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The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of adding Modified Zhizhu Powder to diet on the growth performance, blood routine examination, serum biochemical indexes, and intestinal digestive enzymes of weaned rabbits. Ninety 35-day-old healthy New Zealand white rabbits with similar weight were randomly divided into five groups with six replicates in each group and three rabbits in each replicate. The rabbits in the control group were fed with basal diet, while the experimental group was fed with 2‰ enrofloxacin powder and 1‰, 3‰, and 5‰ Modified Zhizhu Powder, respectively. The pre-test period was seven days, and the formal test period was 14 days. The results showed that compared with the control group, the average daily gain of weaned rabbits in the Modified Zhizhu Powder group increased significantly (P<0.05), the diarrhea rate decreased significantly, and there was no death of rabbits. Compared with the control group, the immune organ index of weaned rabbits in the Modified Zhizhu Powder group increased significantly (P<0.05), and it was dose-dependent. Compared with the control group, the number of white blood cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in the Modified Zhizhu Powder group decreased significantly (P<0.05). The content of immunoglobulin in 5‰ Modified Zhizhu Powder group increased significantly (P<0.05). Modified Zhizhu Powder can enhance the secretion of lipase, α-amylase, cellulase, and trypsin in small intestine, and promote the absorption of energy in intestinal tract of young rabbits by up-regulating the gene expression level of glucose transporter in small intestine. The study indicates that the addition of Modified Zhizhu Powder in the diet of weaned rabbits can improve the growth performance, enhance the immune function, reduce the inflammatory level of the body, and improve the digestion and absorption capacity of intestinal tract. The suitable addition level of Modified Zhizhu Powder in diet is 3‰~5‰. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of different diets on growth performance, intestinal structure and digestive enzyme activities of Opniocepnalus argus var Kimnra. A total of 270 Opniocepnalus argus var Kimnra with uniform specifications were randomly divided into three groups with three replicates per group and 30 fish per replicate. The young fish in the three groups were fed with chilled fish (fish group), chilled fish + compound feed (mixed group) and compound feed (feed group), respectively. The experiment lasted for 60 d. The results showed that the survival rate of all groups was 100%. The weight gain rate, specific growth rate and feed coefficient in fish group and mixed group were significantly higher than those in feed group (P<0.05). The intestinal fold and muscle layer structure of the experimental groups were complete, and no necrosis was observed. The number of intestinal cup cells in the fish group was significantly increased, and the number of folds and annulus muscle thickness were significantly higher than those in the feed group in the same field of view (P<0.05). The protease activity of fish group was significantly higher than that of feed group (P<0.05), the lipase activity was significantly higher than that of feed group and mixed group (P<0.05), and the amylase activity was significantly lower than that of feed group and mixed group (P<0.05). The study indicates that feeding fish can significantly improve intestinal digestion and absorption capacity and growth performance of Opniocepnalus argus var Kimnra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Collagen peptide is a low molecular active peptide obtained by hydrolysis of collagen. It can be digested and absorbed, and participate in protein synthesis and metabolism in the human body. It has a positive effect on skin health. However, the absorption and delivery mechanism of collagen peptides is not completely clear, and another problem is its low bioavailability. OBJECTIVE: To explore the potential measures to increase the bioavailability of collagen peptides for promoting skin health. METHODS: The articles related to the preparation, composition, digestion and bioavailability of collagen peptide, skin structure, photoaging and natural aging, transport mechanism of collagen peptide by oral in vivo, transdermal absorption mechanism of collagen peptide, and synergistic absorption of collagen peptide with other substances, were searched on ScienceDirect, PubMed, CNKI, Sci-Hub, and Baidu Academic Database from January 2009 to March 2022. The main keywords used were “collagen, collagen peptide, preparation of collagen peptide, photoaging, percutaneous absorption of collagen peptide” in Chinese and “collagen, collagen peptide, preparation of collagen peptide, photoaging, oral absorption” in English. Finally, 82 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Photoaging and natural aging cause skin tissue damage. Collagen peptides can be transported to the skin through the blood after oral gastrointestinal digestion, and build skin tissue through internal molecular mechanisms, and can also be absorbed through the skin surface to have a positive effect on the dermis. (2) At present, the bioavailability of oral collagen peptide is low, and its delivery mechanism is mainly concentrated in the gastrointestinal stage, and there is also the problem of excessive epidermal resistance in percutaneous absorption. (3) The source, amino acid composition, peptide sequence, molecular weight and dosage of collagen peptide and synergistic absorption with different substances or enzyme cofactors should be paid more attention, looking for more high-quality delivery carriers to improve the bioavailability of collagen peptides. (4) For percutaneous absorption, advanced technology or improved physical and chemical methods should be applied to reduce skin physical resistance or improve molecular penetration efficiency. (5) In future, both oral and percutaneous absorption of collagen peptide could be used to recover skin tissue problems caused by photoaging and natural aging more quickly and effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective We aimed to explore the effect of myocardial infarction (MI) on the intestinal absorption of the active ingredients of Qishen Yiqi Dripping Pills (QSYQ). Methods Twenty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Fifteen rats were randomly selected to establish the MI model by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery; the remaining rats were used as the normal group. Seven-day postoperative MI model rats were taken to confirm the model was successfully established and to determine the physiological status of the intestinal mucosal barrier by electrocardiography ( ECG), by analyzing myocardial and intestinal tissue sections, and by measuring the levels of the serum biomarkers 5 - hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and lipopolysaccharides(LPS). In normal and seven to nine day postoperative MI model rats, the intestinal absorption of the active ingredients of QSYQ was studied by the single-pass intestinal perfusion method. The final concentration of perfusate was 30 g / L. Values and differences of parameters related to intestinal absorption such as the effective permeability coefficient, absorption rate constant, and absorption fraction were obtained by the weight difference method. Results The ECGs of MI model rats showed 6-8 Q waves and ST-segment elevation. Cytomorphological changes in HE-stained pathological sections of myocardial and intestinal tissues of rats were observed in the model group, with more inflammatory cell infiltration. The serum concentrations of 5-HT and LPS were higher in the model group (P < 0. 05). The rate and extent of absorption of the different components varied in MI rats compared to normal rats. The trans-intestinal membrane absorption rates of danshensu, protocatechualdehyde, tanshinone IIA, calycosin, ginsenoside Rb1, and trans-nerolidol were higher in MI rats (P<0. 05), and the in vivo absorption fractions of ginsenoside Rb1 and trans-nerolidol were also simultaneously increased (P<0. 05). Danshensu and calycosin changed from low to high permeability. There were no significant differences in parameters related to intestinal absorption of salvianolic acid A, rosmarinic acid, ginsenoside Rg1, notoginsenoside R1, and astragaloside Ⅳ in the disease state. Conclusion The MI rat model was established successfully after ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. Morphological changes in myocardial and intestinal tissues of rats were observed. MI changed the mucosal barrier function of the intestine. The effects of the infarct state on the absorption of different types of components were complex and non-specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a functional probiotic, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) can survive and colonize in large quantities under the special environmental conditions of the intestinal tract. The bacteria itself can also secrete nutritional factors, promote the digestion and absorption of intestinal nutrients, improve the production performance of the body, and play an important role in intestinal health. The paper mainly summarizes the research progress of B. subtilis in regulating the intestinal health of broilers in recent years, discusses the biological characteristics and physiological functions of B. subtilis, analyzes its existing problems and future development directions, in order to provide reference for the prevention and control of broiler intestinal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to explore the feasibility of using the extractive liquid sediment (SXBS) produced in pharmaceutical process of Shengxuebao mixture as a feed additive. The research used UPLC-TOF-MS and other technologies to analyze the small molecule chemical composition and nutritional composition of SXBS, and SXBS was added into diet of New Zealand rabbits for 60 d. The effect of SXBS on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, slaughter performance and intestinal flora of New Zealand rabbits were investigated. The feeding safety of SXBS was reflected by blood routine, blood biochemical analysis and histopathological observation. The results showed that SXBS was rich in nutrients such as carbohydrates, crude fiber, crude protein and crude fat, and contained a lot of active ingredients such as flavonoids, amino acids, terpenes, polyphenols and saponins. SXBS had no effect on growth performance of New Zealand rabbits. SXBS could significantly regulate the bacterial and fungal flora structure of New Zealand rabbits' gut, up-regulate linoleic acid, propionic acid, taurine, galactose and other metabolic functions related to the digestion and absorption of intestinal carbohydrates, and increase the abundance of Zygosaccharomyces ruberii. SXBS had no obvious toxic effect on New Zealand rabbits within 60 d, and the safety was good. The study indicates that SXBS can be used in rabbit breeding as a rabbit feed additive for regulating intestinal microecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to investigate the effect of combined application of exogenous glutamine and lanthanide polysaccharide (Gln-RIP) on intestinal morphology and absorption function in colostrum-free littermates by gavage. A total of 120 young rats were divided into five groups, with six replicates in each group. The rats in group A were fed with colostrum, the rats in group B were fed with normal milk + 0.9% saline, the rats in group C were fed with normal milk + 1 g/kg Gln, the rats in group D were fed with normal milk + 1 g/kg Gln+20 mg/kg RIP, and the rats in group E were fed with normal milk+1 g/kg Gln+40 mg/kg RIP. Gross anatomical techniques, D-xylose absorption assay, HE staining technique and Leica microscopic image processing system were applied to analyze the height of intestinal villi and depth of crypt in the colostrum-free litter group and colostrum group by gavage with different doses of Gln-RIP. The results showed that at 21 d, the weight of rats in group C, group D and group E was significantly higher than that in group A and group B (P<0.05). From 0 to 21 d, the length of small intestine increased with age. On 21 d, the height of duodenal villus in group D and group E was significantly higher than that in group B (P<0.05), and the jejunum crypt depth in group B and group D was significantly higher than that in group A (P<0.05). On 21 d, duodenal V/C value in group B was significantly lower than that in group E (P<0.05). On 21 d, the AV value in group A was significantly higher than that in group B (P<0.05), and that in group B was significantly lower than that in group E (P<0.05). The experiment indicates that Gln-RIP can promote the development of intestinal morphology and enhance the absorption function of small intestine in colostrum-free rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmacokinetics reflects the laws of medicine absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion in the body. The multi-component pharmacokinetic study of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a bridge between the chemical composition and pharmacodynamic activity, and it is the key to reveal the pharmacodynamic material basis of TCM and guide the rational use of clinical medicine. Therefore, it is very necessary to elucidate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the main pharmacodynamic components of medicines in disease models. At present, the method of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) has unique advantages in the analysis of complex TCM components and their metabolites in vivo, which is a powerful method for pharmacokinetic analysis. Chaihuyujinxiang Granules (CHYJX) is an evolution of the classic prescription Chaihu Shugan San, which is composed by Radix Bupleuri, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, Cyperus rotundus L, Radix Curcumae Aromaticae extracts and Ostrea gigas thunberg superfine powder. In this study, a method of UPLC-MS/MS was established for simultaneous quantification of saikosaponin a, saikosaponin c, saikosaponin d, glycyrrhetinic acid, liquiritin, isoliquiritigenin, liquiritigenin, formononetin, glycyrrhizic acid in rat plasma. The methodological investigation including selectivity, residue, linearity, precision and accuracy, extraction recovery rate and matrix effect, stability all met the requirements of quantitative analysis for biological samples. The rat model of depression was constructed by the method of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). The 24 h dynamic changes of the nine main pharmacodynamic components in the plasma of depressed rats after intragastric administration of CHYJX were studied. The contents of 9 components in rats showed regular changes over time. Peak time (Tmax), half-life (t1/2), area under the cure ［AUC(0-t)］, MRT(0-t) were calculated as 0.27-4.06 h, 3.51-7.76 h, 70.06-1 280.4 μg·h/L, 7.13-11.48 h, respectively. The CHYJX could be rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, and the elimination speed was fast in the body, which showed that the medicine was not easy to produce residue and accumulation, and had satisfied safety requirements. According to the medicine-time curve results, it was found that saikosaponin a, saikosaponin c, saikosaponin d, isoliquiritigenin, liquiritigenin, and glycyrrhizic acid all had a second absorption peak, which indicated that the 6 components might undergo enterohepatic circulation, transformation of different compounds, multi-site absorption or intestinal efflux in vivo. The study not only provides a reference method for the simultaneous quantification of the 9 components in plasma, but also provides theoretical support for the basic research on pharmacodynamic substances and clinical application of CHYJX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using 3/4-hydroxybenzaldehyde as the initial raw material, the 9-methoxy-10-alkoxy-(6f-6h)and 10-methoxy-11-alkoxy substituted berberines(5a-5e)were synthesized by successive alkylation, condensation, reduction and cyclization, etc. New compounds 5c-5e were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ESI-MS and melting point analysis. The apparent oil/water distribution coefficient(logP)of these two types of derivatives in n-octanol/aqueous system was investigated by using Shaker method combined with ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The results showed that introducing carbon long chains at the C10 and C11 positions is effective in enhancing the lipophilicity of berberines. Among the long chains, the C12H25 substituents always lead to the maximum increase of the log P values from -0.62(berberine)to 1.04(5e)and 1.40(6h), respectively. They will thus be better for intestinal absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the intestinal absorption of iridoid glycosides from Simiao Yong, an Tang aqueous extract in different combination. Methods The rat single pass intestinal perfusion model was established. The contents of harpagide, sweroside, loganin and harpagoside from various intestinal segment perfusates were determined by using UPLC-MSn. As an evaluation index for intestinal absorption, the absorption rate constant (Ka) and the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of iridoid glycosides from Simiao Yong, an Tang in different intestinal section were calculated. Results In the ileum and duodenum, the absorption of iridoid glycosides from Simiao Yong, an Tang with different combination was better than that in jejunum and colon (P <0. 0 5). The intestinal absorption parameters of four iridoid glycosides in ileum were the highest in the compatibility oi jinyinhua (Lonicerae Japonicae Flos), xuanshen (Scrophulariae Radix) and danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix). In duodenum, sweroside, loganin showed higher intestinal absorption parameters when gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) was compatible with danggui, while the intestinal absorption parameters of harpagide and harpagoside were the highest in the prescription and the lowest in the single herb. Conclusions The intestinal absorption parameters of iridoid glycosides were higher in prescription than those in single herb. To some extent, these results indicated that the compatibility could promote the absorption of iridoid glycosides and improve the problem of low oral bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Curcumin has good anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects, but which is limited for the low solubility. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the intestinal absorption characteristics of curcumin hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and curcumin in rats. METHODS: The curcumin hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was prepared by grinding method, and the solubility of curcumin hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and curcumin was detected. Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish a one-way perfusion model of intestinal segment (duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon), and randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group was given curcumin hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, and the control group was perfused with curcumin suspension. The absorption rate (Ka) and effective permeability (Papp) of curcumin hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and curcumin at each intestinal segment were measured by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The solubility of curcumin hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin in water was increased by 33.68 times compared with that of curcumin. The absorption rate constant (Ka) of curcumin hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was ranked as follows: duodenum > ileum > jejunum > colon, and the effective permeability (Papp) was ranked as follows: colon > duodenum > ileum > jejunum, and the absorption in the intestines was significantly higher than that of curcumin (P < 0.05). In summary, curcumin hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin can obviously improve the absorption of curcumin in the intestines of rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate absorption mechanism of imperatorin, isoimperatorin and methoxsalen in radix of Angelicae dahuricae. Methods: In situ single pass intestinal perfusion model was established, HPLC was used to determine the change of the concentration of imperatorin, isoimperatorin and xanthotoxol in different segments. The absorption parameters of these three analytes in different intestinal segments were investigated. Results: With the increasing of doses for these three analytes, the absorption rate constant (Ka) and effective permeability coefficient (Peff) were increased. There were no significant differences in different segments of intestine in rat. The absorption order was imperatorin, isoimperatorin and xanthotoxol. Conclusion: Radix of Angelicae dahuricae was easily absorbed in the intestine, the degree of absorption was dose-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To prepare the etoposide chitosan micelle, and investigate the effect of chitosan on etoposide intestinal absorption. Methods The etoposide chitosan micelle was prepared by dialysis. The drug encapsulation efficiency and drug loading efficiency were determined by HPLC. The intestine in rats was cannulated for in situ recirculation. The effects of different chitosan doses on the intestinal drug absorption and the effects of chitosan on the drug absorption at different intestinal locations were studied. Results The average particle size of etoposide chitosan micelle was 139.5 nm. The multi-dispersion coefficient was 0.569. The standard curve of etoposide was A = 8 436.8 C-4 963.8,r=1.000 0. The intra-and inter-day precision values meetthe requirement. The drug encapsulation efficiency was (47.3±2.84)% and drug loading efficiency was (1.10±1.27)%. With the increase of the chitosan concentration, the absorption capacity of the unit area in the whole intestine was increased in different degrees. Chitosan exhibits its effects on etoposide absorptionat different intestinal sections in the following order: ileum >jejunum >duodenum. Conclusion Chitosan promoted etoposide absorption induodenum, jejunum and ileum, especially in jejunum and ileum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Vincristine sulfate is a kind of cytotoxic anticancer drugs. Although its injection is widely used clinically,there are some drawbacks such as short half-life drugs, rapid metabolic rate and significant side effects should be overcomed. The purpose of this article is to prepare and evaluate the characteristics of nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with vincristine sulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfonate. Methods: The target lipid nanoparticles were prepared by double emulsion volatile; its size and zeta potential were tested by laser particle size analyzer; its encapsulation efficiency and drug loading were measured by HPLC; the release behavior was studied by dialysis method; the promoting effect of nanoparticles’ absorption was evaluated by intestinal absorption. Results: The average particle size of nanoparticles was(192.4±4.14) nm, the polydispersity index(PDI) was 0.184±0.015, the encapsulation efficiency was32.28 %, Zeta potential was(30.6±4.09) m V, drug loading was(1.56±0.10) %; in vitro release experiments showed that vincristine sulfate lipid nanoparticles exhibit sustained release characteristics when media pH was 7.4; intestinal absorption experiments showed that the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfonate and nanoparticles structure can increase the intestinal absorption of drugs. Conclusions: Vincristine Cationic nanostructured lipid carrier has sustained-release effect, and can promote intestinal absorption of drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]