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As an important part of the discipline of standardization, the standardization of tourism concerns factors including products, services and standardization of processes. Characterized by comprehensiveness and diversity, it is also an especially complex part of standardization. Theoretical research on the standardization of tourism directly targets and provides theoretical reconciliation for the philosophic proposition "contradiction between diversity and monotonousness" in the discipline of standardization. Thus, it is conducive to the construction of theoretical basis for standardization of complex objects and the development and improvement of basic theories on standardization. Generally, there are fewer academic studies over the standardization of tourism, of which countermeasure-based, applicability and case-based ones prevail as a result of technical and applied orientation of the discipline of standardization. As the applied value of the standardization of tourism has revealed itself, however, more researchers have diverted their interest to the exploration into basic theories in the standardization of tourism, trying to get a complete picture about its process and models. As a result, its research has entered a phase of conscious application from a spontaneous one. In the practice of standardization of tourism in China, major problems have emerged in the two respects as follows. The first is the effectiveness of standards and the other is their value. In reality, invalidity of standards and difficulties in judging their merits and faults have been common in such practices. These problems have been closely associated with basic theories in the discipline of standardization because the solution to the dilemmas related to end use requires the clarification of the theoretical basis. We think the value of standards needs to be dealt with by methods of homogeneity of standardization and their effectiveness needs to be addressed by models applicable to standards. These homogeneity methods and selection of models are basic theories in the discipline of standards, and general laws summarized from cases in respect of the standardization of tourism can be universally applicable to the practice of standardization. This paper sums up general methods and models concerning standardization by sorting out standards on tourism and their certification processes in more than twenty years. In addition, it also generalizes and sums up the "homogenization of objects" processes in these standards so that it obtains the general model concerning homogenization of objects. The merit of homogenized processing lies in defining the nature of objects of standardization and identifying their value for standardization. Based on this, according to the traits and objectives of objects involved in standardization, it is determined whether to apply the "dividable" model of standardization to separable objects or to apply the "fence-like" model of standardization to multi-dimensional and compound targets (the two models are in mutual exclusion) . In such a way, the effectiveness of standardization has been realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the clinicopathologic features and prognosis of plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma (PUC) of the urinary bladder., Methods: The clinical and pathologic findings of 16 cases of PUC were retrospectively reviewed. Immunohistochemical study (MaxVision method) was carried out. The follow-up data were analyzed., Results: There were altogether 15 males and 1 female. The age of patients ranged from 40 years to 85 years (median = 64 years). Most patients (15/16) presented with hematuria. The tumor cells were small to medium in size and contained eccentric nuclei and moderate to abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, assuming a plasmacytoid appearance. The architectural pattern varied from loosely cohesive sheets to cords, papillae, small nests or gland-like structures. Most tumors invaded into the lamina propria or muscularis propria. Twelve of the 16 cases had concurrent conventional urothelial carcinoma component. Immunohistochemical study showed that the tumor cells in all cases were strongly positive for AE1/AE3, epithelial membrane antigen, CK7 and CK18. CK20 and uroplakin III were also expressed in 9 cases. CEA, p53, CD138, p63 and E-cadherin were positive in 12, 13, 15, 11 and 10 cases, respectively. Ki-67 index ranged from 5% to 70% (mean = 30%). All tumors were negative for vimentin, LCA, kappa/lambda light chains, S-100 protein, HMB 45,Melan A, smooth muscle actin and desmin. Follow-up information was available in 13 patients. The duration of follow up ranged from 3 months to 10 years. Three patients died of distant metastasis at 3, 27 and 60 months after the operation, respectively. One patient was alive with disease at 25 months. One was alive at 43 months with a prior recurrence. Another 8 patients were alive and disease free at 7 to 120 months., Conclusions: PUC of the urinary bladder is a rare variant of high-grade urothelial carcinoma. Immunohistochemical study with positivity for CK7, CK20, p63 and uroplakin III and negative staining for vimentin and LCA may be helpful in the differential diagnosis. PUC is a malignant tumor with high invasiveness, high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. Radical cystectomy is considered as the first line treatment for PUC.

Objective: To study the clinicopathologic features, immunohistochemical profiles and prognosis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC)., Methods: Forty-two cases of ChRCC were retrieved from the archival files of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 401 Hospital of PLA and Qingdao Municipal Hospital from 2003 to 2011. The clinical and pathologic features of the tumors were reviewed. Hale colloidal iron staining was performed and EnVision immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of a series of immunologic markers. Forty cases of clear cell renal cell carcinoma and 10 cases of renal oncocytoma were selected as controls., Results: The patients included 17 males and 25 females. The age of patients ranged from 39 years to 78 years (median age = 57 years). On gross examination, the tumors ranged from 2 cm to 19 cm in greatest dimension (mean size = 7.3 cm). Histologically, the tumors were mainly composed of solid sheets, acini or tubules of malignant cells. The tumor cells contained clear finely reticular ("chromophobe") and eosinophilic cytoplasm with perinuclear clearing. The nuclear outline was irregular and wrinkled. Nucleoli were inconspicuous and mitotic figures were barely seen. Hale colloidal iron stain was positive in all cases. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were variably positive for EMA (100%, 42/42), CK7 (95.2%, 40/42), Ksp-cad (92.9%, 39/42), CK18 (88.1%, 37/42), CD117 (61.9, 26/42), CD10 (31.0%, 13/42) and PAX2 (28.6%, 12/42). They were negative for vimentin, CA IX and TFE3. The follow-up period in 31 patients ranged from 2 to 77 months (average duration = 29 months). Three patients died of tumor metastasis 3, 8, 13 months respectively after the operation. Twenty-eight patients were still alive without evidence of tumor recurrence., Conclusions: ChRCC predominantly occurs in middle-aged and elderly patients. It often carries a favorable prognosis. The presence of plant cell-like morphology, pale cells with uniform reticular microvesicular appearance and perinuclear clearing are characteristic histologic features. The diffuse positivity for Hale colloidal iron stain and EMA/CK7/Ksp-cadherin/CD117-positive immunoprofiles are also useful in differential diagnosis.

One-dimensional CoPt nanorods were obtained through the galvanic displacement reaction and chemical reduction. The average diameter of the nanorods was measured to be about 166.3 nm and the length was mostly between 1.0 and 5.0 microm obtained from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurement. The IR optical properties of the CoPt nanorods and bulk Pt were investigated by in situ FTIR reflection spectroscopy employing CO adsorption as probe reaction at the solid/gas interface. The results of in situ FTIR indicated that bulk Pt shows a normal IR optical property and the CoPt nanorods display abnormal infrared effects (AIREs). The authors can obtain the same results whether the CoPt nanorods were loaded on glassy carbon (GC) or Au substrates. These results demonstrated that the AIREs were generated mainly by CoPt nanorods and the influence of the substrate materials can be neglected. The study confirmed that one-dimensional CoPt nanorods show AIREs, and throw a new sense to comprehend the anomalous IR properties observed on low-dimensional nanomaterials.

Objective: To explore effect of Qindan Fuzheng Capsule (QFC) on ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes injured by high microwave radiation in rats., Methods: Eighteen adult Wistar rats were equally divided into 3 groups in random: rats in Group A were untreated as the normal control, rats in Group B received 6 min microwave radiation (100 mW/cm2 high power) to cause injury of cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes, and Group C received the same radiation but treated with QFC perfusion, 2 mL (equivalent to 4.75 g crude drug) once a day, for 7 successive days, starting from 6 h after radiation. All rats were sacrificed 7 days later, their fresh tissue of heart apex and right lobe of liver were taken and prepared to routine transmission electron microscopy specimen for ultrastructural observation., Results: Compared with Group A, different degrees of ultrastructural changes on nuclei and organelle were observed in Group B and C, but the injury in Group C was significantly milder than that in Group B, showing normal sized cells with good structure approximate to the morphology in Group A., Conclusions: QFC showed protective effect on microwave radiation injured ultrastructural changes in rats' cardiomyocytes and hepatocyte. Its mechanism was possibly correlated with the suppression of lipid peroxidation and the improvement of metabolism in myocardial and hepatic cells.

Carbon supported PtSn catalyst (PtSn/C) was prepared by a modified polyol method and characterized by means of XRD. It was showed that the metal particle size was 2.2 nm and the unit cell parameter increased compared with Pt/C. In situ time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TRFTIRS) was used to study the electrooxidation of ethanol on PtSn/C catalyst. COL was the main poison species adsorbed on the active sites to inhibit the further reaction of ethanol electrooxidation. Acetaldehyde and acetic acid were found to be the products of ethanol electrooxidation as competing reactions with ethanol dissociation when the potential was up to 0.3 V, which reduced the poisoning effect. The selectivity of acetic acid among the products was improved with the increase in the potential and reaction time. CO2, which appeared at 0.4 V, was the final product and yielded from the oxidation of COL. The catalytic mechanism of PtSn/C towards ethanol electrooxidation was analyzed based on the results.

Solvent-free, composite electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were prepared by using mesoporous silica SBA-15 with surface modification of (trimethylchlorosilane) as the filler. The samples were explored by emission FTIR spectroscopy at elevated temperatures. The results of emission FTIR spectra illustrated the dependence of crystalline PEO phase on temperature. On the basis of electrochemistry, SEM, and emission FTIR studies, the effect of inorganic filler on the ionic conductivity was analyzed, and a conclusion concerning the ion-conducting mechanism of composite polymer electrolyte was drawn. The exploratory experiments demonstrated that the emission FTIR spectroscopy is an important method to be applied in the study of lithium batteries.

Palladium nanoparticles (nm-Pd) were synthesized in the supercages of Y-zeolite via "ship-in-a-bottle". Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and Nafion were used as bonds respectively to prepare zeolite-modified electrode loading nm-Pd by mixed coat and steped coat. IR optical properties of adsorbed CO (COad) were studied by in situ electrochemical FTIR spectrum on zeolite-modified electrode surface prepared by different bond and coating method. Results display the same enhanced IR absorption of COad and different response rate to potential as well as the ability of electron transfer on PVC and Nafion film. Time-dependent vCOB shift was studied for obtaining the information of response rate to potential and electron transfer ability of PVC and Nafion coating. A larger potential lag on PVC coating electrode and a very small potential lag on Nafion coating film were found, showing that different bond and prepared method affect response rate to potential of zeolite-modified electrode. These findings are significant in understanding special optical performance and the electron transfer mechanism of zeolite-modified electrode.