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Objective: To investigate the effect of serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 2 (SRSF2) on ferroptosis and its possible mechanism in glioblastoma cells. Methods: The online database of gene expression profiling interactive analysis 2 (GEPIA 2) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas were used to analyze the expression of SRSF2 in glioblastoma tissue and its association with patients prognosis. To validate the findings of the online databases, the pathological sections of glioblastoma and non-tumor brain tissues from Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China were collected and analyzed by using immunohistochemistry. Silencing SRSF2 gene expression in glioblastoma cells by siRNA was analyzed with Western blot. The proliferation index was detected by using CCK8 assay. The rescued experiment was conducted by using expression plasmid of pcDNA3.1(+)-SRSF2. The activity of ferroptosis was assessed by using the levels of iron ions and malondialdehyde in glioblastoma cells and the changes in the ratio of glutathione to oxidized glutathione. The changes of gene expression and differential pre-mRNA alternative splicing (PMAS) induced by SRSF2 were monitored by using the third-generation sequencing technology analysis, namely Oxford nanopore technologies (ONT) sequencing analysis. Results: SRSF2 expression was higher in glioblastoma tissues than non-tumor brain tissues. Immunohistochemistry also showed a positive rate of 88.48%±4.60% in glioblastoma tissue which was much higher than the 9.97%±4.57% in non-tumor brain tissue. The expression of SRSF2 was inversely correlated with overall and disease-free disease survivals ( P <0.01). The proliferation index of glioblastoma cells was significantly reduced by silencing with SRSF2 siRNA ( P <0.01) and could be reversed with transfection of exogenous SRSF2. The levels of intracellulariron ions and malondialdehyde increased ( P <0.05), but the glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio and the expression of key proteins in the glutathione pathway remained unchanged ( P >0.05). ONT sequencing results showed that silencing SRSF2 in glioblastoma cells could induce a significant alternative 3' splice site change on ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1). Conclusion: SRSF2 inhibits the ferroptosis in glioblastoma cells and promotes their proliferation, which may be achieved by regulating FSP1 PMAS.

As we know, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is a peripheral vestibular disorder,while vestibular migraine is a central vestibular disease. Although they are two different independent diseases, patients often choose to consult otolaryngology and neurology. The clinical manifestations of some patients with these two diseases are similar and the diagnosis is easy to be confused, but the treatment methods are completely different, and incorrect treatment methods will inevitably affect the curative effect and prognosis. Vestibular migraine is characterized by a diversity of clinical manifestations and signs, and the migraine symptoms of some patients do not match with the vestibular symptoms. There are 30% of vestibular migraine patients who showed isolated paroxysmal vertigo/dizziness and nystagmus, which is easily confused with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and needs to be identified. Under the framework of the international classification of vestibular diseases, according to the new guideline of nystagmus examination and classification issued by Barany Association and new diagnostic criteria of two diseases, differential diagnosisof benign paroxysmal positional vertigo from vestibular migrainecan make up for one-sided understanding caused by the specialization of disciplines, improve thediagnosis and treatment of vestibular diseases, and thus reduce the misdiagnosis and mistreatment.

Objective: To explore the spectrum of causes for patients with vertigo or dizziness in the Department of Neurology, and provide a reference for diagnosis and treatment of patients with vertigo or dizziness. Methods: Clinical data of patients in the Department of Neurology, Baotou Central Hospital between January 2016 and September 2017 was retrospectively analyzed. The target group under study was diagnosed based on the uniform diagnostic criteria. Results: A total of 9 200 patients with a chief complaint of vertigo or dizziness were included. The ratio of male to female was 1∶1.8, with an age range of 19 to 85 years. The different etiology was as follows: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) (3 148 cases, 34.22%), persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) (2 006 cases, 21.80%), vertigo caused by cerebrovascular diseases (1 463 cases, 15.90%), vestibular neuritis (741 cases, 8.05%), vestibular migraine (536 cases, 5.83%), vestibular paroxysmia (336 cases, 3.65%), Ménière disease (187 cases, 2.03%), drug-induced vertigo (96 cases, 1.04%), neurological degenerative diseases (74 cases, 0.80%), sudden sensorineural hearing loss (51 cases, 0.55%), multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica (21 cases, 0.23%), other reasons (22 cases, 0.24%), unknown reasons (519 cases, 5.64%). Conclusions: Dizziness is resulted from various causes, and BPPV is the most common reason. Vertigo caused by cerebrovascular diseases appears to gradually increase along with age. PPPD is very common in clinical practice, so clinicians needs to be highly aware of BPPV and PPPD. Although those dizziness diseases have a low incidence, they should not be ignored. There are still certain proportion of vertigo patients whose diagnosis are undetermined.