Search

Objective The maximum operating pressure for underground gas storage facilities designed for oil and gas reservoirs, both constructed and under construction in China, is currently set at the original formation pressure. There have yet to be successful cases of overpressure operation, which significantly impacts the economic benefits of converting depleted oil and gas reservoirs into underground gas storage facilities. This article aims to evaluate the maximum operating pressure and storage capacity of the Nanpu 1-29 gas storage facility from the perspective of the ultimate bearing capacity of cap layers and faults, with the goal of effectively enhancing the construction benefits of the facility. Methods The evaluation of the maximum operating pressure for the Nanpu 1-29 gas storage facility in eastern Hebei is based on the minimum principal stress measured in situ in the mining wells. Different effective porosity calculation methods are employed to quantitatively evaluate the effective storage capacity of gas and oil reservoirs, as well as the incremental capacity after pressure boosting operation, based on their development differences. Results The evaluation of the maximum operating pressure for the Nanpu 1-29 gas storage facility indicates that the minimum principal stress of the cap layers determined by the in-situ measurements in the mining wells is 34.00 MPa. Based on the tensile failure criteria determined by the minimum principal stress, the maximum operating pressure for the tensile failure of the cap layer is 27.20 MPa. Combined with the maximum safe injection pressure corresponding to shear failure of the cap layer (30.60 MPa) and the maximum safe injection pressure corresponding to unstable slip of the fault (27.60 MPa), the final maximum operating pressure for the Nanpu 1-29 gas storage facility is determined to be 27.20 MPa. Based on the effective storage capacity calculation model, considering factors such as the water content of the gas reservoir, residual water and edge porosity as well as the coefficient of influence, the efficiency of gas-driven fluid, and the utilization rate of oil-containing space, the maximum operating pressure increased from the original formation pressure of 22.50 MPa to 27.20 MPa. The practical storage capacity of the gas storage facility increased from 15.46×108 m3 to 18.14×108 m3, an increase of approximately 17.3%. Conclusion (1) The construction of gas storage facilities can be re-evaluated for the maximum operating pressure based on the minimum principal stress measured in situ in the mining wells, and overpressure design can be conducted under appropriate conditions. (2) Overpressure design can effectively increase storage capacity and improve the economic benefits of reservoir construction. Significance The research results have a certain reference value for the quantitative evaluation of the maximum operating pressure and storage capacity of other underground gas storage facilities, and are expected to significantly improve the economic benefits of overpressure-designed reservoir-type gas storage facilities in China.

At present, in order to improve the performance of spiral groove mechanical seals, the structural parameters of seals are mostly adjusted based on the experience of designers. The integration degree of existing mechanical seal performance research examples is low, and the whole performance optimization process lacks of scientific theoretical framework to guide. In order to solve this problem, combining the axiomatic design theory with the existing mechanical seal performance research, a structural optimization method of spiral groove mechanical seal based on axiomatic design theory was put forward. This method defines the mapping relationship between the three-level functional requirement domain and the design parameter domain of the spiral groove mechanical seal, and thus develops 14×14 diagonal optimization matrix. The research results show that the introduction of axiomatic design provides a basic theoretical framework for the performance optimization of spiral groove mechanical seals and decomposes the optimization process into several design modules, which improves the efficiency and accuracy of the optimization design of spiral groove mechanical seals and has good application value.

High-purity metal sputtering target is one of the key basic materials for integrated circuits. Self-dependence of the sputtering targets is vital for the high-quality development of the integrated circuit industry in China. This study analyzes the application demand for and development status of high-purity metal sputtering targets for integrated circuits, involving high-purity aluminum and aluminum alloys, high-purity copper and copper alloys, high-purity titanium, high-purity tantalum, high-purity cobalt, high-purity nickel platinum, and high-purity tungsten and tungsten alloys. Moreover, it summarizes the challenges regarding the key manufacturing technologies and engineering application of high-performance sputtering targets in China and proposes several major development directions based on the development goals of the field by 2030. Specifically, China needs to improve its material processing technologies, focus on the key technologies for high-performance target processing, develop high-end new materials according to frontier demands, and improve the capabilities of material analysis, testing, and application evaluation. Furthermore, the following suggestions are proposed: establishing an industry-education-research-application system, realizing the domestic manufacturing of key equipment, strengthening talent team construction, establishing an independent intellectual property system, and expanding international exchange and cooperation,thereby promoting the development quality and level of high-purity metal sputtering targets.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the antioxidative activity in vitro experiments and the anti-fatigue activity of chickpea oligopeptides in mice. Methods: In this study, the antioxidant capacity of chickpea oligopeptide was detected by in vitro method, and the anti-fatigue capacity of chickpea oligopeptide was comprehensively evaluated by detecting physiological and biochemical indexes of mice. Results: The superoxide anion radical scavenging ability IC50 of chickpea oligopeptide was 4.26 mg/mL, which was significantly higher than that of GSH positive control group （P＜0.05）; The reducing power of chickpea oligopeptide was significantly higher than that of GSH positive control （P＜0.05）. In addition, at low, medium and high doses, the fatigue tolerance, muscle glycogen and liver glycogen reserve capacity of mice were improved, and the concentration of serum urea nitrogen, malondialdehyde and lactic acid was decreased （P＜0.05）. It can significantly increase the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase （P＜0.05）. Conclusion: Chickpea oligopeptides have significant anti-fatigue effects.

Aiming at the problem that the characteristic distribution of rolling bearing vibration data collected under different speed environment is inconsistent and it is difficult to obtain the label of samples to be diagnosed, a fault diagnosis method based on deep migration network is proposed. In this model, a domain-shared feature extraction network is constructed. The convolutional neural network（CNN） is used to extract vibration signal sensitive fault features, and bi-directional Long short-term Memory is used to extract vibration signal sensitive fault features. BiLSTM) network to extract the time information of sensitive fault features; Then, CORAL loss and JMMD loss were embedded in the deep migration network, respectively. By minimizing the second-order statistical difference and the maximum mean difference of the joint distribution, the differences in the feature distributions of the source domain and target domain were reduced, and the common features of the two domains were extracted. Finally, add Softmax classification layer to realize fault status recognition of target data. The results show that the average recognition accuracy of this method is 97.87% when the target domain data is unlabeled, which is significantly higher than the other five popular adaptive fault diagnosis methods.

The seed industry is a basic and core industry that is strategically important for a nation. Considering the national guidance opinions on fields such as seeds and cultivated land, industrialization of biological breeding, and development of core technologies for germplasm resources, the seed industry has become a driving force for the rapid development of China’s agriculture. In this study, we summarize the current status of the global crop seed industry from the aspects of germplasm resources protection and utilization, biological breeding technology development, seed industry development, etc. Moreover, we analyze the problems of China’s seed industry from an international perspective. To promote the development of the seed industry, China should implement a national germplasm resources strategy to consolidate the foundation of its seed industry; implement a scientific and technological innovation strategy in the seed industry to achieve breakthroughs in original innovation; construct a seed industry system with Chinese characteristics to enhance industrial competitiveness; promote the role of enterprises in technological innovation; and modernize the supervision system to improve industrial advantages.

The standardized training of cardiologists in china is an important continuing medical education program to improve the individual and national level of clinical diagnosis and treatment. On account of the varying quality of standardized training trainees and the lack of targeted clinical training and assessment system, the current training program is unable to meet the future job demand of cardiologists. From the training base perspective, the study put forward a goal of improving Core Competencies and focus on the development of self-growth capability. Through the elaboration of training system, the development of personalized training programs, the classification of assessment forms and standard, and other measures, the aim to improve trainees' self-growth capability to figure out problems, to think and solve the problems, and to explore a new way to improve the quality of cardiologists standardized training in China.

[Objective] The purpose of this paper is to study the optimal operation condition of AAO-MBBR mode of the new rural sewage treatment process and its treatment effect on pollutants. [Method] By comparing the pollutant removal rate under different residence time, different internal circulation ratio and different aerobic tank dissolved oxygen concentration, the optimal operation parameters of the equipment were screened out, and the equipment was set to operate under the optimal operating condition. The treatment effect on various pollutants was analyzed. [Result] The results showed that the improved AAO-MBBR process had the best removal effect when the hydraulic retention time was 8 h, the internal circulation ratio was 300% and the concentration of dissolved oxygen in aerobic pool was 2.5 mg/L. Under optimal operating conditions, the removal rates of SS, COD, BOD, NH3-N and TP of the equipment were 80%, 85%, 91%, 84.5% and 46%, respectively. And the treatment effect is significantly higher than that of other sewage treatment equipment. [Conclusion]The improved AAO-MBBR process has a good effect on pollutant removal in integrated wastewater treatment equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the effect of Huoxiang longhuang powder on the serum biochemical, antioxidant and immune indexes of fattening cattle. Eighty healthy, disease-free, well-conditioned Simmental crossbred cattle with an average weight of (385.0 ± 16.3) kg and similar age were selected and randomly divided into four groups, with four replicates in each group and five cattle in each replicate. The cattle in the control group, experimental group I, experimental group H, and experimental group M were fed with rations containing 0, 1%, 2%, and 4% Huoxiang longhuang powder, respectively. The preliminary trial lasted for 10 days, followed by a formal experimental period of 60 days. The results showed that compared to the control group, the total protein, globulin content, and alkaline phosphatase activity of fattening cattle in the experimental group H increased by 10.87%, 17.83% and 24.82%, respectively (P<0.05), and the urea nitrogen content decreased by 20.25% (P<0.05). Compared to the control group, the superoxide dismutase, catalase activities, and total antioxidant capacity in the serum of fattening cattle in the experimental group H increased by 36.70%, 28.63% and 35.28%, respectively (P<0.05). The concentrations of immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G of fattening cattle in the experimental group H increased by 18.99% and 29.98%, respectively (P<0.05). The study indicates that adding 2% Huoxiang longhuang powder to the diet of fattening cattle can improve the serum biochemical indexes, promote the deposition of fat and protein, and enhance antioxidant and immunity capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to screen high-quality lactic acid bacteria strains with fast growth and reproduction, strong acid production ability and acid resistance from waste vegetable silage, to determine the high-quality strains suitable for the preparation of waste vegetable silage starter culture. In the experiment, the lactic acid bacteria attached to vegetable waste silage samples were screened out. The dominant isolated and screened lactic acid bacteria were purified and identified by traditional culture and 16S rRNA gene sequence. The acid-producing characteristics and growth rate of the identified lactic acid bacteria were determined, and the fermentation biological characteristics of the identified lactic acid bacteria were analyzed and tested. The results showed that three strains of high quality lactic acid bacteria were screened from the waste vegetables silage vegetables: Lactococcus lactis R-1 and Lactobacillus acidophilus R-2, R-3. The expeiment indicates that Lactobacillus acidophilus R-3 is suitable for the inoculation of waste vegetable silage according the indexes of low temperature resistance, acid production and growth rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear main pumps,water turbines and other equipment are mostly vertical shafting,and the thrust bearings in the shafting are fan-shaped tilting pad bearings. Considering the thickness of the lubrication film from the perspective bearing capacity and anti-wear,the thickness of the lubrication film becomes an important indicator to reflect and characterize the working state of thrust bearings.In order to accurately detect the lubricating film thickness of tilting pad thrust bearing, a detection model for lubricating film thickness was presented based on ultrasonic nondestructive testing technology, an ultrasonic detection system for lubricating film thickness of thrust bearing lubrication film was constructed, which was mainly composed of a test bed for thrust bearing and an ultrasonic online detection device.Under the condition that the rated speed of thrust bearing is 1 800 r/min and the test time is 6 min, the value of lubricating film thickness near the oil inlet and outlet edges of the thrust pad was obtained by ultrasonic testing, and the value of lubricating film thickness at the fulcrum of the thrust pad was obtained by eddy current testing.The ultrasonic testing value was compared with the corresponding theoretical calculation value.The calculation value of lubricating film thickness based on ultrasonic testing is 47 xm, and there is only a difference of 4 xm compared with the average lubricating film thickness of 51 xm measured by eddy current sensor,which validated the feasibility of ultrasonic testing method from the prospect of experiment.Furthermore, there is only a 8 xm difference between the theoretical and ultrasonic values of lubricating film thickness at point 1, and a 3 xm difference between the theoretical and ultrasonic values at point 2, which validated the feasibility of ultrasonic testing method from the prospect of theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotating table is an important part of CNC machine tools, and its operation accuracy directly affects the shape error and surface roughness of the workpiece.Starting from the design of the support bearing of the rotary table of the precision CNC milling and grinding machine, the static pressure bearing support form was selected and the bearing was designed and tested. The radial bearing and thrust bearing were designed with 4 oil chambers and 8 oil chambers with oil return groove structure respectively, and small hole throttle was selected for the throttling method.The changes of bearing oil film stiffness with radius clearance and throttle aperture were calculated, and the sizes of radius clearance and throttle aperture were determined according to the calculation results. The rotation accuracy of the designed bearing was tested on a simulation test device. The test indicators were radial runout and axial channeling. The test results show that the maximum radial runout is 0.15 µm and the axial channeling is 0.1 µm. The designed bearing meets requirements for the use of precision turntables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to identify the key taste components of Trachypenaeus curvirostris, the flavor characteristics of free amino acids, inorganic ions, quaternary ammonium compounds, saccharides, organic acids, nucleotides, glutathione in raw and cooked shrimps were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), electronic tongue (EN) and taste recombination experiments based on sensomics. The results showed that the total content of free amino acids in shrimp increased by 19.79% from 1 165.94 to 1 396.64 mg/100 g after heat treatment, and the contents of Gly, Arg, Pro, Ser and Tau significantly increased. The contents of Na+ and Cl- were higher in cooked shrimp, and so were betaine, trimethylamine-N-oxide, nucleotide and their derivatives. In addition, the taste activity values (TAV) of glutamic acid, glycine, Na+, Cl-, lactic acid and 5’-IMP were greater than 1, indicating that they might be active compounds contributing to the taste of T. curvirostris. The results of taste recombination experiments showed that the flavor profile of the recombination model was similar to that of the natural extract. The key taste compounds identified were glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, tyrosine, arginine, 5’-IMP, 5’-GMP, Na+, K+, Cl-, betaine and trimethylamine-N-oxide. This study lays a theoretical foundation for the processing of T. curvirostris.

In order to study the effect of small solid particles in lubricating oil on the lubrication performance of liner/ring, a discrete model of piston ring lubrication with solid particles was established by using Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). According to the lubrication characteristics of piston rings, the boundary conditions of oil film were processed. The influence of single and multiple particles on lubrication was studied, and the influence of particle shape,distribution and position on piston ring lubrication was analyzed. The results show that the oil film pressure is greatly affected when the particles are close to the piston ring. When the particles are located near the fracture boundary of oil film, the existence of particles leads to negative pressure in the oil film pressure field and return zone, which may lead to particle accumulation and wear of liner. Whether single particle or multiple particles will cause an obvious sudden change of oil film pressure, and the lubrication area affected by multiple particles is larger. This sudden change of oil film pressure will lead to the poor stability of piston ring movement, thus affecting the performance of the engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lubricating medium used in the friction pair of thrust bearing of nuclear main pump has low viscosity, and the bearing works under extreme working conditions such as high temperature and high pressure. When using ultrasonic technology to accurately measure the distribution of the lubrication film, the influence of environmental factors should be considered. An ultrasonic testing model of the lubrication film distribution of thrust bearing was established, and a actual measurement of thrust lubrication state was conducted on a simulation test bench. In the analysis of the test results, the influence of environmental factors such as temperature and pressure during the measurement was considered, and the degree of influence of environmental factors on the accuracy of ultrasonic testing was analyzed. The results show that the thrust bearing is in the boundary lubrication state during the start and stop stages, and the lubrication film thickness value is increased by 38. 5% when considering the influence of temperature and pressure. The thrust bearing is in a fluid lubrication state at the rated speed, and the lubrication film thickness value is increased by 39. 8% when the influence of temperature and pressure is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the ameliorative effect of Lactobacillus plantarum L15 on excessive exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury in rats. Methods: Forty-eight SD male rats were randomly divided into four groups: quiet control, exercise control, quiet + L15 administration and exercise + L15 administration. Six-week treadmill exercise was used to establish a model of excessive exercise. The daily dose of L. plantarum L15 (3 × 108 CFU) was 0.2 mL. The control groups were given the same volume of normal saline. Following six-week administration, body mass gain, intestinal permeability, and lipopolysaccharide content, antioxidant indexes, cytokine levels and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway-related gene expression levels in skeletal muscle were measured, and histopathological changes of vastus lateralis muscle were observed. Results: L. plantarum L15 significantly increased body mass gain (P < 0.05), improved the histopathological changes of vastus lateralis muscle, and decreased D-lactic acid and diamine oxidase levels in the serum as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content in the skeletal muscle of rats with excessive exercise. L. plantarum L15 significantly increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), significantly decreased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05), and significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of the Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 mRNA (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). L. plantarum L15 significantly reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α) and significantly increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), as well as significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression levels of the TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB genes (P < 0.01). Conclusion: L. plantarum L15 can improve intestinal permeability, reduce LPS levels in the skeletal muscle of rats with excessive exercise, and inhibit oxidative stress by regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. In addition, it also can reduce inflammation levels by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby alleviating skeletal muscle injury caused by excessive exercise.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of combined anticoagulants with endovascular treatment for subacute and chronic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) under the assistance of high resolution magnetic resonance black⁃blood thrombus imaging (MRBTI). Methods and Results A retrospective study was performed on the patients with CVST who were treated at Department of Neurosurgery of Tianjin Huanhu Hospital from January 2019 to January 2021. Preoperative high resolution MRBTI confirmed 15 patients with subacute and chronic CVST, and endovascular treatment was performed on the basis of systemic anticoagulant therapy. The results showed that 10 cases were in subacute stage and 5 cases were in chronic stage. After treatment, the venous sinus was completely recanalized in 4 cases and partially recanalized in 11 cases. Complications occurred in 2 cases (intracranial hematoma enlarged in one case, microguide wire penetrated straight sinus wall during surgery in one case), contact thrombolytic therapy was continued after the condition stabilized. The mean indwelling time of microcatheter in straight sinus was (6.27 ± 0.21) d and the mean length of hospital stay was (11.53 ± 1.30) d. The degree of impairment of consciousness [Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score] was improved at discharge [at discharge (13.67 ± 2.02) score vs. at admission (11.67 ± 2.13) score; t = 9.165, P = 0.000], the degree of neurological impairment [modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score] was improved 6 months after surgery [at 6 months after surgery 1 (0, 2) score vs. at admission 3 (2, 4) score; Z = ⁃ 3.624, P = 0.000]. Conclusions High resolution MRBTI is an effective technique to identify subacute and chronic CVST patients. For these patients, the combination of systemic anticoagulation and endovascular treatment can reduce venous sinus thrombosis load and improve symptoms in a short time, which is a safe, effective and preferred treatment.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of anti - leucine - rich glioma - inactivated 1 (LGI1) antibody - associated encephalitis. Methods and Results From June 2016 to October 2017, a total of 7 patients with anti - LGI1 antibody - associated limbic encephalitis were diagnosed and treated, with an average age at onset (48.29 ± 15.09) years. Patients presented acute (4 cases) or subacute onset (3 cases), with seizures and memory dysfunction as the main manifestations. It may be accompanied by faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDS, 5 cases), mental and behavioral abnormalities or personality changes (4 cases), or even combined with intractable hyponatremia (2 cases) or thymoma (one case). Serum anti - LGI1 antibody tests showed positive results in 7 cases, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) anti - LGI1 antibody tests showed positive results in 6 cases. MRI showed unilateral or bilateral medial temporal lobe abnormal signals (6 cases), and EEG showed continuous spike - slow waves or slow waves (one case). High - dose glucocorticoid sequential therapy was effective in 6 cases. During the follow - up period, 2 cases were lost, and the other 5 cases presented long - term memory disorder (3 cases) or long - term and short - term memory disorders (2 cases). Among them, one case relapsed 6 months after discharge. Conclusions According to specific clinical manifestations of patients (such as onset of FBDS, memory disorders, etc.), combined with imaging and CSF examination results, this disease can be clearly diagnosed. Immunosuppressive agents can effectively improve the clinical symptoms and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As far as airborne sensors are concerned, the measurement accuracy is an important indicator that cannot be ignored and may directly affect final measurement results. In order to improve the measurement accuracy of a flush air data sensing (FADS), which is an advanced sensor, this paper proposed a new method based on the normal cloud model and the multi-objective programming (MOP). First, the high-precision FADS model is established by using the database obtained with the CFD software and aerodynamics knowledge. Meanwhile, the uncertainty and randomness of signals caused by measurement noise are quantitatively analyzed by using the normal cloud model. Then, in the process of data fusion, a new method for calculating the weights is proposed based on the slack variable method and the Lagrange multiplier method. The simulation results show that the proposed method can improve the measurement accuracy by 3.2% and reduce the dispersion of measurement data by 68.88%.

The intracranial blood blister⁃like aneurysms (BBA) arising from the supraclinoid segment of internal carotid artery are very rary, and grow aggressively with high reruptured rate and mortality. Currently, the treatment methods of BBA are various but achieve no consensus, although including microsurgery and interventional therapy. The article collects the recent research and makes a review of the therapeutic progress of BBA, in order to provide clinical basis for the treatment of BBA and improve its therapeutic effect. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2021.04.016

In the experiment, two different kinds of coated cemented carbide tools were used to cut austenitic stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti; tool wear modalities and fracture surfaces were observed by means of SEM and EPMA; chemical composition of the abrasion area and fracture surfaces were analyzed. Using the same cutting parameters, as the results indicated, the cutting force of GC2025 is smaller than that of YBC251; the tool life of GC2025 exceeds that of the latter, of which abrasion and breakage are obvious and oxidative wear is also more serious. The microcosmic reasons why GC2025 has a better cutting performance than YBC251 can be concluded as follows: compared with YBC251, the former has a smaller tool edge radius and a larger rake angle; the former has a thinner but more compact MT- TiCN (medium-temperature coat) and TiN coat. GC2025 also adopts alternating coating technology and gradient-structure cemented carbide which contains more amount of Co element on the surface. In addition, the coat of GC2025 contains a trace amount of fine-grained strengthening Si element, which can effectively enhance its oxidation resistance temperature and hardness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which discusses the establishment of an indirect Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for the detection of porcine parvovirus (PPV) specific antibody in procine serum.

Based on the structured model for Pichia pastoris proposed earlier, a set point control of the specific growth rate during the methanol growth phase was studied. The experimental results demonstrate that the model-guided methanol feeding profiles work well even in the open loop control mode. Further investigation reveals that higher productivity may be obtained with the feeding profiles corresponding to constant specific growth rate compared with the standard feeding protocol, provided the average value of the specific growth rate during the cultivation is identical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] In order to actively and steadily promote the dual carbon goals and effectively solve the problem of carbon inequity in various provinces, it is important to build a complete, reasonable, and easy-to-implement provincial carbon compensation mechanism. [Methods] Based on the IPCC inventory method, the inter-regional bilateral carbon transfer calculation model, and the row arrange series (RAS) method, this study incorporated the relationship between carbon sources and carbon sinks within the region (reflecting the differences between natural and production factors) and the carbon transfer of cross-regional trade (reflecting the differences between economic and consumption factors) into a unified carbon compensation framework, introduced the “revenue and expenditure-responsibility and benefit” dual balance perspective, constructed a inter-provincial carbon compensation framework of compensation basis, compensation subject, compensation standard, and compensation method, and explored the pathways of provincial carbon compensation that effectively integrate with the dual carbon goals and their carbon reduction mechanisms. [Results] The results show that: (1) Compared with the previous perspectives (“revenue and expenditure” perspective and “responsibility and benefit” perspective), the provinces that bear more embodied carbon emissions from trade, being carbon sinks, and have less carbon emissions within the region, receive more compensation using the “revenue and expenditure-responsibility and benefit” dual balance perspective. (2) Quota compensation schemes based on comprehensive principles are more suitable for inclusion in the fairness-oriented carbon compensation mechanism than those that prioritize fairness or efficiency separately. (3) During the “historical compensation period” (2012-2021), Guangdong, Zhejiang, Beijing, and Chongqing were the four provinces with the largest compensation amounts, and Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, and Shanxi were the five provinces with the largest compensated amounts. (4) During the “future compensation period” (2022-2030), Inner Mongolia, Hebei, and Shanxi with greater carbon emission reduction potential will have carbon quota deficits, and Guangdong, Fujian, Tianjin, and Shanghai with high economic benefits per unit of carbon emissions will have carbon quota surpluses. [Conclusion] The carbon compensation mechanism proposed in this paper based on the dual balance perspective of “revenue and expenditure responsibility benefit” is more fair and operable, and can serve as an important reference for the policy design of China’s provincial carbon compensation mechanism. The comprehensive supporting system of the carbon compensation mechanism can be improved and pilot work can be carried out.

Objective: To improve the content of effective components, in vitro antioxidant capacity and α-amylase inhibition rate of tartary buckwheat. Methods: Using Tartary buckwheat as raw material, the effects were studied, including the sprouting and sprouting combined with hydrothermal treatment on the effective components （total flavonoids, total phenols, rutin and quercetin）, the antioxidant activity and hypoglycemia in tartary buckwheat. And the quality of the samples was comprehensively evaluated by principal component analysis. Results: The contents of flavonoids and rutin in germinated group reached the maximum at 6 days after germination, which were 26.54 mg/g and 13.88 mg/g, 1.22 and 2.95 times of those in non-germinated group, respectively. The content of polyphenols reached the maximum of 23.44 mg/g on the 2nd day after germination, which was 29.1% higher than that in the non-germinated group. The inhibition rate of α-amylase reached the maximum of 37.29% on the 4th day of germination. Quercetin content reached the maximum of 7.65 mg/g on the 4th day of germination. The content of resistant starch reached the maximum of 34.92% on the first day after germination. In the germinating combined with hydrothermal treatment group, the content of flavonoids reached the maximum of 31.89 mg/g on the 6th day, which was 1.47 times of that in ungerminated group. The content of polyphenols reached the maximum of 31.26 mg/g on the 3rd day, which was 72.2% higher than that in the non-germinated group. The inhibition rate of α-amylase reached the maximum of 47.33% on the 4th day, which increased by 47.90% compared with the non-germinated group. The content of rutin reached the maximum of 22.31 mg/g on the first day, which was 4.75 times of that in the non-germinated group. The content of quercetin reached the maximum of 9.8 mg/g on the 4th day combined with hydrothermal treatment. The scavenging rate of DPPH radical, ABTS radical, and hydroxyl radical and ferric reducing antioxidant power reached the maximum on the 6th, 5th, 4th and 2nd day combined with hydrothermal treatment, which were 62.72%, 65.18%, 33.36% and 13.44 mmol, respectively. The content of resistant starch in Tartary buckwheat reached the maximum of 46.73% after 4 days of germination combined with hydrothermal treatment. The results of principal component analysis showed that the integrated score was the highest on the 4th day of germination combined hydrothermal treatment. Conclusion: The effective components and functional effects of Tartary buckwheat are improved after germination, and the quality of germinating combined with hydrothermal treatment is better than that of germinating group.

Chinese liquor was made from sorghum, corn, wheat, rice, and glutinous rice with high starch content as raw materials, and was prepared through multiple processes. The amount of starch in the raw material was directly related to the liquor yield. In order to effectively shorten the time for detecting starch content in grain and reduce human error during operation, a fast method for detecting starch content was established. In the sample pre-treatment stage, fast microwave digestion instead of reflux acid hydrolysis is used to speed up starch hydrolysis and improve the completeness of hydrolysis. In the sample detection stage,instrumental detection instead of artificial micro-boiling titration is used which improves the ease of experimental operation. In this paper, the starch content of a variety of brewing grains was tested using the rapid starch detection method, and compared with the results of the national standard method GB 5009.9—2016. There were no significant differences between the results of the two detection methods. The rapid starch detection method can be applied to the detection of total starch content in a variety of brewing grains,greatly shorten the detection time, reduce the artificial operation error, and have good repeatability and reproducibility. The linear regression and correlation coefficient ≥ 0.999 7.

Sorghum is the main raw material for Chinese liquor brewing, and the brewing Strong or Sauce-flavor liquor has more special requirements for the original cooking properties. In order to shorten the time and reduce the human error effectively during the operation of amylopectin detection, a rapid detection method was established for the detection of amylopectin content in this experiment, the performance evaluation of the method and instrument was carried out, and the rapid detection method was compared with the national standard method, the results showed that there was no significant difference between the two methods.

Fifth generation (5G) cellular networks are expected to achieve high data rates, reduced latency, increased spectrum efficiency, and energy efficiency. Ultra-dense networks (UDNs), a key enabling technology in 5G cellular networks, are envisioned to support the deluge of data traffic located in hotspots and at cell edges, and to enhance quality of experience of mobile users. UDNs can significantly improve the spectrum efficiency and energy efficiency to achieve sustainability of 5G. However, the deployment of a large number of small cells poses new challenges for energy efficiency. Recently, the energy efficiency of UDNs has become a prime concern in the operation and architecture design owing to environmental and economic effects. Therefore, it is significant to study the energy efficiency of UDNs. This survey provided an overview of energy-efficient wireless communications, and reviewed seminal and recent contribution to the state-of-the-art. Therefore, the definitions of energy efficiency, a key performance indicator of the UDNs, are analyzed, which is a foundation for modeling. Four theoretical models, which were often used in the modeling and optimization of energy efficiency, were discussed. These models include stochastic geometry, game theory, optimization theory, and fractional programming theory. Energy-efficient techniques of UDNs were also reviewed. These technologies include energy-efficient deployment and planning, a base station sleeping mode, user association, radio resource management, and transmission. Finally, the most relevant research challenges were addressed, including the theory of energy efficiency of UDNs, architecture of UDNs, the high energy efficiency coverage mechanism of ultra-dense small base stations, the flexible radio resource matching mechanism of UDNs, group behavior modeling of mobile users, and high energy efficiency service methods. This review of the energy-efficient coverage mechanism and flexible radio resource matching mechanism in UDNs provides design guidelines and potential solutions for analytical modeling of future wireless networks.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) antibody-associated encephalitis. Methods and Results From June 2016 to October 2017, a total of 7 patients with anti-LGI1 antibody-associated limbic encephalitis were diagnosed and treated, with an average age at onset (48.29 ± 15.09) years. Patients presented acute (4 cases) or subacute onset (3 cases), with seizures and memory dysfunction as the main manifestations. It may be accompanied by faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDS, 5 cases), mental and behavioral abnormalities or personality changes (4 cases), or even combined with intractable hyponatremia (2 cases) or thymoma (one case). Serum anti-LGI1 antibody tests showed positive results in 7 cases, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) anti-LGI1 antibody tests showed positive results in 6 cases. MRI showed unilateral or bilateral medial temporal lobe abnormal signals (6 cases), and EEG showed continuous spike-slow waves or slow waves (one case). High-dose glucocorticoid sequential therapy was effective in 6 cases. During the follow-up period, 2 cases were lost, and the other 5 cases presented long-term memory disorder (3 cases) or long-term and short-term memory disorders (2 cases). Among them, one case relapsed 6 months after discharge. Conclusions According to specific clinical manifestations of patients (such as onset of FBDS, memory disorders, etc.), combined with imaging and CSF examination results, this disease can be clearly diagnosed. Immunosuppressive agents can effectively improve the clinical symptoms and prognosis. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2019.04.010

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease caused by cerebral vascular obstruction, which is the third leading cause of human death and disability. Multiple studies have demonstrated that autophagy plays a positive role in neurons after ischemic stroke. Autophagy is the main intracellular mechanism that mediates the degradation and recycling of various substrates in lysosomes, so it is very important to maintain normal function of lysosomes. However, cerebral ischemia can result in significant impairment of lysosomal function, subsequently leading to disruption in autophagy flow and exacerbation of neuronal injury. This review elucidates the mechanism of autophagic flux injury resulting from lysosomal dysfunction induced by impaired fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes, alterations in the acidic environment within lysosomes, and diminished biosynthesis of lysosomes following ischemic stroke. The lysosome is regarded as the primary focal point for investigating the mechanism of autophagic flux injury, with the aim of modulating neuronal autophagic flux to improve cerebral ischemia-induced brain injury. This approach holds potential for exerting a neuroprotective effect and providing a novel avenue for stroke treatment.

The utilization of sewage sludge in forests is an important way of recycling. However, the effect of sewage sludge application on woody plant root growth has been rarely reported. The effects of surface application and mixed application of sewage sludge (mass ratio in 10%) on the dynamics in root morphology of a fast-growing tree species ( Neolamarckia cadamba ), soil pH, electric conductivity, and heavy metal content of roots in different soil layers were analyzed by a rhizobox experiment. The relationship between root length and soil pH value, electric conducti-vity, and root heavy metal content were further analyzed. Results showed that mixed application of sewage sludge inhibited root length, root surface area, and root volume. After 120 and 240 days of mixed application, total root length in the 0-20 cm soil layer was 76.9% and 67.4% of that of no sewage sludge application, respectively. Surface application of sewage sludge did not affect root length and root surface area but increased root volume. The mixed application of sewage sludge significantly increased soil pH, electric conductivity, and root heavy metal content. Root Cd contents in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers with the mixed application of sewage sludge were 11.5 and 10.0 times as that of no sewage sludge application, respectively. Soil electric conductivity had a significant nega-tive correlation with root length in 0-20 cm soil layer among different treatments. Root Cd content had a significant negative correlation with root length in both the surface and the mixed applications of sewage sludge. These results indicated that mixed application of sewage sludge could inhibit N. cadamba root growth mainly by increasing soil electric conductivity and root Cd content, while the surface application of sewage sludge did not affect root growth.

Objective: To investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) induced by high fat and the mechanism of CNPY2-PERK pathway. Methods: Eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups: the control group (C), the C+ aerobic exercise group (CE), the model group (M) and the M+ aerobic exercise group (ME). Mice in group C and CE were given normal diet, while mice in group M and ME were given high-fat diet (60 cal % fat). The mice were fed continuously for 18 weeks until the end of the experiment, and the serum and liver samples were collected. Both CE and ME group performed an aerobic treadmill training from the 10th week (12 m/min, 60 min/ day, 5 days/week, for 8 weeks). The serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were detected. The pathological morphology of the liver was observed. The relative expressions of CNPY2, PERK, p-eIF2a, CHOP, CNPY2 mRNA and PERK mRNA, and the positive expressions of CNPY2 and PERK were measured. Results: Compared with group C, the serum levels of LDL-c, TC, TG, ALT and AST in group M were increased significantly ( P ＜0.05), while the HDL-c level was decreased significantly ( P ＜0.05). The liver tissues of mice showed obvious hepatic steatosis, the number of lipid droplets in liver cells was increased, and the expressions of CNPY2, CNPY2mRNA, PERK, PERKmRNA, p-eIF2a, CHOP, and the positive expressions of both CNPY2 and PERK in liver were increased ( P ＜0.05). However, the above indexes showed no significant difference in CE group ( P ＞0.05). Compared with group M, the serum levels of LDL-c, TC, TG, ALT and AST in group ME were decreased ( P ＜0.05). The fatty degeneration of liver tissue and the number of lipid droplets in liver cells in mice was reduced, and the expressions of CNPY2, CNPY2 mRNA, PERK, PERK mRNA, p-eIF2a, CHOP, and the positive expressions of CNPY2 and PERK in liver tissue were decreased ( P ＜0.05). Conclusion: The CNPY2-PERK pathway is involved in the formation of NAFLD. Aerobic exercise can effectively ameliorate NAFLD, and the mechanisms may be related to the reduction of CNPY2-PERK pathway-related molecule expressions by aerobic exercise.

Objective: To investigate the correlation between pretransplant serum ferritin (SF) level and prolonged or prolonged isolated thrombocytopenia (PT) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT)., Methods: The clinical data of 35 patients with PT after allo-HSCT were retrospectively analyzed, and 35 patients were matched according to age and sex as a controls from 424 allo-HSCT patients with normal platelet count. The serum ferritin level before the transplantation was analyzed. The potential risk factors were analyzed by chi-square test and Fisher's exact test as well as univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The survival curve was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier model to explore its clinical significance. In addition, ROC curve was used to verify the predictive power of SF., Results: Compared with control group, the SF level in the PT group before transplantation significantly increased (P=0.001). Multivariate analysis results showed that SF level before transplantation was a risk factor for prolonged thrombocytopenia after HSCT, and patients with SF≥1000 ng / ml showed a higher risk of death (P=0.014). ROC curve showed that SF level could be used as a predictor of prolonged thrombocytopenia after allo-HSCT., Conclusion: The SF level before allo-HSCT relates with occurrence and prognosis of PT in patients after allo-HSCT. Detection of SF level can provide guidance for the intervention of prolonged thrombocytopenia after HSCT.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hi-HSCT) HLA-matched sibling donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (MSD-HSCT) and post-remission chemotherapy (PR-CT) in treatment of intermediate risk acute myeloid leukemia with negative for FLT3-ITD, NPM1 or biallelic CEBPA mutation., Methods: The clinical data of patients with intermediate risk NPM1 wt /non-CEBPA dm /FLT3-ITD neg AML from October 2009 to May 2016 were retrospectively analyzed., Results: The overall survival rate of the patients treated with PR-CT, MSD-HSCT or hi-HSCT was 63.7%, 71.7%, 75.5%, respectively (P＜0.05); the disease-free survival (DFS) rate was 52.8%, 67.1%, 71.3% respectively (P＜0.001); the cumulative incidence of relapse was 24.7%, 16.9%, 14.4% respectively (P＜0.05); the non-relapse mortality was 26.2%, 17.3%, 14.4% reapectively (P＞0.05). The analysis of transplantation, related adverse events showed that II-IV grade of aGVHD in the MSD-HSCT group and hi-HSCT group was 48.9% and 45.6% respectively (P＞0.05); the extensive cGVHD event was 21.6% and 8.8% (P＜0.05) respectively., Conclusion: The efficiency of hi-HSCT and MSD-HSCT is superior to that of PR-CT for treatment of patients with intermediate risk NPM1 wt /non-CEBPA dm /FLT3-ITD neg AML after CR1, there is no statistically significant difference in the efficiency of consolidatorg treatment and the transplantation-related mortality between hi-HSCT and MSD-HSCT.

Objective: To evaluate changes of postoperative thyroid-stimulating hormone（TSH） and total cholesterol（TC） levels in serum, and to analyze the risk of hypercholesterolemia in female patients with differentiated thyroid cancer（DTC） receiving levothyroxine after total thyroidectomy. Method: Female patients with DTC in the first affiliated hospital of hebei north university, who underwent total thyroidectomy, were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were divided into four groups according to follow-up TSH levels:<0.03 mIU/L, 0.03-0.29 mIU/L, 0.30-4.20 mIU/L and>4.20 mIU/L. Changes in TC levels before and after surgery were compared and the occurrence of hypercholesterolemia was analyzed. Result: The lower postoperative TSH level groups had higher preoperative TC levels than the higher TSH level groups. Compared with preoperative level, the TC levels remained unchanged in 0.03-0.29 mIU/L group, but decreased in <0.03 mIU/L group, and markedly increased in greater than 0.3 mIU/Lgroups with TSH levels after surgery. The preoperative-to-follow-up change in TC levels had positive correlation with follow-up TSH level. Compared with those with TSH levels of 0.03-0.29 mIU/L, the risk of TC marginal elevation and hypercholesterolemia in the patients with TSH of 0.30-4.20 mIU/L was found to be 1.16 times and 1.91 times higher, respectively. For patients with TSH levels of >4.2 mIU/L, the risk of TC marginal elevation and hypercholesterolemia was 1.29 times and 3 times, respectively. The increase in TSH was consistent with the increase in the incidence of hypercholesterolemia （ P for trend=0.003）. Conclusion: Women with DTC who are using levothyroxine to maintain TSH after surgery should be aware of the risk of hypercholesterolemia due to inadequate replacement., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

The dose-toxicity-effect relationship between licorice combined with rhubarb in purgation was studied. A total of 108 ICR mice were divided into control group,model group,positive group,low,medium and high-dose rhubarb groups,and low,medium and high-dose rhubarb-liquorice decoction group. After 6 days of continuous administration of loperamide hydrochloride,the constipation model of mice was replicated,and each group was given lactulose,different doses of rhubarb and rhubarb-liquorice decoction for 14 days. After administration,the defecation characteristics,blood biochemistry,liver,kidney and colon pathological changes in each group were compared. Based on the objective weight given by factor analysis,the dose-toxicity-effect relationship was comprehensively analyzed by multi-index scoring method. Two common factors were extracted by factor analysis,representing effect and toxicity respectively. The results showed that rhubarb could exert a diarrhea effect at the dosage of 1/2,2 and 8 times of the high limit set forth in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,increase the defecation volume and the intestinal tract propulsion rate,reduce the time of anal and the oral transmission,and increase the water content of feces. The combination with licorice could alleviate its diarrhea effect,especially at the dosage of 1/2 times of the high limit set forth in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. However,rhubarb showed obvious hepatic and colon toxicities at the dosage of 2 and 8 times of the high limit set forth in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,and the combination with licorice could significantly reduce its toxicity. It shows that licorice has a " mediating" effect on rhubarb by alleviating the purgation property and reducing the toxicity.

In the natural environment, arsenic (As) is mainly adsorbed on iron oxide minerals. The release of adsorbed arsenic from iron oxide minerals to the water is the main source of arsenic pollution. Microbes play a crucial role for this process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio vulgaris DP4 on the transformation and mobilization of As. The experimental results show that the released As concentration of the two systems is 0 μmol·L -1 at 0 h. Compared with the control, DP4 promotes the desorption of As(Ⅴ) before the 84 h incubation process. The released As concentration reaches the maximum value of 12.6 μmol·L -1 at 13 h, accounting for~79% of the initial total adsorbed As (16 μmol·L -1 ). The maximum released As concentration is~8.4 times higher than that of the control (1.5 μmol·L -1 ). After 84 hours, the concentration of the released As in the DP4 system is lower than the abiotic control, which suggests that the released As is readsorbed on the solid surface. During the incubation process, the As mobility is significantly correlated with Eh. The XRD results show that the crystallinity of the solid samples in the DP4 system decreases by~50%. In general, a lower crystallinity of the adsorbent indicates a higher adsorption capacity. This may be one important reason for the As readsorption after 84 h. In addition, the SEM shows that goethite is agglomerated by DP4 and the EDS results indicate that goethite is partially transformed to an Fe-S mineral. Based on XANES, arsenic-sulfur minerals were not detected in the solid phase, which further confirms the SEM-EDS results, that is, that Fe-S minerals formed in the solid phase, rather than As 2 S 3 (AsS). The released As was readsorbed on the secondary iron mineral, resulting in a lower dissolved As concentration in the DP4 system than in the abiotic control. Furthermore, 19% As(Ⅲ) was detected in the solid phase while dissolved As(Ⅲ) was not determined during the incubation process. The results suggest that sulfate-reducing bacteria may directly reduce adsorbed As(Ⅴ) to As(Ⅲ).

Traditional field investigation and artificial interpretation could not satisfy the need of forest gaps extraction at regional scale. High spatial resolution remote sensing image provides the possibility for regional forest gaps extraction. In this study, we used object-oriented classification method to segment and classify forest gaps based on QuickBird high resolution optical remote sensing image in Jiangle National Forestry Farm of Fujian Province. In the process of object-oriented classification, 10 scales (10-100, with a step length of 10) were adopted to segment QuickBird remote sensing image; and the intersection area of reference object (RA or ) and intersection area of segmented object (RA os ) were adopted to evaluate the segmentation result at each scale. For segmentation result at each scale, 16 spectral characteristics and support vector machine classifier (SVM) were further used to classify forest gaps, non-forest gaps and others. The results showed that the optimal segmentation scale was 40 when RA or was equal to RA os . The accuracy difference between the maximum and minimum at different segmentation scales was 22%. At optimal scale, the overall classification accuracy was 88% (Kappa=0.82) based on SVM classifier. Combining high resolution remote sensing image data with object-oriented classification method could replace the traditional field investigation and artificial interpretation method to identify and classify forest gaps at regional scale.

The secondary metabolites of endophytic fungus Cerrena sp.A593 from Pogostemon cablin and their cytotoxic activities were investigated. Eight sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the fermentation broth of the strain A593 by silica gel, reverse phase silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, HPLC and so on. Their structures were identified as chloriolin B(1), chloriolin C(2), pleurocybellone A(3), dihydrohypnophilin(4), cucumin F(5), antrodin A(6), 10α-hydroxyamorphan-4-en-3-one(7), and connatusin A(8). Compounds 1- 8 were firstly found from the genus Cerrena. All isolated sesquiterpenoids were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxic activities against HepG-2, SF-268, MCF-7 and NCI-H460 tumor cell lines. Compounds 1-3 showed inhibitory activities against the four tumor cell lines with IC₅₀ values ranging from 20.33 to 63.13 μmol•L⁻¹., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Spermiogenesis is a complex process of differentiation and morphologic alteration, in which sperm acrosome formation is an important stage. Acrosome is an essential component of the sperm head, which develops in four distinct phases: Golgi, cap, acro- somal, and maturation, each supported by precise and orderly regulation of various genes. The regulatory genes which act on Golgi ap- paratus include GOPC, Hrb, SPATA16, PICK1, and CK2α', those involved in the cap phase are Fads2, syntaxin 2, Kdm3a, and UBR7, and participating in acrosomal and maturation phases are KIFC1, Rnf19a, and DPY19L2. The abnormalities of these genes may affect male fertility by influencing the connection of the nuclear dense lamina and acroplaxome with the nuclear membrane and then the fusion and transportation of vesicles. This review focuses on the genes involved in different phases of acrosome formation.

As the whole society gradually realizes the scarcity of nature resources and environmental value, countries all over the world have evolved and improved the system of environmental damage assessment through the practices of pollution prevention and ecological environmental protection. On one hand, in the research prospective, the practices of environmental damage assessment brought new challenges to environmental law, environmental economics, environmental science, environmental engineering, etc. On the other hand, they constantly promoted and developed relevant laws and regulations, techniques, working mechanism, and guidelines on procedure in practice. On the hasis of comparison and analysis of international practices and experiences from US, EU, and Japan, etc., this article identified relevant concepts, content, and scope of environmental damage assessment, and presented its scientific positioning and development direction. At present, both theory and practice of environmental damage assessment in China are in their infancy period. Considering current environmental situation and socioeconomic development features of China, learning international practices and experiences and raising the orientation of environmental damage assessment have great meaning in exploring the suitable environmental damage assessment system.

Objective: To discuss operative methods and effects for Müller-Weiss disease., Methods: From March 2005 to May 2011, 15 patients were operated. There were 2 males and 13 females, with an average age of 51.8 years (range, 26 to 62 years). The preoperative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score was (42 ± 13) points. According to the Maceira Staging system, 1 foot was grade 2, 6 feet were grade 3, 4 feet were grade 4, and 4 feet were grade 5. The technique consisted of arthrodesis of the talonaviculocuneiform joints with plate, arthrodesis of the talonavicular joint and arthrorisis of naviculocuneiform joint with plate, or triple arthrodesis with screws, according to the preoperative evaluation., Results: Ten feet were treated with arthrodesis of the talonaviculocuneiform joints, 3 feet were treated with arthrodesis of the talonavicular joint and arthrorisis of naviculocuneiform joint and 2 feet were treated with triple arthrodesis. Two patients were lost to follow-up. The average follow-up after operation was 19.2 months (range, 9 to 38 months). All feet were solid fusion and the average duration of union was 13.3 weeks (range, 12-16 weeks). The AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score at the last follow-up was (83 ± 6) points. Two feet were excellent, 10 feet were good, and 1 foot was fair. The length of feet was (14.2 ± 1.0) cm before surgery and (15.7 ± 0.9) cm at the last follow-up (t = 11.570, P < 0.05). The Meary's angle was -6.1° ± 13.1°before surgery and 1.1° ± 3.0° at the last follow-up (t = 2.248, P < 0.05). The talocalcaneal angle was 4.5° ± 2.2° before surgery and 18.0° ± 4.0° at the last follow-up (t = 11.700, P < 0.05). One foot had breakage of the plate and screws at arthrorisis of naviculocuneiform joint and none had complications related to the incision., Conclusion: Operations for Müller-Weiss disease, according to concrete conditions using different therapeutic program, may achieve a satisfactory outcome.

Objective: Review the series cases of open calcaneal fractures, to discuss the clinical outcome and evaluate the effective factors associated with the prognosis., Methods: Between 2004 and October 2009, 427 calcaneal fractures were treated, 22 of these fractures were open, 15 feet of 15 patients were available for the follow-up. There were 9 males and 6 females with a mean age of 34.7 years (range 18 to 66). According to the Sanders classification, there were 2 type I fractures, 3 type II, 6 type III and 4 type IV. According to the Gustilo classification, there were 1 of type 1, 4 of type II, 5 of type III A, and 5 of type III B open fracture. According to the open calcaneal injury subtypes (OCIS), there were 1 of type IA, 2 of type II A,7 of type II B, 2 of type IIIA and 3 of type III B. All patients were treated with intravenous antibiotics, immediate and repeat irrigation and debridement, temporary wound coverage, and initial stabilization of the limb. Clinical examination, radiographs and AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scores were used for outcome measurement., Results: The average follow-up time was 16.4 months (8 to 31 months). The mean AOFAS score was (74.6 +/- 10.4) (range 58 to 94). There were 4 feet required tissue transfer for wound coverage. An infection developed at the sites of 5 fractures,4 of witch were Gustilo type III, 2 deep infections with osteomyelitis developing at the site of 1 patient, no patient required amputation., Conclusion: These findings do not reflect as high a deep infection and osteomyelitis rate for open calcaneal fractures as previously reported, if early and satisfying debridement, evaluate the soft tissue injury carefully, and choose the right time and indications for internal fixation. In addition, early internal fixation should be avoided for Gustilo type III and OCIS type B calcaneal fractures.

Objective: To explore the operative approach and efficacy of flatfoot after calcaneal fractures malunion., Methods: A total of 116 flatfoot patients after old calcaneal fractures were treated from January 1998 to January 2008. There were 94 males and 22 females with an average age of 33.5 years old (range: 16 - 46). They included unilateral flatfoot after old calcaneal fractures (n = 110) and bilateral flatfoot after old calcaneal fractures (n = 6). The surgical treatments included open reduction, calcaneal osteotomy without subtalar fusion or a reconstruction of calcaneal thalamus and subtalar arthrodesis., Results: A total of 101 patients were followed up for an average of 14 months (range: 12 - 24). No wound healing problem or infection was observed. Solid union was obtained without redislocation in all patients. The mean time of bone union was 12 weeks (range: 10 - 14). The mean time of complete weight loading was 13 weeks (range: 11 - 15 weeks). The height of foot arch increased from 4.2 mm ± 1.7 mm to 14.1 mm ± 4.1 mm (P < 0.05). Calcaneal inclination angle increased from 11.2° ± 2.5° to 19.1° ± 4.4° (P < 0.05). Bohler angle increased from 5.4° ± 3.5° to 25.8° ± 5.2° (P < 0.05). Meary angle recovered from 22.2° ± 4.4° to 5.1° ± 3.2° (P < 0.05). The mean AOFAS Ankle and Hindfoot score increased from 33.4 (range: 27 - 43) to 85.8 (range: 78 - 98)., Conclusion: As to flatfoot after old calcaneal fractures, surgical treatment has a favorable efficacy. A customized operative approach may achieve a satisfactory outcome.

Objective: To discuss the characteristics and experience for surgical treatment of combined calcaneal fracture., Methods: Between February 2004 and September 2007, 17 feet of 13 patients with combined calcaneal fractures underwent surgical operations. Among 17 calcaneal fractures, 8 combined with ipsilateral talus fractures, 5 combined with trimalleolar fractures, 4 combined with Pilon fractures. Firstly, fractures of hinder foot were treatment with open reduction and internal fixation according to the principle. Of all, 15 fractures were treated with screws or titanic plate plus open reduction and internal fixation, the rest 2 fractures were treated with subtalar arthrodesis. Postoperative X-ray assessed the internal fixation and union of fractures. The foot function was evaluated by the Maryland Foot Score., Results: A total of 13 patients were all followed up for 16.0 - 33.0 months (average 26.5 months), superficial infection was found in a patient with open wound 10 d after surgery. All the bone fractures united after surgery from 4 to 6 months. Morphous improvement of the calcaneal were proved by X-ray films and there here was no plates and screws' breakage, loosening. Mild osteoarthritis in Subtalar and ankle joints were found by X-ray after surgery from 9 months to last follow-up. Cystic degeneration and necrosis were found in 5 and 2 cases of talus fractures respectively. According to Maryland Foot Score, excellent was in 3 feet, good in 6 feet, fare in 5 feet and poor in 3 feet, with excellence rate of 52.9%., Conclusions: Combined calcaneal is a calcaneus-based concomitant ankle and foot fractures after a high-energy injury. Good deal of soft tissue and correct design of operation pre-operatively, restoration of form and power lines of calcaneal, effective bone graft, right place of simple internal fixation or subtalar arthrodesis and good reduction and internal fixation of other fracture in hinder feet intra-operatively and correct function postoperatively are key points to have a relatively satisfied treating effect of combined calcaneal fractures.