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Reducing the drug administration times and prolonging the postoperative analgesia duration are important requirements of clinical local anesthesia. However, both local anesthetics currently used in the clinic and potentially new anesthetic drugs such as biological toxins have limited pharmaceutical effect. Biomaterials such as liposomes and polymeric microspheres can be designed to load local anesthetics to achieve a prolonged duration and on-demand drug release, accordingly satisfying clinical needs. In this review, we briefly summarized the recent developments in the design of drug delivery systems for controlled release of local anesthetics, and introduced the design principle, the function of several representative drug controlled release systems, and their applications in local anesthesia. We also discussed the challenges and future perspectives in this field.

In this study, the epidemiology of Hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD)composition of enterovirus (EV) pathogen and VP1 coding gene of Enterovirus A71(EV-A71)were analyzed in Chongqing from 2014 to 2015,to provide a scientific basis for strategies of prevention and control of HFMD in Chongqing. It is reported that there were a total of 100,176 cases of HFMD, of which 284 cases of severe,37 cases of death in Chongqing.39counties(autonomous counties)of Chongqing have reported cases, and the urbans reported incidence rate(298.83/100,000)was significantly higher than the suburbs(103.37/100,000),children 3and under 3years old accounted for 83.21%%,and 5and under 5years old accounted for 95.64%of reported cases, the big peak of epidemics of HFMD was from April to July and the small peak took shape from October to November. Severe cases(96.83%)and deaths(100%)were concentrated in the age group of 5years old and below. The severe cases were mainly in the three districts, WanZhou District, Liangping County and FuLing District, accounting for 74.65% of reported cases, and death cases were widely distributed, scattered in 17 counties.7503nucleic acid of clinical specimens of HFMD were detected, suggested that EV-A71,CV-A16,non-EV-A71/CV-A16 of other EV accounted for 23.54%,33.21%,43.25% respectively,Non-EV-A71/ CV-A16 of other EV became the dominant pathogen of HFMD in Chongqing, but EV-A71 was still the dominant pathogen in severe and death cases. The results showed that 54 strains belonged to C4a and one strain belonged to B5 in the analyses of the VP1 sequences of 55 strains during2014-2015 in Chongqing. This study provides important epidemiological and etiological data for HFMD prevention and control strategies and reduction of severe and death caused by EV-A71 in Chongqing.

To understand the epidemiological etiology characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD)in Guangdong province, and to explore the risk change trend of the whole province. By using the descriptive epidemiological methods, the whole province’s incidence trend, population distribution and pathogenic form of HFMD were analyzed with the HFMD surveillance data,population data and geographic information of Guangdong province from 2008 to 2015.The analysis results show: A total of 2,133,722 cases of HFMD, including 5,066 severe cases and 259 death cases were reported in Guangdong province from 2008 to 2015.All the cities of Guangdong had HFMD cases, especially the Pearl River Delta Regions, which were on high-risk areas. There were two peaks every year, with the main peak of incidence occurred in spring and summer, and the sub peak occurred in autumn.Most cases were children aged<5years old, the proportion of this group in overall infections, the severe and death cases were 90.58%,95.93%and 97.30%,respectively,while the proportion for the children less than 3years old were 77.32% and 81.85%,respectively. The incidence of this disease among men was higher than that of women. Dynamic changes were presented between different years and seasons:CV-A16 was more popular in 2009,and enterovirus that none EV-A71 and none CV-A16 were predominant strains in 2013 and 2015.Especially in 2015,the proportion of other EV ranged as high as 71.97%.Besides,EV-A71 was the absolute predominance pathogen within death cases and was important pathogen in severe cases. This study suggests that HFMD epidemiology and laboratory monitoring in Guangdong Province should be strengthened, and provides scientific data support for further improvement of HFMD prevention and control strategies in Guangdong Province.

We analyzed the genetic characteristics of coxsackievirus A4 (CV-A4) based on the entire VP1 coding region. Samples were isolated from patients with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in Shaanxi, China from 2006 to 2010. We wished to ascertain the predominant genotype and the relationship between CV-A4 infection and AFP. Sixty-eight non-polio enteroviruses were inoculated onto RD cells (to increase the virus titer) and molecular typing was undertaken. The entire VP1 coding region was amplified. Percentage of CV-A4 was 10.3% (7/68). Analyses of genetic identify and creation of phylogenetic trees revealed that CV-A4 could be classified into A, B and C genotypes. Seven CV-A4 strains from Shaanxi and other CV-A4 strains from China formed an independent evolution lineage located in group 4 and belonged to the C2 sub-genotype. These data suggested that CV-A4 strains of sub-genotype C2 were the predominant genotypes in China. These strains co-evolved and co-circulated with those from other provinces in China, so continued monitoring of CV-A4 (by clinical and genetic surveillance) should be enhanced.

We wished to understand the genetic characteristics of enteric cytopathic human orphan (ECHO) virus type 6 (ECHO6) circulating in China. First, the partial VP1 coding region of six strains of the ECH-O6 virus isolated from cases of hand, foot and mouth diseases during routine surveillance in Hunan Province (China) from 2009 to 2014 were sequenced. Those sequences were analyzed along with 138 sequences of ECHO viruses covering five provinces of China and countries outside China retrieved from the GenBank database. A phylogenetic tree based on partial VPI was constructed, and it indicated that Chinese strains of the ECHO virus could form two distinct evolutionary branches: branch 1 and branch 2. All isolates of the ECHO virus from Hunan Province belonged to the 2c subranch, which revealed that they may share a common evolutionary origin. ECHO strains in branch 2 may be the predominant strains in China due to their wide geographic distribution and long period of circulation. We used nucleotide differences of >30%o as the basis of cluster division. ECHO, viruses could be divided into four clusters (A-D). Cluster D could be divided further into ten subclusters on the basis of nucleotide differences of 15%-30%. All ECHO6 isolates from Hunan Province belonged to the D7 subcluster. These data showed that the ECHO6 strains that circulated in Hunan Province in 2009-2014 were closely related to each other, and probably shared a common evolutionary origin. In addition, at least four distinct lineages of ECHO viruses have circulated in China.