Search

ObjectiveTo provide scientific basis for preventing foodborne outbreaks and carrying out targeted prevention and control measures， the seasonal characteristics of foodborne diarrheagenic Escherichia coli outbreaks in China’s Mainland from 2010 to 2020 was analyzed.MethodsCircular distribution method was used to analyze the data about diarrheagenic Escherichia coli outbreaks which was collected by Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Surveillance System from 2010 to 2020.ResultsFrom 2010 to 2020， a total of 349 foodborne diarrheagenic Escherichia coli outbreaks were reported in China’s Mainland. Generally， the peak of Escherichia coli outbreaks was from May to September （74.50%， 260/349）， and there was a significant centralized trend in event distribution， with the peak day on July 10. The epidemic peak period was from April 24 to September 25.ConclusionThere is an obvious seasonal trend in foodborne diarrheagenic Escherichia coli outbreaks in China’s Mainland， and the peak period is in summer and autumn. Effective prevention and control measures should be taken in time before the peak period.

ObjectiveTo provide the bases to build up the prevention and control measures， the epidemiology and changes of foodborne disease caused by plant and animal toxicants in China’s Mainland was studied.MethodsThe data reported from 2010 to 2020 was collected. The times， places， etiologic agents and causing factors were analyzed.ResultsA total of 5 244 outbreaks， which resulted in 37 610 illnesses and 271 deaths， were reported in this period. 35.37% （1 855/5 244） of the total outbreaks occurred in the second quarter and resulted in 31.18% （11 727/37 610） illnesses. Plant toxicants were reported for 4 794 outbreaks， resulting in 34 482 related illnesses and 222 deaths. Animal toxicants were reported for 450 outbreaks， resulting in 3 128 related illnesses and 49 deaths. Undercooked phaseolus were the most common cause of outbreaks （37.49%， 1 966/5 244）， followed by aconitine （8.28%， 434/5 244） and tung oil or seed （6.24%， 327/5 244）. Household and canteen were the most common locations of outbreaks. Mistaking and undercooked were the main causes.ConclusionFoodborne disease caused by plant and animal toxicants occurred in all seasons， and the second quarter is the peak. Undercooked phaseolus and improper prepared aconite were the main cause of poisoning. In view of the above epidemic characteristics， we should focus on the targeted publicity and education for families， so as to reduce the occurrence of the outbreaks.

ObjectiveTo understand the distribution characteristics of trigger factors of foodborne disease outbreaks caused by Staphylococcus aureus and its enterotoxin in China.MethodsThe data from the national foodborne disease outbreak monitoring system and literature from 2010 to 2020 were collected and sorted out， and the data of Staphylococcus aureus and its enterotoxin was analyzed.ResultsA total of 703 outbreaks from 2010 to 2020 were included （694 in the monitoring system and 9 in the literature）. Single latitude attribution analysis found that meat accounted for 28.3% （199/703） of the causal foods， improper storage accounted for 15.2% （107/703） during the whole process， and catering service places accounted for 85.2% （599/703） of the occouring places. The results of multi-dimensional analysis showed that the number of events in each season was the largest in Eastern China. In addition to meat， pastry food and rice flour food were the main cause in eastern and southern China， which were mostly caused by improper storage. Among the outbreaks that occurred in catering service places， meat and flour rice food were mainly caused by improper processing， while pastry food was mainly caused by improper storage.ConclusionThe incidence of foodborne diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus and its enterotoxin is high in meat products. It is necessary to strengthen the supervision of catering service places， food processing， storage and other sectors to reduce the risk of morbidity.

Aim at highly nonlinear mapping relationship between the laser processing parameters and the melting cell body’s transverse size，a method of reverse engineering laser melting parameters by back － propagation ( BP) neural network was put forward． The model was constructed by BP neural network，and the prediction error was reduced to less than 3% after training for many times． The DIEVAＲ die steel was melted by reverse engineering laser parameters，and the results show that the error was 1． 33% between the transverse dimensions of the melting cell body and the expected，the expected precision can be met well． Thermal fatigue property of the melted and non － melted DIEVAＲ die steel has been studied． The analysis about cracks growth presents that thermal fatigue property of DIEVAＲ die steel melted by the reverse engineering parameters has been greatly improved． The melting cell body could block crack effectively．

Feminist methodology is the focus in feminist psychological research: the feminist psychology is distinct from its non-feminist counterpart by its feminist methodology; criticizing and rising above the false polarity between the qualitative and the quantitative research paradigms in psychology, the feminist psychology advocates a methodological pluralism. However, the epistemological divisions in feminism have led to different understandings of the relationship between knowledge and gender and finally to the different preferences in the orientation to method and methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]