveness of WDR neurons to Ta/Tc intensity of EA or TEAS in BL57., Results: The thresholds of TEAS to activate WDR neuron A-component or C-component were (2.43±0.57) mA and (7.00±1.34) mA, respectively, while the thresholds for EA to activate muscle WDR neuron A-component or C-component were (0.72±0.34) mA and (1.58±0.35) mA, respectively. After injection of CFA into the gastrocnemius muscle, compared with the normal group both the mechanical pressure pain threshold of the gastrocnemius muscle and the mechanical pain threshold of the footpad of rats in the model group were significantly decreased ( P <0.001). After TEAS-Ta, TEAS-Tc or EA-Ta intervention in the BL57, both the mechanical pressure pain threshold of the gastrocnemius muscle and the mechanical pain threshold of the footpad were significantly higher than those in the model group ( P <0.05, P <0.001). Compared with the normal group, the electrical threshold for evoking WDR neuron C-component discharge was significantly decreased ( P <0.001) in the model group, while increased after TEAS-Ta, TEAS-Tc, or EA-Ta intervention ( P <0.01) compared with the model group. The evoked discharge frequency of muscle WDR neurons decreased significantly after immediate intervention with TEAS-Ta, TEAS-Tc, or EA-Ta ( P <0.01, P <0.05). EA-Tc had no significant improvement on the evoked electrical activity of WDR neurons or pain behavior., Conclusions: TEAS-Ta, TEAS-Tc, or EA-Ta can all alleviate the local and footpad mechanical pain in rats with muscle inflammation and inhibit the responsiveness of WDR neurons, indicating that different intensities are required for analgesic effects at different levels of acupoints in the pain source area.

In the past 20 years, the acupuncture-moxibustion discipline has made a great progress in clinical research, method construction, standard formulation, guideline promotion, basic theory and key scientific issue research. Internationally, the development of acupuncture and moxibustion has gradually begun to pay more attention to the basic issues of the discipline itself from focusing on clinical evidence. The National Institute of Health of USA pays close attention to the construction of acupoint knowledge base and database and to the transformation of peripheral nerve stimulation techniques, which brings forth opportunities and challenges for the development of acupuncture-moxibustion discipline. In the present paper, we analyze the shortcomings of the current development of acupuncture and moxibustion, put forward some strategies for high-quality development in the future, and sort out the basic scientific issues to form an academic consensus. We should employ modern scientific language to express the scientific connotations of the basic theory of acupuncture and moxibustion, and build an open and self-consistent modern theoretical system. In addition, we also should attract more multidisciplinary talents to harmoniously and assiduously work together, insist on continuous innovation to open up a new situation in the transformation of basic scientific research achievements, and establish a new theoretical system of "somato-medicine" represented by acupuncture and moxibustion. In this way, we will guide the acupuncture-moxibustion discipline to make an original contribution to the modern life science and future medicine.

Objectives: To evaluate the report quality, methodological quality and evidence quality of the systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRs/MAs) of acupuncture for in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET)., Methods: The SRs/MAs of acupuncture for IVF-ET were searched electronically from databases of CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, from inception of each database to September 27th, 2022. Two reviewers independently screened the literature and extracted the data. Using PRISMA statement, the AMSTAR 2 scale and the GRADE system, the report quality, methodological quality and evidence quality of the included SRs/MAs were assessed., Results: A total of 28 SRs/MAs were included, with PRISMA scores ranging from 8.5 points to 27 points. The problems of report quality focused on protocol and registration, retrieval, risk of bias in studies, additional analysis, limitations and funding. The methodological quality of included studies was generally low, reflecting on items 2, 3, 7, 10, 12 and 16. A total of 85 outcome indexes were included in the GRADE system for evidence grade evaluation. Most of the evidences were low or very low in quality. The reasons for the downgrade were related to study limitations, inconsistency, imprecision and publication bias., Conclusions: Acupuncture therapy improves the outcomes of IVF-ET, but the methodological quality and evidence quality of related SRs/MAs are low. It is recommended to conduct more high-quality studies in the future to provide more reliable evidences.

Objective: To observe the effects of electroacupuncture on threshold of pain, gait, proliferation and differentiation of muscle satellite cell in rats with acute blunt trauma of gastrocnemius muscle, and to explore the possible mechanism of electroacupuncture in promoting the repair of acute injury of skeletal muscle., Methods: A total of 48 SD rats were randomly divided into a blank group (6 rats), a model group (24 rats) and an electroacupuncture group (18 rats). In the model group and the electroacupuncture group, the model of acute blunt trauma of gastrocnemius muscle was established by self-made impactor. In the electroacupuncture group, electroacupuncture was applied at "Chengshan" (BL 57) and "Yanglingquan" (GB 34) on the right side, with disperse-dense wave, in frequency of 2 Hz/100 Hz, once a day, 30 min each time. Electroacupuncture intervention was performed for 3, 7 and 14 days according to the sampling time. On the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 14th days after modeling, the mechanical withdrawal pain threshold of hindfoot was detected by Von Frey method; the standing time and the maximum contact area of the right hindfoot were recorded by Cat Walk XT TM animal gait analysis instrument; the morphology of the right gastrocnemius muscle and the number of inflammatory cells were observed by HE staining; the positive expression of paired box gene 7 (Pax7) and myogenic differentiation (MyoD) of the right gastrocnemius muscle was detected by immunofluorescence., Results: After modeling, the muscle fiber rupture and massive infiltration of red blood cells and inflammatory cells were observed in the right gastrocnemius muscle; after electroacupuncture intervention, the morphology of muscle fiber was intact and the infiltration of inflammatory cells was improved. Compared with the blank group, in the model group, the differences of mechanical withdrawal pain threshold between the left and right foot were increased ( P <0.05), the standing time was shortened and the maximum contact area of the right hindfoot was decreased ( P <0.05), the number of inflammatory cells and the positive expression of Pax7 and MyoD of the right gastrocnemius muscle were increased ( P <0.05) on the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 14th days after modeling. Compared with the model group, in the electroacupuncture group, the differences of mechanical withdrawal pain threshold were decreased ( P <0.05), the standing time was prolonged ( P <0.05), the number of inflammatory cells of right gastrocnemius muscle was decreased ( P <0.05) on the 7th and 14th days after modeling; the maximum contact area of the right hindfoot was increased ( P <0.05), the positive expression of MyoD of the right gastrocnemius muscle was increased ( P <0.05) on the 3rd, 7th and 14th days after modeling; the positive expression of Pax7 of the right gastrocnemius muscle was increased ( P <0.05) on the 3rd day after modeling., Conclusion: Electroacupuncture can effectively improve the pain threshold and gait in rats with acute blunt trauma of gastrocnemius muscle, and promote the repair of skeletal muscle injury, the mechanism may be related to the up-regulation of Pax7 and MyoD, so as to promoting the proliferation and differentiation of muscle satellite cell.

As an indicator that measures the degree of implementation of intervention measures during the implementation process, fidelity could be used for monitoring and quality evaluation of the completion degree of intervention measures, and plays an important role in improving the degree of intervention implementation and clarifying the factors that affect intervention implementation. This article aims to introduce the connotation and significance, measurement, control, and current application status of fidelity, as well as the current application status of fidelity in acupuncture-moxibustion clinical research and its inspiration for future research. Meanwhile, based on the existing evaluation tool development methods of fidelity and the characteristics of acupuncture-moxibustion clinical research, a preliminary fidelity evaluation framework is proposed. Introducing fidelity into acupuncture-moxibustion clinical research could improve the implementation quality and compliance of acupuncture-moxibustion in clinical research, increase the credibility and effectiveness of clinical research results, and promote the transformation of acupuncture-moxibustion experience into easily learnable and promotable treatment plans.

To investigate the pollution characteristics and risk levels of antibiotics in water of the Beiyun River Basin in Beijing, the concentration of antibiotics was analyzed by using the solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-HPLC-MS/MS) method. The results showed that seven types of four categories of antibiotics were detected in the samples from 12 sampling points; the total concentration of antibiotics including sulfapyridine, clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin, erythromycin, ofloxacin, and lincomycin ranged from 59.19 to 703.44 ng·L -1 . Among these antibiotics, the detection rate of clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin, ofloxacin, and lincomycin was 100%; that of erythromycin was 41.67%; and that of sulfapyridine was 33.33%. Compared with that in some rivers in China, the Azithromycin, Erythromycin, and Clarithromycin in the Beiyun River Basin were at a relatively high level. The ecological risk assessment results showed that the most sensitive species was algae. The health risk quotients indicated that sulfapyridine, lincomycin, roxithromycin, azithromycin, and erythromycin presented no risk for every age group, whereas the health risk of clarithromycin was at a low level.

Objective: To evaluate the report quality of Chinese and English randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of acupuncture based on the CONSORT statement and STRICTA checklist., Methods: The Chinese and English RCTs of acupuncture published from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2019 were searched in 7 databases including PubMed. The report quality of the included RCTs was evaluated with the CONSORT 2010 statement and STRICTA checklist., Results: A total of 506 Chinese RCTs and 76 English RCTs were included. According to the CONSORT statement, in Chinese RCTs, the items with report rate less than 50% accounted for 78.38% of all items, and the report rate of 25 items, such as background and reason, study design, outcome index, and sample size, was less than 10%. In English RCTs, the items with report rate less than 50% accounted for 35.14% of all items, and 5 items had a report rate of less than 10%. The difference of the report rate of 15 items, such as background, reason and study design, was more than 50% between Chinese and English RCTs. The report rate of all items of STRICTA checklist was relatively high in both Chinese and English RCTs. In Chinese RCTs, the items with report rate less than 50% accounted for 29.41% of all items, which included acupuncture rationale and depth of insertion. In English RCTs, only two items had a report rate less than 50%, which were acupuncture rationale, setting and context of treatment. The report rate of five items, including needle retention time, frequency and duration of treatment sessions, details of other interventions administered to the acupuncture group, setting and context of treatment, and precise description of the control or comparator in Chinese RCTs, were higher than in English RCTs., Conclusion: The report quality of Chinese acupuncture RCT needs to be improved urgently, and corresponding measures should be taken to further standardize the writing and reporting of acupuncture clinical research.

The cases of feeling comfort during acupuncture and moxibustion treatment in literature were summarized and its biological basis was explored. A simple classification of comfort was made, and the importance of obtaining comfort in acupuncture treatment was pointed out. Considering the pursuit of less pain and harmlessness in modern clinical treatment, sugar needle should be advocated and popularized in current clinical practice of acupuncture and moxibustion.

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of acupuncture for prevention of moderate to severe seasonal allergic rhinitis., Methods: A total of 105 patients with moderate to severe seasonal allergic rhinitis were randomly divided into an observation group (53 cases, 3 cases dropped off) and a control group (52 cases, 4 cases dropped off). The patients in the observation group were treated with acupuncture at Yintang (GV 24 + ), Yingxiang (LI 20), Hegu (LI 4), Zusanli (ST 36), Fengchi (GB 20), Feishu (BL 13), etc. 4 weeks before the seizure period, once every other day, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. The patients in the control group were not given any intervention before the seizure period. Emergency drugs can be given appropriately during the seizure period in both groups. After seizure period, the seizure rate was recorded in the two groups; before treatment and on week 1, 2, 4, 6 of seizure period after treatment, the rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ) score and total nasal symptom score (TNSS) were observed in the two groups; the rescue medication score (RMS) was recorded on week 1-6 of seizure period in the two groups., Results: The seizure rate of the observation group was 84.0% (42/50), which was lower than 100.0% (48/48) in the control group ( P <0.05). After treatment, the scores of RQLQ and TNSS at each time point of seizure period were decreased compared with before treatment in the observation group ( P <0.01), which were lower than the control group ( P <0.01). The RMS score at each time point of seizure period in the observation group was lower than the control group ( P <0.05, P <0.01)., Conclusion: Acupuncture can reduce the incidence of moderate to severe seasonal allergic rhinitis, relieve the symptoms, improve the quality of life and reduce the use of emergency drugs.

For more than half a century，the modern bioresearch in acupuncture has made remarkable advancements, proving scientific basis underlying the traditional, intuitive treatment, as well as leading to some new discoveries with the potential to enhance the effectiveness of acupuncture as we know it. Meanwhile, the clinical researches have started to shift its paradigm from traditional individual observation to modern evidence-based medicine. However, there is little interaction between basic and clinic researches, which are like two separate worlds, not benefiting each other. Also the education and training of acupuncture are still traditional style, little combining with modern studies. To bridging the large gap, we need translational science involving in. In this article, with a critical reviews of the limitations of the traditional methods of acupuncture, the challenges faced by clinic practices and placebo-control studies, and the advantages and disadvantages of basic research, we propose a methodological paradigm of the translational research, Translational Acupuncture Research Spectrum, that meets the current situation of acupuncture researches, hoping to give insights into this field and to promote modern acupuncture to move towards a new stage.

The idea of translational medicine from "laboratory to bedside" has become more and more popular. The main purpose of translational medicine is to promote basic research to solve practical clinical problems and improve the level of clinical treatment. It is thus a whole new medical paradigm. However, the principle of "bench to bedside" still has some obvious deficiencies in the "bench" ring, whereas the subject of acupuncture and moxibustion is carried out in the "bench" ring relatively more systematic, but also does not achieve bench to bedside regression well. Nevertheless, as a bridge between basic research and clinical practice of acupuncture and moxibustion, translational medicine has constructed a data fusion channel between them. Our basic researchers should cooperate closely with clinical experts, exchange ideas, collide sparks of wisdom, and promote the leap-forward development of acupuncture and moxibustion.

This paper makes an interpretation of the collection Acupuncture: how to improve the evidence base published by BMJ & BMJ Open . Studies show that the quality of randomized controlled trial (RCT) of acupuncture is low, and multivariable Meta-regression analysis fails to confirm most factors commonly believed to influence the effect of acupuncture. The methodological challenges in design and conduct of RCT in acupuncture were analyzed, and a consensus on how to design high-quality acupuncture RCT was developed. The number of acupuncture systematic reviews was huge but the evidence was underused in clinical practice and health policy, and a large number of western clinical practice guidelines recommended acupuncture therapy, but the usefulness of recommendations needed to be improved. In view of the problems in clinical research on acupuncture mentioned in this collection, combined with the analysis of the purpose of clinical research on acupuncture, perspectives, study types, as well as the relationship between evidence and clinical decision-making, a five-stage study paradigm of clinical research on acupuncture is proposed.

Objective: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on pain behavior, synovial inflammatory response and demyelination of saphenous nerve in the rats modeled with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and explore the effect mechanism of EA for reliving allodynia., Methods: Eighty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into a control group, a model group and an EA group, 28 rats in each one. Intra-articular injection of sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA) was administered in right knee joint of each rat in the model group and the EA group to establish the KOA model. In the EA group, separately, on day 5, 7 and 9 after modeling, EA was applied at "Zusanli" (ST 36) and "Yanglingquan" (GB 34) on the right side, with disperse-dense wave (2 Hz/15 Hz), 1 mA in current intensity, for 30 min in one intervention, once a day, and 3 interventions were required. On the 9th day after modeling, the weight-bearing rate was calculated for the affected limbs of the rats in each group, the synovial morphological changes were observed using HE and Masson staining, flow cytometry was adopted to detect the synovial immunocyte counts, and MSD multi-spot assay was used to detected the synovial inflammatory cytokine content. On the 14th day after modeling, the hind-paw mechanical withdrawal threshold was observed in each group and the ultrastructure of the saphenous nerve was observed under transmission electron microscopy., Results: On the 9th day after modeling, compared with the control group, the weight-bearing rate of the affected limb was reduced ( P <0.01), the synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration and synovial fibrosis occurred in the affected limb; the counts of synovial CD11b + cells and M1 macrophages (CD11b + CD86 + ) were increased ( P <0.01), the contents of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-13 in the synovial tissue were elevated ( P <0.01, P <0.05) for the rats of the model group. Compared with the model group, the weight-bearing rate of the affected limb was increased ( P <0.05), the synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration and synovial fibrosis were mitigated, the counts of CD11b + cells and M1 macrophages (CD11b + CD86 + ) in the synovial tissue, and the contents of TNF-α and IL-6 were reduced ( P <0.01, P <0.05) in the EA group. On the 14th day after modeling, the hind-paw mechanical withdrawal threshold was reduced in the model group when compared with the control group ( P <0.01), and it was increased in the EA group when compared with the model group ( P <0.05). Besides, in the model group, obviously, the myelin sheath structure was destroyed, the myelin layer was disintegrated and loosened, the axon was extruded or the layer thicken and cracked. Compared with the model group, the injury of saphenous nerve was alleviated remarkably in the EA group., Conclusion: The intervention with EA may attenuate the synovial inflammatory response and the injury of saphenous nerve in the affected limb of the rat with KOA, so that the spontaneous pain during the synovial inflammatory response stage and allodynia at the later stage are relieved.

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) "Zusanli" (ST36) in delaying colon "inflammation-cancer transformation" in mice by anti-inflammatory., Methods: C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into normal, model and EA groups, with 12 mice in each group. The mouse model of colorectal cancer (CRC) was established by intrape-ritoneal injection of azomethane (AOM) and feeding dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). At the beginning of the 2 nd cycle, EA was applied to bilateral ST36 for 30 min once every other day for 12 times. The number of colon tumors in each group was observed, and the weight and length of colon were recorded. The contents of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-23, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and CXC chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) of serum and colon tissue were detected by MSD multifactorial assay.The apoptosis of local cells in colon tumor was observed by TUNEL staining. Cell proliferation in colon tumor was observed by immunohistochemistry., Results: Compared with the normal group, the colon length was significantly shortened ( P <0.05) and the colon mass was significantly increased ( P <0.001) in the model group, the contents of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17A and CXCL1 of serum and colon tissue were significantly increased ( P <0.05, P <0.01, P <0.001), and the content of IL-23 was increased in colon tissue ( P <0.05) in the model group. Compared with the model group, the colon mass was decreased ( P <0.05) and the contents of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-17A in serum were decreased ( P <0.05), while the contents of IL-17A, CXCL1 and IL-23 in colon tissue were decreased ( P <0.05) in the EA group, the percentage of local apoptotic cells in the EA group was increased ( P <0.001), the percentage of PCNA positive cells was decreased ( P <0.001), the number of tumors and the tumor volume were significantly decreased ( P <0.01, P <0.05). The contents of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17A and IL-23 in serum of CRC mice were positively correlated with tumor burden ( P <0.05).The contents of IL-1β, TNF-α, CXCL1 and IL-23 in colon tissue of CRC mice were positively correlated with tumor burden ( P <0.05)., Conclusion: Electroacupuncture at ST36 can inhibit the inflammatory response of AOM/DSS inflammatory associated CRC mice and delay the "inflammation-cancer transformation" of colon.

The process of acupuncture internationalization includes two basic stages: pre-internationalization period and post-internationalization period. The former is mainly characterized by unidirectional export led by China, while other countries and regions are mainly learning and absorbing. The latter is manifested by the localization transformation and development of acupuncture in foreign countries, which brings severe challenges to traditional Chinese acupuncture. It is helpful to grasp the international trend of acupuncture development by actively understanding the trajectory of acupuncture internationalization. To effectively cope with the challenges brought by the post-internationalization period, modern acupuncture is needed to be developed proactively. Only by establishing a modern acupuncture system compatible with modern science, can China continue to lead the international acupuncture academic development.

In the view of the controversy that there is no efficacy difference between true and sham acupuncture in acupuncture randomized controlled trials (RCTs), it is analyzed that one of the reasons is that many clinical studies do not properly understand the design of RCT research and interpret the research results. Starting from the concept and coverage of explanatory RCT and pragmatic RCT, this study lists the application examples of two types of RCTs in the field of acupuncture from five aspects: research purpose and trial environment, subject selection, intervention measures, control measures and outcome evaluation, so as to provide some ideas for their application in clinical trials.

Objective: To explore the effect of personalized digital analog assisted acetabular prosthesis precise implantation in hip dysplasia., Methods: From February 2017 to July 2019, 11 patients(12 hips) with hip dysplasia underwent total hip arthroplasty, including 4 males(5 hips) and 7 females(7 hips), aged from 27 to 61 years old, with an average of (46.64±12.93) years old;Crowe classification:8 hips in typeⅠ and 4 hips in typeⅡ. The preoperative thin-layer CT scan was imported into Mimics 10.01 software. The appropriate size and placement angle of acetabular prosthesis were selected through preoperative simulation, and the acetabular bone defect was understood to determine whether structural bone grafting was needed during the operation. The length of both lower limbs, the anteversion angle of acetabular prosthesis, the abduction angle, the height of acetabular rotation center and the horizontal distance of hip joint center before and after the operation were measured, and the postoperative dislocation, bone graft healing and acetabular cup loosening were observed. The hip Harris score was used to evaluate the joint function., Results: All patients were followed up for 18 to 30 months with an average of (23.45±3.70) months. There was no prosthesis dislocation, loosening and bone graft healing after operation. One case had numbness in the innervation area due to the traction of sciatic nerve during operation, and was treated with neurotrophic drugs and recovered one month after operation. The length difference of both lower limbs decreased from (31.73±5.98) mm before operation to (4.73±1.90) mm 3 months after operation ( t =15.268, P <0.01). The anteversion angle of acetabular cup and acetabulum was (17.45±3.62)°and abduction angle was (40.10 ± 2.30)° after operation. In all cases, the abduction angle and anteversion angle were within the safe range of Lewinek. The height of hip rotation center was (20.64±2.58) mm and the horizontal inward displacement of hip was (33.46±3.61) mm. Harris score increased from (45.36±2.34) before operation to (91.27±2.37) 3 months after operation ( P <0.05)., Conclusion: Through preoperative personalized digital analog reconstruction of acetabulum in patients with hip dysplasia, we can better understand the acetabular defect, help to evaluate the size and placement angle of acetabular prosthesis and whether structural bone grafting is needed, and obtain satisfactory clinical curative effect.

Objective: To investigate the changes of skin temperature, blood infusion and inflammatory cytokines of cutaneous tissue in the sensitized area of colitis model rats, as well as the relationship between sensory and sympathetic nerves and the formation of sensitized area, and to initially reveal the partial physical - chemical characteristics of the sensitized area in the colitis model rats., Methods: Thirty-five male SD rats were randomly divided into a control group ( n =10), a model group ( n =18) and a guanethidine group ( n =7). 5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was adopted for 6-day free drinking to establish colitis model in the model group and the guanethidine group. On day 6 and 7, in the guanethidine group, guanethidine solution (30 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally for sympathetic block. On day 7, after injection of evans blue (EB) solution, the EB extravasation areas on the body surface were observed to investigate the distribution and physical-chemical characteristics of the sensitized area. The control area was set up, 0.5 cm away from the sensitized area, and with the same nerve segment innervation. Disease activity index (DAI) score of rats was compared between the normal group and the model group, and the morphological changes in the colon tissue were investigated with HE method. Using infrared thermal imaging technology and laser speckle flow imaging technology, skin temperature and blood infusion were determined in the sensitized area and the control area of the rats in the model group. Immunofluorescence technique was adopted to observe the expression levels of the positive nerve fibers of substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and the correlation with blood vessels; as well as the expression levels of SP positive nerve fibers/tryptase + mast cells, and tryptase + mast cells/5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in skin tissue in the sensitized area and the control area of the rats in the model group. MSD multi-level factorial method and ELISA were applied to determine the contents of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10) and anti-inflammatory substance corticosterone (CORT)., Results: Sensitization occurred at the T 12 -S 1 segments of the colitis model rats, especially at L 2 -L 5 segments. Compared with the normal group, DAI score was increased in the rats of the model group ( P <0.05), and the colonic mucosal damage was obvious, with the epithelial cells disordered, even disappeared, crypt destructed, submucosal edema and a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrated. In comparison with the control area, the skin temperature and blood infusion were increased in the sensitized area of the model group ( P <0.05, P <0.01); as well as the expression levels of the positive nerve fibers of SP, CGRP and TH of skin tissue ( P <0.05), which was specially distributed in peripheral vessels, the expression levels of SP positive nerve fibers/tryptase + mast cells, and tryptase + mast cells/5-HT of the skin tissue were all expanded ( P <0.05) in the sensitized area of the model group. Compared with the model group, the number of sensitized areas was reduced in the guanethidine group ( P <0.05). In comparison with the control area of the model group, in the sensitized area, the contents of pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g. TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and the anti-inflammatory substance CORT of skin tissue were all increased ( P <0.05); and the contents of IL-6 and TNF-α were negatively correlated with CORT ( P <0.05)., Conclusion: The sensitized areas on the body surface of colitis rats are mainly distributed in the L 2 -L 5 segments. Sensory and sympathetic nerves are involved in the acupoint sensitization, and the sensitized areas may have the dynamic changes in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory substances.

The systematic reviews (SRs) of acupuncture published before December 31 of 2020 in PubMed, Cochrane and EMbase databases were searched, and the publication overview of international acupuncture SRs were analyzed. As a result, a total of 717 SRs were included, and the overall number of published SRs showed a fluctuating upward trend. A total of 15 categories of diseases were involved, of which 113 SRs suggested that acupuncture was effective, and 12 SRs did not support acupuncture, and the remaining SRs showed uncertain conclusions. It is suggested that the standard of evidence-based medicine should be adopted to standardize the design of acupuncture trial and improve the level of clinical research; SRs should include high-quality literature that met the standards according to the principles and methods of PRISMA, so as to provide reliable clinical evidence for acupuncture.

To explore the influencing factors of acupuncture curative effect in literature of experts' experience. The journal literature of experts' experience was retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and PubMed, starting from inception to September 4, 2020, and the influencing factors of acupuncture curative effect were extracted and analyzed. A total of 499 articles were included, involving 495 articles in Chinese and 4 articles in English. The influencing factors of acupuncture curative effect mainly include five aspects: diagnostic method, acupoint selection of acupuncture, acupuncture manipulation, regulating mind of acupuncture and acupuncture time, and provide reference for acupuncture protocol design in clinical trials.

The clinical evidences on acupuncture and moxibustion for the treatment of frozen shoulder were sorted and summarized systematically. The relevant articles of frozen shoulder treated with acupuncture and moxibustion were searched from PubMed, EMbase, Cochrane database of systematic review (CDSR), Cochrane database of controlled trials register (CENTRAL), China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, VIP, and Chinese biomedical literature databases (SinoMed), from database inception to May 31, 2021. Using AMSTAR-2, the methodological quality of the included systematic reviews was evaluated. With evidence map, the current status of clinical evidence was summarized on acupuncture and moxibustion in treatment of frozen shoulder. A total of 266 original studies and 6 systematic reviews were included finally. At present, many randomized controlled trials are designed with small sample size and the simple acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is dominant as the intervention, e.g. warm acupuncture, acupuncture with filiform needle, acupotomy and electroacupuncture. The outcomes considered in the current trials focus on clinical effective rate, the score of shoulder pain, the score of shoulder function and the score of quality of life. Most of the studies have shown that acupuncture and moxibustion is advantageous as an adjunctive therapy for frozen shoulder, but its clinical evidence is few in terms of the recurrence rate and safety. Moreover, it needs to improve the evidence quality of the relevant studies on acupuncture and moxibustion for frozen shoulder.

October 2021, Nature published an original research article entitled A neuroanatomical basis for electroacupuncture to drive the vagal-adrenal axis , which draws great attention and arouses extensive discussion in the acupuncture field. Based on previous findings, this study demonstrates that the abundant innervation of PROKR2-Cre neurons in deep fascia tissues mediates the anti-inflammatory effect induced by low-intensity electroacupuncture stimulation at "Zusanli"（ST36） or "Shousanli"(LI10) via the "vagal-adrenal axis". This study is one of milestones in the field of acupuncture basic research and represents a great achievement generated by multi-discipline integration of acupuncture and neuro-immunology. It reveals partial contributing factors involved in acupuncture's effect and the relative specificity of the neuroanatomical basis of acupoints in the context of immune modulation. This study is both very informative and instructive for the innovation and clinical translation of future acupuncture research. Acupuncture researchers are recommended to attach great importance to this study in terms of its research strategy,methods and findings.

With the worldwide spread of acupuncture as a therapeutic modality and the rapid development of acupuncture clinical research, the number of acupuncture randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies is steadily increasing in China and around the world. However, the results of these studies seem to come from two different worlds indeed. Chinese RCT studies overwhelmingly demonstrate positive outcomes from acupuncture, whereas Western-based studies generally conclude that there is no discernible difference between acupuncture and a placebo. Why should there be such different outcomes when the same scientific method is being used? This paper analyzes factors that may be contributing to the different outcomes between China-based and Western-based RCT studies by considering and comparing starting points, purpose, study design, investigators, acupuncture treatment regimen, methodological quality, results, conclusions, and deficiencies in acupuncture RCT. Based on these comparisons, this paper examines the value of acupuncture RCT in general, and the methodological confusion which seems to have propagated from study to study. We propose the following suggestions to remediate the acupuncture clinical research paradigm: First, acupuncture clinical researches should be carried out step-by-step according to universal, agreed-upon research protocols. Second, norms for reporting outcome metrics need to be standardized for each stage of a study.

Under the situation of the rapid expansion of hospital, the dilemma of acupuncture-moxibustion department, as well as the relevant solutions are explored. The main reasons for the shrinking situation of the service in acupuncture-moxibustion department include: the disease-based department division trends to divert many diseases suitably treated in acupuncture-moxibustion department; the environment pursuing economic benefits restricts the development of acupuncture-moxibustion therapy characterized by "simple and low-cost operation". There are three important approaches for breaking through the dilemma of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy. First, modifying the traditional service mode as waiting for patients in acupuncture-moxibustion department and promoting acupuncture and moxibustion technology to be adopted in other departments rather than limited only in acupuncture-moxibustion department. Second, increasing the charges of acupuncture and moxibustion technology rationally. Third, positioning accurately the role of acupuncture and moxibustion technology in health services based on its own characteristics and advantages and promoting it in community medical institutions. All of these solutions require the guidance of supporting policies.

In recent years, many studies have confirmed the positive effect of acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and a lot of researches have been made to explore its neurobiological mechanisms. The neurobiological mechanisms include two aspects 1) remission of visceral hypersensitivity via peripheral and central pathways (spinal cord and brain), and 2) improvement of intestinal motility via vagus nerve and enteric nervous system (ENS)- interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC)-smooth muscle cells (ENS-ICC-SMC) network, and 5-HT, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y, etc.. At the same time, we also discussed the existing problems in the research of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of acupuncture and moxibustion for IBS. The existing problems in this field mainly include 1) fragmentization or lack of integrity in researches, and 2) limitation of the reductionism method. For this reason, we should draw lessons from the research methods of systematic science to study the neurobiological mechanisms of acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of IBS, including the detailed links of peripheral and central nervous transmission of acupoint stimulation signals, and the interactive action modes (two-way benign regulation, multi-target regulation, saturation regulation, etc.).

Objective: To review systematically the effectiveness and safety of tuina (Chinese massage)in treatment of functional constipation., Methods: The articles on functional constipation treated with tuina were collected by computer retrieval from 7 databases from the date of establishment to March 28, 2020, including Chinese biomedical literature database (SinoMed), China journal full-text database (CNKI), full-text database of Wanfang academic journals (Wanfang), VIP Chinese science and technology journal database(VIP), PubMed, Dutch medical literature database (EMbase) and the Cochrane Library. After data extraction and quality evaluation of the included articles, Meta analysis was conducted with RevMan5.3 software., Results: A total of 16 articles were included, with 1424 cases involved. Meta analysis results showed: ①The total effective rate in the treatment group was higher than that in the control group ( RR =1.28, 95% CI : 1.16-1.42, P . ②The effective rate for the symptoms of functional constipation in traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment group was higher than that in the control group ( ) . ②The effective rate for the symptoms of functional constipation in traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment group was higher than that in the control group ( RR =1.38, 95% CI :1.25-1.52, Z =6.31, P <0.000 01). ③Adverse reactions in the treatment group in the treatment of functional constipation were less than those in the control group ( RR =0.10, 95% CI : 0.02-0.49, Z =2.81, P =0.005).④The effective rate of functional constipation treated on the base of syndrome differentiation in the treatment group was higher than that of the control group ( RR =1.50, 95% CI : 1.08-2.10, Z =2.39, P =0.02).⑤The improvements in fecal characteristics, defecation time and defecation frequency of the patients with functional constipation in the treatment group were better than those in the control group ( P <0.05)., Conclusion: Tuina therapy presents a certain advantages on its curative effect on functional constipation, has less adverse reactions and relieves the relevant symptoms of functional constipation. But more randomized controlled trials with high quality and large sample are required to provide further verification of its effect.

Objective: To compare the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) and transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) of skin and muscle layers of "Liangqiu" (ST34) area on inflammatory muscular pain in rats, so as to study the role of different-layer afferent nerve fibers in acupuncture analgesia., Methods: A total of 120 male SD rats were used in the present study, including 8 rats used for determining the excitatory threshold of Aδ(Ta) and C (Tc) afferent nerve fibers, 48 employed for comparing the analgesic effect of EA and TEAS at intensities of Ta and Tc, and 64 for observing the effect of EA and TAES stimulation of ipsilateral (Ipsi), contralateral (Contra) ST34 and ipsilateral LI4 at Ta and Tc intensities. Inflammatory muscle pain was induced by injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the right biceps femoris muscle. In the second part of the present study, 48 rats were randomly and equally divided into control, model, TEAS-Ta, TEAS-Tc, EA-Ta and EA-Tc groups, while in the 3rd part, 64 rats were randomly and equally divided into control, model, Ipsi-ST34-TEAS, Contra-ST34-TEAS, Ipsi-ST34-EA, Contra-ST34-EA, Ipsi-LI4-TEAS and Ipsi-LI4-EA groups. TEAS or EA was applied to the skin and muscle layers, respectively. Before and after modeling, the animal was forced to stand on a bipedal equilibrator, the difference in body mass distribution of both feet (bearing difference) was used to assess the pain severity. The frequency of myoelectrical discharges of the right bicep femoris muscle in responding to electrical stimulation of the spot between the 4 th and 5 th toes of the ipsilateral hindlimb at an intensity of two-folds of C-fiber excitatory threshold was recorded., Results: 1) The bearing difference between the bilateral hindlimbs was markedly higher in the model group than in the control group ( P <0.01), and significantly lower at the 2 nd and 3 rd day in the EA-Ta and EA-Tc, and TEAS-Tc groups relevant to the model group ( P <0.05, P <0.01). 2) The frequency of C-fiber reflex induced electromyogram (EMG) activities were significantly decreased at 0 and 1 min after TEAS of both ipsilateral ST34 at Tc, and 0 min after TEAS of the contralateral ST34 at Tc (rather than at Ta and not LI4 even at Tc) in comparison with pre-TEAS, and 0, 1 and 2 min after TEAS of ipsilateral ST34 at Tc, and 0 min after TEAS of contra-ST34 at Tc compared with the model group, respectively ( P <0.01, P <0.05). In comparison with pre-EA, the frequency of C-fiber reflex induced EMG activities were significantly decreased at 0 and 1 min after EA of the ipsilateral ST34 at Ta, and 0 min after EA of the contra-ST34 at Ta. In addition, the frequency of C-fiber reflex induced EMG activities were decreased at 0, 1 and 2 min after EA of the ipsilateral ST34 at Tc, and 0 and 1 min after EA of the contra-ST34 at Tc, as well as 0 min after EA of LI4 at Tc ( P <0.01, P <0.05).In comparison with the model group, the frequency of C-fiber reflex induced EMG activities are significantly decreased at 0, and 1 min after EA of the ipsilateral ST34 at Ta, and 0 min after EA of the contra-ST34 at Ta. In addition, the frequency of C-fiber reflex induced EMG activities were decreased at 0, 1 ,2,and 3 min after EA of the ipsilateral ST34 at Tc, and 0 and 1 min after EA of the contra-ST34 at Tc, as well as 0 min after EA of LI4 at Tc, respectively ( P <0.01, P <0.05)., Conclusion: TEAS-ST34 at Tc and EA-ST34 at both Ta and Tc can alleviate pain behavior in inflammatory pain rats, which may be related to its effect in activating the afferent nerve fiber in different layers of ST34 area.

This paper analyzes the severe challenges posed by the localization process in the internationalization of Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion to Chinese traditional acupuncture and moxibustion, and the ways to deal with the challenges. It is believed that the lack of deep understanding of the challenges in the process of internationalization of acupuncture and moxibustion is mainly due to the lack of knowledge structure of acupuncture and moxibustion, and the innovation of acupuncture and moxibustion teaching materials is the basis of effectively adjusting the knowledge structure. The direction of the reform of acupuncture and moxibustion teaching materials should separate the modern version of acupuncture and moxibustion that conforms to the nature of science and teach it in parallel with the traditional version of acupuncture and moxibustion. The development of modern acupuncture and moxibustion in line with the nature of science is not only an urgent need to meet the challenges of western acupuncture and moxibustion, but also an internal requirement for the development of acupuncture and moxibustion itself.